OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

The Seven The Seven Technological Ages ofTechnological Ages of

ManMan

Technological Ages of ManTechnological Ages of Man

Man, The Hunter, Masters FireMan, The Hunter, Masters FireThe Farmer, The Smith, The WheelThe Farmer, The Smith, The WheelThe First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age Intimations of AutomationIntimations of AutomationThe Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of SteamThe Freedom of Internal CombustionThe Freedom of Internal CombustionElectron ControlledElectron Controlled

THE FIRST AGETHE FIRST AGE

Man, The Hunter, Masters FireMan, The Hunter, Masters Fire

Man, Hunter, Masters FireMan, Hunter, Masters Fire

Material AgesMaterial AgesEarly ToolsEarly ToolsFireFireStone Age ToolsStone Age Tools

Material AgesMaterial AgesEolithic Dawn Stone Age < 10,000,000 ybp origins of tool making

Lower Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 5,000,000 ybp Itinerant hunter tribeshand axes widespread

Middle Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 500,000 ybp

Upper Palaeolithic Old Stone Age < 35,000 ybp origins of blade technology

Mesolithic Middle Stone Age < 12,000 BC

Neolithic New Stone Age < 6,000 BC agrarian revolutionbeginnings of towns

Aeneolithic Bronze Age < 3,000 BC copper articles in EgyptTin in Mesopotamia

Iron Age < 1,500 BC

Early ToolsEarly Tools

Pre - Homo erectus / SapiensPre - Homo erectus / SapiensRamepithecusRamepithecus

14,000,000 ybp - No Tools14,000,000 ybp - No ToolsRelated to great apesRelated to great apes

AustralopithecenesAustralopithecenes2,500,000 ybp - Walked upright2,500,000 ybp - Walked uprightTaung Man, Oldurai Gorge, TanzaniaTaung Man, Oldurai Gorge, TanzaniaDr. Louis Leakey (1925)Dr. Louis Leakey (1925)

Basalt Side-ChopperBasalt Side-Chopper

FireFire

Making FireMaking FireHomo-erectus (600,000 BC)Homo-erectus (600,000 BC)Charcoal layers in caves, China Charcoal layers in caves, China Man’s greatest accomplishment ?Man’s greatest accomplishment ?Tasmanian & Andamanese tribesTasmanian & Andamanese tribes

Using FireUsing FireMeteors, volcanoes, spontaneous combustion, Meteors, volcanoes, spontaneous combustion,

etc.etc.Early tribal societies tended a fireEarly tribal societies tended a fire

Fire (continued)Fire (continued)

Uses of FireUses of FireWarmth, cooking, protection, curingWarmth, cooking, protection, curingFocus of tribal lifeFocus of tribal lifeHollowing out logsHollowing out logsFiring pots, bricks, tilesFiring pots, bricks, tilesExtraction of copper & ironExtraction of copper & ironWorking of tools, weapons, ornamentsWorking of tools, weapons, ornamentsBases of metallurgical erasBases of metallurgical erasMaking of glassMaking of glass

Fire (continued)Fire (continued)

Making FireMaking Fire Impacting flint and iron or iron pyritesImpacting flint and iron or iron pyrites

Occurred by chance ?Occurred by chance ?Needs addition of fuelNeeds addition of fuel

Generation of heat from frictionGeneration of heat from frictionHard stick (fire drill)Hard stick (fire drill)Softwood block (hearth)Softwood block (hearth)Intellectual - addition of weight, string, bowIntellectual - addition of weight, string, bow

Fire DrillsFire Drills

First elementary machines ?First elementary machines ? Multi-componentsMulti-components Translation to rotationTranslation to rotation Mechanical advantage with flywheelMechanical advantage with flywheel Bow later turned lathes in Iron ageBow later turned lathes in Iron age Bow later used as a weapon in late Stone Bow later used as a weapon in late Stone

age (Tunisia)age (Tunisia) First engineers ?First engineers ?

Fire Drills (continued)Fire Drills (continued)

Stone Age ToolsStone Age Tools

PropertiesPropertiesDensity, hardness, durabilityDensity, hardness, durabilitySelf-sharpening in some instancesSelf-sharpening in some instancesDifficult to manufactureDifficult to manufacture

First Industry ? First Industry ? Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp)Tools-to-make-tools (5,000,000 ybp)Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)Hammer stones & anvil stones (Tanzania)

Stone Age Tools (continued)Stone Age Tools (continued)

ChronologyChronologyPebble tools (2,600,000 ybp)Pebble tools (2,600,000 ybp)Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp)Bi-faced hand axes (500,000 ybp)

Pebbles and quarried natural rock

Blade tools (< 35,000 BC)Blade tools (< 35,000 BC)Flakes of flint, chert, or obsidianVariants are gravers, shaves, planes, drills

Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC)Grinding & polishing (< 12,000 BC)Region dependent (basalt & epidiorite)Peaked before Bronze age

Stone Age Tools (continued)Stone Age Tools (continued)

Production ProcessesProduction ProcessesBasic core and flake toolsBasic core and flake tools

Pressure flakingPercussion flakingHighly skilled trade (industry ?)

Grinding and polishingGrinding and polishingWetted sandstone or similarSand was used as abrasive powderFinal burnishing with a skin/hide

THE SECOND AGETHE SECOND AGE

The Farmer, The Smith, The Farmer, The Smith,

The WheelThe Wheel

Farmer, Smith, WheelFarmer, Smith, Wheel

Social influences of copper and ironSocial influences of copper and iron The Common groundThe Common ground The wheelThe wheel GlassGlass GearingGearing Early machines in EgyptEarly machines in Egypt Greece & RomeGreece & Rome The Dark agesThe Dark ages

IntroductionIntroduction

Nomadic hunter to agricultural villagerNomadic hunter to agricultural villagerEnd of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)End of last ice age brought life (10,000 BC)Wild wheat and goat grass Wild wheat and goat grass Wheat, barley, & millet was harvestedWheat, barley, & millet was harvested

Villages grew to citiesVillages grew to citiesreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brickreed & mud, unbaked clay, baked brick

Animals were domesticatedAnimals were domesticated Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)Copper, tin, & bronze (Mesopotamia)

Social Influences of Social Influences of Copper & IronCopper & Iron

CauseCause Copper and Bronze were Copper and Bronze were

expensiveexpensive Skill CraftsmanSkill Craftsman Metals were used for Metals were used for

ornamentsornaments Society was a hierarchySociety was a hierarchy Ironmaking & forging Ironmaking & forging

was complexwas complex Iron was inexpensiveIron was inexpensive

EffectEffect Metal tools expensiveMetal tools expensive Farmers used wood, Farmers used wood,

stone, & bone toolsstone, & bone tools Elitist SocietyElitist Society Small agricultural Small agricultural

surplusessurpluses Democratic metalDemocratic metal IRON AGEIRON AGE

The Common GroundThe Common Ground

Metallurgy became the common groundMetallurgy became the common groundSociety needed foodSociety needed foodFarming community needed toolsFarming community needed toolsMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMetal workers became skilled craftsmenMining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Mining of Ores (Copper, Tin, Iron)Construction of Furnaces & CruciblesConstruction of Furnaces & CruciblesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesBellows (3,000 BC) from skins/hidesTransportation (wheel !) industry grewTransportation (wheel !) industry grew

PloughPlough

Not possible in Copper ageNot possible in Copper age Improvement of hoe for tillingImprovement of hoe for tillingCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughCaschrom - lightweight man-ploughAnimal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)Animal-drawn plough (3,000 BC)

Egyptian Hand Digging Egyptian Hand Digging Instrument (1500 BC)Instrument (1500 BC)

Tools From Early MetallurgyTools From Early Metallurgy

PloughPloughCopper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC)Copper Nails & Rivets (Egypt, 2500 BC) Iron nails used in shipsIron nails used in shipsWoodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Woodscrews (Roman, 400 AD)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)Shears (Egypt, 4500 BC)

The WheelThe Wheel

Used for transporting heavy loadsUsed for transporting heavy loadsEvolved from potters wheelEvolved from potters wheelFirst was stone ?First was stone ?Solid wood Solid wood SpokedSpokedAxle - Egyptian war chariotAxle - Egyptian war chariot

Transporting Heavy LoadsTransporting Heavy Loads

StretcherStretcher

SledgeSledge

Ur (3,500 BC)Ur (3,500 BC)

MercuragoMercurago

MercuragoMercurago

Egyptian (1500 BC)Egyptian (1500 BC)

Assyrian (700 BC)Assyrian (700 BC)

Greek (400 BC)Greek (400 BC)

Etruscan (400 BC)Etruscan (400 BC)

Roman (300 BC)Roman (300 BC)

Etruscan (300 BC)Etruscan (300 BC)

Plaustrum (200 BC)Plaustrum (200 BC)

Roman (100 AD)Roman (100 AD)

LeonardoLeonardo

Pneumatic Studded (1907)Pneumatic Studded (1907)

GearingGearing

PurposesPurposesFriction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)Friction - no teeth (Aristotle, 384 BC)MaterialsMaterials

Wood - large units transmitting powerWood - large units transmitting powerbronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomybronze or brass - timekeeping, astronomy

Lanthorne & trundleLanthorne & trundleHelical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)Helical gears (Robert Hooke, 1666 AD)

Early Machines in EgyptEarly Machines in Egypt

Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Hero of Alexandria (BC/AD)Lever (3000 BC)Lever (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wheel & Axle (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Wedge (3000 BC)Pulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsPulley (700 BC) - Not used in pyramidsScrewScrew

ChineseChinese

Cast iron (350 BC)Cast iron (350 BC)13 centuries before the west13 centuries before the west

Double-acting box bellowsDouble-acting box bellows Steel (100 BC)Steel (100 BC) Papermaking (100 AD)Papermaking (100 AD) GunpowderGunpowder Little technology transfer to west despite Little technology transfer to west despite

“Silk Road”“Silk Road”

GreeceGreece

Heavily dependent on slaves Heavily dependent on slaves Great buildersGreat buildersArchitectureArchitectureScientists instead of technologistsScientists instead of technologists

Mathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyMathematics, Astronomy, PhilosophyNot great inventorsNot great inventorsArchimedesArchimedes

Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)Horizontal waterwheel (Norse mill)0.5 horsepower0.5 horsepower

Architecture - ParthenonArchitecture - Parthenon

Horizontal WaterwheelHorizontal Waterwheel

RomanRomanHeavily dependent on slavesHeavily dependent on slavesVertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)Vertical waterwheel (Vitruvius, 180 AD)

3.0 horsepower3.0 horsepowerBridges & roadsBridges & roadsAqueducts Aqueducts Water usageWater usage

270 liters per person per day270 liters per person per dayLead pipesLead pipesFall of Roman empireFall of Roman empire

Vertical WaterwheelVertical Waterwheel

Roads & BridgesRoads & Bridges

AqueductsAqueducts

Dark AgesDark Ages Fall of Roman empire (450 AD)Fall of Roman empire (450 AD)

Contact between Rome and Britain endedContact between Rome and Britain endedRoman roads, bridges & aqueducts diedRoman roads, bridges & aqueducts died

Societies depended less on slavesSocieties depended less on slaves England (250 people per watermill)England (250 people per watermill)

Early applicationsEarly applicationsCorn milling, beer making, forge hammers and bellows

Later applicationsLater applicationswater lifting & irrigation, saw mills, lathe drives, wire

drawing

Dark Ages (continued)Dark Ages (continued)

Wind Power (1100 AD)Wind Power (1100 AD)Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)Post Mill (Normandy, 1180 AD)Tower Mill (1300 AD)Tower Mill (1300 AD)Netherlands (1500 AD)Netherlands (1500 AD)

AgricultureAgricultureHorse collarHorse collarNailed iron horseshoesNailed iron horseshoesheavy wheeled plough and harrowheavy wheeled plough and harrow

Dark Ages (continued)Dark Ages (continued)

TextilesTextilesRope driven spinning wheelRope driven spinning wheelWeaving technologies (1300 AD)Weaving technologies (1300 AD)

Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD)Universities founded (Italy, 1200 AD)Start of a period of higher learningStart of a period of higher learningBeginning of engineering discipline ?Beginning of engineering discipline ?

THE THIRD AGETHE THIRD AGE

The First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age

The First Machine AgeThe First Machine Age

TimekeepingTimekeepingOpticsOpticsCrankCrankPrintPrint

TimekeepingTimekeeping

ChronologyChronology

Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC)Gnomon (Egypt, 1500 BC)ObeliskObeliskSundialSundialWaterclockWaterclockSandglassSandglassMechanical / PendulumMechanical / PendulumElectronicElectronic

GnomonGnomon

Sundial / ObeliskSundial / Obelisk

Problems with GnomonProblems with GnomonThin short rodThin short rodDid not work at different latitudesDid not work at different latitudes

length and direction of shadow varied

Exact position of sun’s centerExact position of sun’s centerPlaced perpendicular to groundPlaced perpendicular to ground

needs to be perpendicular with axis of rotation

Waterclocks & SandglassesWaterclocks & Sandglasses

Reset periodicallyReset periodicallyEnvironment dependenceEnvironment dependenceVariations with ageVariations with age InaccurateInaccurate

Vitruvius (150 BC)Vitruvius (150 BC)

SchottSchott

CingaleseCingalese

Sand-glassSand-glass

Mechanical ClockMechanical ClockRegulating deviceRegulating device

Creates oscillationsCreates oscillationsNeeds energy to stop from running downNeeds energy to stop from running down

weight or spring (watch)

Distribution mechanismDistribution mechanismSupplies energy in correct amount and at correct timeSupplies energy in correct amount and at correct timeHolds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct Holds energy and allows energy to escape at the correct

time - escapementtime - escapement Indexing & GearingIndexing & Gearing

Translates time to spaceTranslates time to space

Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria

Verge & FoliotVerge & Foliot

Anchor EscapementAnchor Escapement

Standard Weight ClockStandard Weight Clock

Alarm ClockAlarm Clock

Pendulum ClockPendulum Clock

Isochronous motionIsochronous motionGalileo (1583)Galileo (1583)Vincenzo (1649)Vincenzo (1649)Huygens (1675) & Robert HookeHuygens (1675) & Robert Hooke

Regulating hair springRegulating hair spring

Pendulum ClockPendulum Clock

Huygens (1675)Huygens (1675)Regulating spiralRegulating spiral

Giovani di Dondi (1364)Giovani di Dondi (1364)

Electronic / AtomicElectronic / Atomic

pico-secondpico-second ElectronicElectronic

quartz crystal produces a constant current quartz crystal produces a constant current when excitedwhen excited

compressed to produce constant frequencycompressed to produce constant frequency AtomicAtomic

Excitations of electrons in Caesium moleculeExcitations of electrons in Caesium molecule

Caesium Atomic clockCaesium Atomic clock

OpticsOptics TelescopeTelescope

Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)By accident - no knowledge of opticsBy accident - no knowledge of opticsManufactured & sold in London (1609)Manufactured & sold in London (1609)

MicroscopeMicroscopeInventor unknownInventor unknown

Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)

Surveyors quadrant (1631)Surveyors quadrant (1631)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)

CrankCrank

Conversion of rotary & reciprocating Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motionsmotions

Cam - Hero of AlexandriaCam - Hero of AlexandriaCrank & connecting rod (1430)Crank & connecting rod (1430)

Crank & Connecting RodCrank & Connecting Rod

PrintPrint

Greatest invention of Middle agesGreatest invention of Middle ages Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)

Invention of paper reached Germany in about Invention of paper reached Germany in about 13201320

Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten ironplate, pour molten iron

Development of inksDevelopment of inks First book (Caxton, 1474)First book (Caxton, 1474) By 1500, 1050 presses in EuropeBy 1500, 1050 presses in Europe

Screw PressScrew Press

THE FOURTH AGETHE FOURTH AGE

Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation

Intimations of AutomationIntimations of Automation

Coinage - first mass production ?Coinage - first mass production ?Factory systemFactory system Interchangeability of componentsInterchangeability of componentsA computer too earlyA computer too early

CoinageCoinage

As early as 600 BCAs early as 600 BC Coin Blanks (1000)Coin Blanks (1000)

Sheet of metal, hammered, then cutSheet of metal, hammered, then cut Bramante (Florence, 1500)Bramante (Florence, 1500)

Utilized screw pressUtilized screw pressRolling millsRolling mills

Boulton (Soho, 1797)Boulton (Soho, 1797)Utilized power from steam engineUtilized power from steam engine

Factory SystemFactory System

Began with print shops and mintsBegan with print shops and mintsTextile industry (late 1700’s)Textile industry (late 1700’s)

Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Mule (Crompton, 1788)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)Power Loom (Robert, 1825)

Primarily operated by steamPrimarily operated by steam

Factory System (continued)Factory System (continued) Industrial citiesIndustrial cities

Coal and oil in addition to steamCoal and oil in addition to steamNo need to locate industry by a riverNo need to locate industry by a riverBritainBritain

Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham

Metal-working industriesMetal-working industriesMachines create more machinesMachines create more machineslathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing,

grinding, & gear-cuttinggrinding, & gear-cutting

James Watt’s Micrometer James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)(1772)

Henry Maudslay’s Screw Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)Cutting Lathe (1797)

Interchangeability of Interchangeability of ComponentsComponents

Beginning of mass productionBeginning of mass production LocksLocks

Joseph Bramah (1790)Joseph Bramah (1790)Required accuracy in productionRequired accuracy in productionBarrel of lock fits casing of anotherBarrel of lock fits casing of another

Smooth bore flintlock musketsSmooth bore flintlock musketsEli Whitney (1798)Eli Whitney (1798)Supplied US govt. with 15,000Supplied US govt. with 15,000Required 8 yearsRequired 8 years

A Computer Too EarlyA Computer Too Early Charles BabbageCharles Babbage

Professor of Mathematics, CambridgeProfessor of Mathematics, Cambridge Difference EngineDifference Engine (1833)(1833)

Special purpose calculating machineSpecial purpose calculating machine Analytical Engine (>1834)Analytical Engine (>1834)

Universal calculatorUniversal calculator Engine ?Engine ?

Power by steam (no foresight)Power by steam (no foresight) Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and

machiningmachining

Difference Engine (1833)Difference Engine (1833)

THE FIFTH AGETHE FIFTH AGE

The Expansion of SteamThe Expansion of Steam

Pre-SteamPre-Steam Francesca della Porta (1606)Francesca della Porta (1606)

Suction caused by condensing steamSuction caused by condensing steamAbility to draw up waterAbility to draw up water

Otto von Guericke (1654)Otto von Guericke (1654)Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere

made of two halvesmade of two halves Blaise Pascal (1648)Blaise Pascal (1648)

Weight of column of air is less at elevationWeight of column of air is less at elevation Robert Boyle (1660)Robert Boyle (1660)

Gas lawsGas laws

Steam EngineSteam Engine Hero of AlexandriaHero of Alexandria Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)

21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke10 gallons of water 51 yards per strokeLow efficiencyLow efficiency

WattWattCondense steam & create vacuumCondense steam & create vacuumSeparate condenser (1769)Separate condenser (1769)Double-acting engine (1782)Double-acting engine (1782)Rotative Engine (1781)Rotative Engine (1781)

Newcomen (1712)Newcomen (1712)

Development of SteamDevelopment of Steam

Trevithick (1799)Trevithick (1799)High pressure steamHigh pressure steam

Fulton (1807)Fulton (1807)Clermont on Hudson river Clermont on Hudson river

Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830) Intercontinental RailwayIntercontinental Railway

THE SIXTH AGETHE SIXTH AGE

The Freedom of Internal The Freedom of Internal CombustionCombustion

ChronologyChronology

Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinderand cylinder

Etienne Lenoir (1859)Etienne Lenoir (1859)Coal gas as fuel with ignitionCoal gas as fuel with ignition

Nikolaus Otto (1877)Nikolaus Otto (1877)Four-stroke cycleFour-stroke cycle

Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Gottlieb Daimler (1885)Petrol as fuelPetrol as fuel

Benz Tricycle (1855)Benz Tricycle (1855)

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)

Paris-Rouen race (1894)Paris-Rouen race (1894)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Rudolf Diesel (1892)Wright Brothers (1903)Wright Brothers (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)Ford Model “A” (1903)

THE SEVENTH AGETHE SEVENTH AGE

Electrons ControlledElectrons Controlled

ChronologyChronology Gas Lines (Late 1700s)Gas Lines (Late 1700s)

Philippe Lebon (1799)Philippe Lebon (1799)Gas From Heating Wood

Frederick Windsor (1807)Frederick Windsor (1807)Gas From CoalLit Pall Mall in London (1807)26 mile long main (1816)

Hydraulic MainsHydraulic MainsJoseph BramahJoseph Bramah

Hydraulic Press (1795)Hydraulic Mains (1812)

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued)

ElectricityElectricityWilliam Gilbert (1600)William Gilbert (1600)Alessandro Volta (1800s)Alessandro Volta (1800s)

Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic PileFirst True Battery - Static Source of Power

Michael Faraday (1831)Michael Faraday (1831)First Electric GeneratorMoved Magnet near a Wire

Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)Substituted ElectromagnetsFirst Dynamo

Chronology (continued)Chronology (continued) Telephone - Bell (1876)Telephone - Bell (1876) Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)

Thomas Edison - USAThomas Edison - USAJ.W. Swan - EnglandJ.W. Swan - England

ElectronicsElectronicsJ.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)

Automatic Sequence Controlled CalculatorMechanical Switching

ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator