ozone and climate-friendly buildings thematic meeting for building designers & engineers,...
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Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS
OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21st– 23rd MAY 2013
Professor Susan RoafProfessor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh,
Email: [email protected]
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings • Climate Change Drivers• Legislative Drivers – The European Example• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail
2. How ? Ecological Design: Dynamic Networks
3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona
4. Where to next ?
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Climate Change Drivers
The Climate Change ChallengeAtmospheric Carbon and Temperature are linked
http://www.skepticalscience.com/human-co2-smaller-than-natural-emissions.htm
a
b
c
d
9th May 2013 - 400ppm
280 ppm
Change Rate and Magnitude Increase
1958 – 315 ppm
2005
a b
cd
2100 ?Time ?
2012
Global Ice Melts: Sea Level Rises
Coastal and inland flooding
Images of Macedonian floods
Loss of Livlihoods Loss of Lives
Loss of Infrastructure Loss of Communities
2010
EU 2003
NY 2010
HEATWAVES
52,000 People died in Europe in
July 2003
In their own homes in the
July heat wave
The Ozone Challenge
More Unaffordable Climate Impacts
The Peaky Building Problem:
Architecture makes it worse
In 2008 NSW, Australia 10% of all electrical generating capacity was needed for just 1% of the time during hot spells
Importance of Understanding the Problem:
PEAKY BUILDINGS – PEAKY CITIES
PopulationPopulation22
44
66
88
1010
1212
1414
USA citiesUSA cities
European citiesEuropean cities
London : 3.1 CEssen : 4 CFrimbourg (CH) : 5 CGotemborg : 6 CBale - Berne = 6 CMalmoe : 7 CZurich = 7 CFrimbourg (D) : 10 CParis : 14 CAthens : 14 C
Urban Microclimate and Its Impact on the Cooling Needs of Buildings
Source: Matt Santamouris
HEAT ISLAND
It gets hot – everyone has their air-conditioning on – the lights go out - New York 2003 – 50 million without energy for
2 days – July 2012: 250 million people in India for 2 days
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Legislative Drivers – The European Example
EU Rationale for better buildings
The European Commission (EC) wants cost-efficient ways to make the European economy more:
• Ozone and Climate-friendly • Less energy-consuming
The EU 2050 Roadmap for carbon emission reduction:
2020 targets of:
• 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels• 20% EU energy consumption produced from renewables• 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency• 80-95 % by 2050
http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
1. European Performance Building Directive
EPBD 2002 and Recast 2010
To enable Europe achieve Energy and Greenhouse Gas (ghg) targets.
Certification is key.
http://www.epbd-ca.eu/
EPC Buildings are of 2 grades
2 levels EPC Assessor:
Simple buildings -with “frequently occurring characteristics" such as simple heating systems, simple natural ventilation and small comfort cooling systems.
Complex buildings with advanced features, both of which can be calculated using a National Calculation Methodology (NCM) required under the EPBD.
The EPBD requirement under for Energy Performance Certificates for buildings has been rolled out at different rates across EU countries
http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html
2. Energy Efficiency Directive: 2012
A common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency
Legislating Member States to mobilise investment in the renovation of the national stock of buildings
C. 17 billion euros available in the coming funding round
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_en.htm
3. The Ecodesign Directive 2005 and 2009
Mandates ecodesign requirements for some products - Including ventilation and air-conditioning systems
Ventilation of buildingsEnergy Related Products
ENER Lot 10 Residential VentilationRooms and indivdual
dwelling
Residential ventilation products
-Decentralized products-Centralized products
ENTR Lot 6: ventilation systemsProducts not covered in ENER Lot 10
1. Exhaust AHU(*) & rooftop fans, incl controls2. Supply AHU(*), incl controls
3. Balanced AHU(*), incl controls and HR4. Electrically operated openings/grids
(*) Dedicated ventilation AHU
Reg. 640/2009/EC: Motors 0.75 kW < P < 375 kW
ENER Lot 11: Fans 125 W < P < 500 kW
Applies today to products with capacity up to 12kW
In 5 years applies to larger capacitySystems
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm
• Stricter than Montreal Protocol
• Takes into account the increasing availability of products that can replace those which deplete the ozone layer
4. Directive on Substances which Damage the Ozone Layer 2000 and 2008
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l28064_en.htm
Result = More Expensive Air-Conditioning
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail to meet their performance targets
http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html
Econ 19 - http://www.targ.co.uk/other/guide19.pdf
www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf
And Poorer Building Design ?
Naturally Ventilated
Naturally Ventilated
AC
AC
August 2009, 40ºC
December 2009, 5ºC
Source: Edward Arens, UC Berkeley, Windsor Conference 9-11 April 2010.
The Problems of Many Modern
Buildings
Poor Climatic Design
Expensive to run+
UNCOMFORTABLE
CONSTRAINTS:
• New 4-storey, open-plan offices
• Tight build programme
• The process was cost-driven
• A year after completion, the M & E systems had not been accepted.
LCBP Case Study: West Suffolk House
The Challenge of Natural Ventilation
actual emissions of 88.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum
Nearly three times the design estimate of 31.4 kgCO2/m2 per annum
REALITY CHECK
Densely occupied
Noise disturbance through lightwell from ground floor café
Too deep for single-sided natural ventilation ? The Architecture was a Problem here …
For more Case Studies see: www.usablebuildings trust.co.uk
Dissatisfied Occupants
Design intent = 236kWh/m2
Marketing pitch = A “sustainable and virtually non-polluting” design
Actual building performance = 376kWh/m2
The 1997 ECON19 good practice level for naturally ventilated office = 112kWh/m2
County Hall LondonPerformance Gap
Paul Gerard Tuohy, Gavin B Murphy (2012). Why advanced buildings don’t work? Proceedings of 7th Windsor Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 12-15 April 2012. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings,
http://nceub.org.uk
Fantasy Reality Gap ?
The Credibility Gapfor a green building award winner
Source: Bill Bordasshttp://www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf
Seduced by our Models?
Source:NBI study 2008
LEED BUILDINGS WORSE THAN CODE
Optimise the Modelled Building ?
1. That only takes you from There to There
2. How do you get
to Here ?
Architectural Engineering
Renewable Energy
Time to Rethink Design ?
TIME
SPACE ARCHITECTURE
21STC Thinking Whole system thinking ‘ ‘out of the Box
20thC Thinking Efficiency Innovation Competition
Fine – but how do we make a living ?
Eco Design……..
Only Way to Meet the Targets - Connect the Flows Social – Physical – Economic – Time – People
Incre
asin
g T
ime
lag
Increasing Time lag
Picture: Jane Matthews5o-10oC temperature differences found in different rooms in the same house
Source: Jane Matthews
TIME AND PLACE AND SPACE
o
SN
Shade
Hot Zone
Cool Zone
People, Buildings and Climate in Dynamic relationships
Talk Structure:
3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona
Building Outline
Name: Porta Fira Application: HotelSurface: 34.700m2
Number of floors: 24Height: 113mRooms: 345
Thanks for these Porta Fira details to Santiago Gonzalez and Daikin Spain
System outline
System Outline (VRV + AHU + chillers)
Outdoor(VRV): 74Capacity VRV(kW): 2280Indoor VRV (Qty): 664 ductedCapacity chiller(kW): 1200
Reasons of selecting VRV
1.Energy efficiency 2.Partial load 3.Multiple outdoors4.Heat recovery
Engineers and Manufacturers working closely with the architects
Toyo Ito
Indoor per room
System outline (floor plan)NW Hot side
SE Cooler side N External skin of Timber shading
Opening window
Individual system controls
Flexible system across floors
Heat recovery VRV
Room layout can
Careful location of different room functions and matching withTime, month and local micro-climate can significantly boost Seasonal efficiency with intelligent patterns of occupation and controls
Centralized Control : I-Manager enables fine tuning of occupied zones
Remote Predictive Maintenance: ACNSS
Centralized Control : I-Manager – people can be located in cooler or warmer zones
Emporis skyscapers
Emporis collects data on full life-cycle of a building, from idea to demolition.
Porta Fira won the Emporis Skyscraper Award in 2010.
• Fault free operation – predictive diagnostics – Product • Load shift and shave peak loads – Control • Optimised zoning for energy minimisation - Planning • User choice – higher comfort levels – Behaviour
• Maximize use of ambient energy – Design
Porta Fira Whole System Optimisation
Good Architect Flexible / Adaptable Genuine Co-operation Good Building 21st C Buildings from all involved
Pushes well beyond current Regulation Targets
Eco Design Whole System Thinking
Talk Structure:
4. Where to next ?
The Future is Closer than You Think
1860 1917 1952 1986 ?
2Cwarmer
1Cwarmer
20th Century Buildings Poor Climatic Design – Unaffordable – Without Cheap Energy
throwing energy away
Fossil FuelEnergy
21st Century Buildings
Good Buildings
Eco Design
Design for Occupants
Design with Climate
Time Space
Architecture
Solar Energy