ozone creation
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Ozone Creation. Chapter 4 Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances. Geosystems 6e An Introduction to Physical Geography. Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen. Why do we have to learn about energy?. Energy powers the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ozone Creation
Chapter 4Atmosphere and Surface
Energy Balances
Geosystems 6eAn Introduction to Physical Geography
Robert W. ChristophersonCharles E. Thomsen
Why do we have to learn about energy?
Energy powers the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.Energy deficits are created by the earth’s curved surface—solar insolation varies with latitude.To compensate for energy deficits, ocean currents, global winds, and weather systems move energy around the globe. This is why we have weather and climate.
Energy Essentials Energy Pathways and Principles
Shortwave energy in from the Sun
Longwave energy out from Earth
TransmissionPassage of energy through atmosphere or water
Refers to shortwave radiation that goes straight through the atmosphere to the surface
Energy Pathways
Figure 4.1
Energy PathwaysInsolation input
All radiation received at Earth’s surface – direct and indirect
Scattering (diffuse radiation)
Changing direction of radiation’s movement, without altering its wavelengths
Pollutants, ice, and water vapor increase scattering
Why is diffuse radiation important?Because it colors the sky
Energy PathwaysScattering (diffuse radiation)
Rayleigh Principle – the shorter the wavelength, the greater the scattering; the longer the wavelength, the less the scattering
Shorter wavelengths of visible light (blues and violets) scatter the most and dominate the lower atmosphere
More blue present in sunlight, so the sky is blue
If we had NO atmosphere, what color would the sky be?
Energy PathwaysSunrise/Sunset
When the sun is low on the horizon, its rays must travel through more atmosphere
This increases scattering of shorter wavelengths (blues) so that only the longer wavelengths color the sky (oranges, reds)
Refraction – change in speed and direction of light
When a form of radiation moves from one medium to another (air to water, space to atmosphere), its speed and direction changeThe wavelengths of radiation are bent into different angles, separating the light into its component colorsRainbows – created when visible light passes through raindrops, is refracted, and reflected showing all colors
Energy Pathways
Figure 4.3
Refraction
RefractionMirage – an image that appears near the horizon where light waves are refracted by layers of air at different temperatures and densities on a hot day
When the sun is low in the sky, its light must penetrate through more air – its refracted by layers of air at different temperatures and densities creating a mirage
Refraction
Figure 4.4
Energy EssentialsAlbedo - % of insolation an object reflects
Darker colors have lower albedos (they absorb more insolation)
Lighter colors have higher albedos (they reflect more insolation)
During the day, clouds reflect radiation back to space
At night, clouds reflect longwave radiation back to Earth’s surface
Energy EssentialsAerosols
Volcanic origin
Decrease atmospheric albedos
Leads to cooling of almost 1°F
Insolation reflected by dirty sky
Albedo
Figure 4.5
Energy Balance in the Troposphere Greenhouse Effect – where gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and CFCs) absorb insolation and reradiate it back to Earth in longer wavelengths thereby warming the lower troposphereThe Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming
Atmosphere absorbs heat energyAtmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
Figure 4.12
Energy Budget by Latitude
Figure 4.13
Daily Radiation Patterns
Figure 4.14
Simplified Surface Energy BalanceNET R =
+SW (insolation)
–SW (reflection)
+LW (infrared)
–LW (infrared)
Figure 4.16
Global NET R
Figure 4.17
Global NET RNon-vegetated surfaces lose heat in one of 3 ways:
Latent heat of evaporation – energy released as water changes state
Sensible heat – heat you can feel and measure; convection and conduction
Ground heating and cooling – energy stored during warm periods and released during cool periods
Radiation Budgets
Figure 4.20
El Mirage, CA
Pitt Meadows,BC
The Urban Environment
Figure 4.21
Urban Heat Island
Figure 4.22
Urban Heat
IslandPilot
Project
Figure 4.23
Solar Cooking Solution
Figure FS 4.1.1
Solar Energy
Figure FS 4.1.2