ozone symptom identification identifying characteristics of ozone bioindicator species

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Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species Each slide is annotated to focus attention on certain diagnostic symptoms that may clarify what ozone injury does and does not look like in the field. Keep in mind that these are images of dried leaf samples. Injury on fresh, live plants may be slightly different in color and appearance. Reminder: If you are uncertain if a leaf injury symptom is caused by ozone exposure, please rate the plant as if it was ozone injury and send in a leaf sample for QA review. Use a plant press to prepare quality leaf vouchers. Leaves should be labeled and pressed on blotter paper with no overlap to preserve the injury symptoms. blackberry = 915 black cherry = 762; and pin cherry = 761 common and tall milkweed = 365 white ash = 541 (other ash species such as green ash are sometimes substituted) spreading dogbane = 366 (erect dogbane is sometimes substituted) big leaf aster = 364 sassafras = 931

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Page 1: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone Symptom Identification

Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Each slide is annotated to focus attention on certain diagnostic symptoms that may clarify what ozone injury does and does not look like in the field. Keep in mind that these are images of dried leaf samples. Injury on fresh, live plants may be slightly different in color and appearance.

Reminder: If you are uncertain if a leaf injury symptom is caused by ozone exposure, please rate the plant as if it was ozone injury and send in a leaf sample for QA review. Use a plant press to prepare quality leaf vouchers. Leaves should be labeled and pressed on blotter paper with no overlap to preserve the injury symptoms.

blackberry = 915 black cherry = 762; and pin cherry = 761common and tall milkweed = 365white ash = 541 (other ash species such as green ash are sometimes substituted)spreading dogbane = 366 (erect dogbane is sometimes substituted)big leaf aster = 364sassafras = 931yellow poplar = 621

Page 2: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

BLACKBERRY 915

Identifying characteristics of Common Blackberry: (Rubus allegheniensis)

Leaves alternate, palmately compound with 3 to 7 leaflets, averages 5, the middle leaflet tends to have a stalk and averages 31/4” to 5” in length. Upper leaf surface dark green, smooth to slightly pubescence, Lower surface green with velvety pubescence.

First-year (non-flowering) canes are greenish to greenish-red, second-year (flowering) canes brown. Both first- and second-year canes are star-shaped and ridged, with stout prickles along the stem.

Flowers borne in clusters, with small leaves at the base and gland-tipped hairs along the stalk, appearing from April through July.

Fruit is dark violet to black, juicy, plump, and sweet, about ¾” long appearing June through August.

leaflet

Stout prickles

Flower

arching branches

Page 3: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Typical ozone injury symptoms on blackberry visible as red, interveinal pigmentation on the older foliage.

Page 4: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

915 Classic purple-red ozone stipple occurring between the leaf veins and visible only on the upper-leaf surface.

This is a single leaf of blackberry. A perfect leaf voucher consists of 3 leaves that have been pressed flat and that show obvious ozone injury symptoms, just like this one.

Ozone stipple

Page 5: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic ozone injury on blackberry. The photo image has caused some reddening of the leaf stipple. To the naked eye it is a darker purple-red than what is shown here.

Note the line of green tissue along the leaf margins and the absence of injury symptoms where leaf overlap occurred.

915

Ozone stipple

Page 6: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

The underside of these leaves are covered with the dusty spores of the blackberry rust fungus. The upper-leaf surface discoloration is a uniform dark red that includes the smaller leaf veins and is not typical of ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 7: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Bifacial, fungal-type lesions are abundant on the leaf surface.

Brown discoloration is not typical of ozone injury.915

This is not ozone injury.

Page 8: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

This is an example of a leaf with questionable ozone symptoms. With a hand lens, it is possible to see that the discoloration bleeds into all the smaller veins of the leaf. There is little classic ozone stipple. The injury appears concentrated at the leaf margins.

This is not ozone injury

This looks so much like ozone injury in the field that crews should collect this injury type and send it in for review by an expert.

Page 9: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying Characteristics of Black Cherry: (Prunus serotina)

Leaves are 2” to 6” in length and 1 ¼” to 2” in width with finely serrated teeth on the margins, dark green and shiny on top with a paler green below. The midrib is prominently fringed beneath with white to brown hair.

Fruit is a drupe that is arranged along a spreading or drooping axis at the end of a twig. The twigs have a bitter-almond smell and taste.

Bark on younger trees is gray and smooth, reddish brown to nearly black, with conspicuous, narrow, horizontal lenticels. On older trees the bark is exfoliating in small, shiny, platy scales with upturned edges.

Leaves of choke cherry, a similar species, have a hairless midrib beneath and are sharp toothed. Leaves of pin cherry are are longer and narrower with finely serrated margins.

BLACK CHERRY 762

Brown fringe along midribleaves

Page 10: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic ozone injury symptoms on a black cherry seedling.

Note how the red-brown stipple is more pronounced on the mid-aged and older foliage.

Ozone stipple

Page 11: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic distribution of ozone injury symptoms along a branch stem. Leaves toward the branch tip remain green; those toward the base of the branch show pronounced stippling.

severe stippling

moderate stippling

light stippling

no obvious stippling

762

Ozone stipple

Page 12: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

762

Classic interveinal ozone stipple. Note how fine the stippling is compared to the more blotchy, aggregated lesions that are visible on the previous slide. Some insect damage is also visible.

Ozone stipple

Ozone stipple

Page 13: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Leaves injured by ozone eventually lose much of their green color. Voucher leaf samples collected for QA review for ozone injury should be relatively green.

Poor leaf samples: Ozone injured leaf is exhibiting premature senescence and has lost most of its chlorophyll.

Good leaf samples

Ozone stipple

Page 14: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Normal sized leaf sample

Undersized leaves are often found at the base of leaf branches in the inner crown.

Always collect normal sized leaves for the leaf vouchers. Avoid undersized leaves.

Ozone-like stipple is visible on these undersized leaves of black cherry. There is disagreement amongst the experts as to whether ozone-like stipple on undersized leaves is attributable to ozone or is evidence of a non-specific stress response.

762

This is not ozone injury.

Page 15: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Common Milkweed: (Asclepias syriaca)

All parts of Common Milkweed exude latex when cut.

Leaves opposite, or whorled. Twice as long (2” to 12”) as they are wide, with smooth margins and stems with latex. Upper leaf surface can be smooth to slightly hairy, lower densely hairy. Petiole is short and thick.

Flowers borne in large clusters on stalks in the upper leaf axils. They appear rose or greenish-white, from June to August.

Fruit is a large comma shaped pod.

Monarch butterflies are a common sight on milkweed.

Left photo: Common milkweed

Right photo: Tall milkweed

MILKWEED 365

Page 16: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic ozone injury symptoms on common milkweed.

Note how the ozone stipple is more pronounced on the mid-aged and older foliage. Leaves at the top of the plant remain green.

Towards the end of the growing season, the yellow, injured leaves at the base of the plant will drop off prematurely.

Page 17: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

365Dark pigmented stipple on the upper leaf surface of milkweed. The veins and veinlets remain green as do the leaf margins.

Ozone stipple

Page 18: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Another good example of classic ozone stipple on common milkweed. The undersurface of this leaf is entirely green and free of any injury symptoms.

These tears in the leaf tissue are unrelated to ozone injury.

365

Ozone stipple

Page 19: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

This is a good example of a leaf voucher for milkweed. A voucher consists of 3 leaves that clearly show the ozone injury symptom.

The stippling shown here is classic ozone stipple. A petiole label has been attached to the leaves to identify the ozone biosite where these leaf samples were collected.

State: 42 County: 13

HexNum: 4107814 PlotNum: 02

Date: 7/30/03 Species: 365

Labels may be attached to individual leaves or to a set of leaves as is shown in this slide.

365

Ozone stipple

Page 20: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

365

The discoloration on the bottom leaf may be attributable to hot, dry weather. No ozone stipple is apparent.

The stippled areas on the top leaf are surrounded by a yellow halo. The lesions show through to the underside of the leaf. The injury pattern is not typical of ozone stipple.

This is not ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 21: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

On the top leaf, the stipple-like symptom clings to the leaf veins. Under magnification, many veins are discolored. The injury pattern is not typical of ozone injury.

The gray-brown discoloration on the lower leaf may be due to improper voucher handling. If leaves are placed on top of each other in the plant press they will discolor in this way. Ozone injury could not be validated on this leaf sample.

365

This is not ozone injury.

Page 22: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

The injury pattern of the bleached and darkened tissues on this leaf sample are not typical of ozone injury. Under magnification, a stipple-like symptom is visible, but the lesions are not interveinal. The veins are discolored in the damaged areas.

365

This is not ozone injury.

Page 23: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of White ash: (Fraxinus americana)

Leaves are opposite and compound. Generally have 5-9 leaflets that are 2 ½” to 5” long.

Twigs are round, shiny, mostly hairless.

Buds are inset in the leaf scar.

Bark is ashy gray, on older trees it becomes finely furrowed into close diamond-shaped areas separated by narrow interlacing ridges.

WHITE ASH 541

White ash = buds are inset in the leaf scar.

Green ash = buds are set above the leaf scar.

Page 24: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic purple-red ozone stipple on ash.

The stippling occurs between the major veins on the upper-leaf surface.

The undersurface of the leaf is green and entirely free of injury.

Dark brown lesion with a pale necrotic center - unrelated to ozone injury.

Ozone stipple

Page 25: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Severe ozone stippling on white ash. The lesions are dark purple-red in color and, under magnification, can be seen to be contained within the leaf veins. The undersurface of this leaf is clean and green.

541

Ozone stipple

Page 26: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

541Darkened lesions cover the leaf surface, often darkest along the midrib and other major leaf veins. This is not typical of ozone stipple. With a hand lens, it is possible to see white necrotic centers scattered throughout the discolored areas that may be attributable to insect feeding. There is honeydew and other evidence of insect activity on the undersurface. The leaf is generally messy and damaged by a variety of factors..

Ozone-like stipple visible along the edges of the heavily chewed tissues is assumed to be a response to a biotic stress agent, not ozone.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 27: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

The white to tan lesions visible on this leaf are characteristic of feeding activity by the ash plant bug. The undersurface of the leaf is covered with plant bug excrement.

541

This is not ozone injury.

Page 28: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

This ash leaf is infected with the ash ring spot virus.

The reddened tissue is probably a result of virus infection and cannot be validated as ozone injury.

Under magnification, the stippling appears less distinct than classic ozone stipple.

541

This is not ozone injury.

Page 29: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

541Large brown lesions have a tan necrotic center and are outlined by dark pigmented tissue. A fine stippling, similar to ozone injury, is visible in the surrounding tissue. This cannot be attributed to ozone due to the confounding presence of the more dominant stress agent.

ozone-like stipple

This is not ozone injury.

Page 30: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Leaf bronzing possibly due to exposure to hot, dry weather. The injury color and pattern are not typical of ozone injury.

541

This is not ozone injury.

Page 31: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Spreading Dogbane: (Apocynum androsaemifolium)

All parts exude a milky juice when broken.

Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, or egg-shaped, with smooth margins and red stems. Dark green above, pale beneath, 2” to 3” long.

Flowers small, pink, bell-shaped, with pink stripe in the center. Flowers appear from mid-June through August.

Fruit a narrow, long pod with many seeds. Each seed has a long tuft of cottony hairs.

Top and right photo: Spreading dogbane

Far right photo: Erect dogbane

DOGBANE 366

Page 32: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

366Classic upper-leaf surface ozone stipple. Note that the leaves are otherwise relatively green and healthy. The most severe stippling is towards the base of the plant stem.

Light and scattered ozone stipple on the younger leaves

Note the more pronounced stippling on the older leaves. Veins remain green.

Ozone stipple

Page 33: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

366

Typical, dark brown to black, interveinal ozone stipple on dogbane. These leaves are so thin that the discoloration may be visible from the underside of the leaf.

Ozone stipple

Page 34: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

366The brown color of these necrotic areas are not typical of ozone injury.

The injury pattern (follows the leaf veins) and color of these lesions is not typical of ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 35: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

366

Clusters of necrotic lesions, especially along the leaf margin, are not typical of ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 36: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

366

The large brown lesions with a yellow margin visible on these 2 leaves are not symptomatic of ozone injury. On the smaller leaf it is possible to see ozone-like stipple on the leaf surface. However, because this stipple emanates from the larger fungal-type lesions, we can not consider this an ozone response.

fungal-type lesions

This is not ozone injury.

ozone-like stipple

Page 37: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Big Leaf Aster: (Aster macrophyllum)

Leaves are 4” to 8” in width, heart-shaped, with unevenly toothed margins. Leaf stem is purplish and nearly as long as the length of the leaf.

Flowering stalk can reach 5’ in height.

Flowers range in color from pale lavender to violet to light blue and are evident from August to September.

BIG LEAF ASTER 364

Page 38: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic ozone stipple on big leaf aster. The stippling appears dark brown to black on the dried leaf samples. It is distinctly interveinal. There is no visible injury or discoloration on the undersurface of the leaf.

Larger, brown lesions are unrelated to ozone injury.

364

Ozone stipple

Page 39: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Dark pigmented ozone stipple. With a hand lens, it can be seen that the pin cushion like stipples are entirely contained by the leaf veins.

364

Ozone stipple

Page 40: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

These large dark lesions of unknown origin are bifacial and appear to cross the smaller veins of the leaf.

364This is not ozone injury.

Page 41: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

The tan stippling on this leaf sample obviously clings to the leaf veins as is characteristic of feeding injury caused by a phloem sucking insect.

Insect excrement is visible on the undersurface of the leaf.

364

This is not ozone injury.

Page 42: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Sassafras: (Sassafras albidum)

Three leaf types: 1) entire and somewhat elliptical, 2) mitten-shaped, 3) three-lobed. All three leaf types can be found on the same tree.

Twigs and leaves have a spicy odor and taste.

Fruit is a blue drupe.

Bark is red-brown, thick, furrowed and aromatic.

SASSAFRAS 931

Page 43: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic ozone stipple on sassafras.

Note how the red-brown stipple is more pronounced on the older foliage.

Major leaf veins remain green.

Page 44: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone injury on sassafras in the field is often described as leaf bronzing rather than leaf stippling.

The injury pattern is clearly interveinal. The color on pressed leaf samples appears more brown or tan than purple-red.

931leaf bronzing

Ozone stipple

Page 45: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Closer view of the bronze lesions characteristic of ozone injury on sassafras.

Larger zones of necrotic tissue are unrelated to ozone injury.

931

Ozone stipple

Page 46: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Pigmented ozone stipple on sassafras at a field site used for biomonitoring.

Photo Credit: ‘Diagnosing Injury to Eastern Forest Trees - Manual for Identifying Damage Caused by Air Pollution, Pathogens, Insects, and Abiotic Stresses’. Skelly, J.M. et al., 1987. Available from: Publications Distribution Center, Pennsylvania State University.

Ozone stipple

Page 47: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

931Leaf sample with circular clusters of small pigmented spots that suggest infection by a biotic pathogen. This type of injury pattern is not characteristic of ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 48: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Sweetgum: (Liquidambar styraciflua)

The leaves are star-shaped, deeply and palmately 5- to 7-lobed. Margins are finely serrated. Leaf surface is bright green above; pubescent in axils of the veins below; somewhat fragrant when crushed.

Fruit is a 1” to 1 ¼” spiny ball, often hanging.

Twigs are shiny, green to yellowish brown, somewhat fragrant when crushed.

Bark is grayish brown; deeply furrowed into narrow, flaky ridges.

SWEETGUM 611

Page 49: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic purple-red ozone stipple on sweetgum

Small pigmented stipplingoccurs between the large and small veins of the leaf. When stippling is severe, the color may be faintly visible on the undersurface of the leaf.

Darker pigmented lesionswith lighter centers tend to sit on the leaf veins. Theyare unrelated to ozone injury.

611

Ozone stipple

Page 50: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

A well prepared leaf voucher consists of 3 leaves that clearly show the upper-leaf surface pigmented stipple characteristic of ozone injury on sweetgum. All samples must be identified by state, county, hex number, and plot number, as well as sample date and species code.

State: 3907365 County: 04

HexNum: 3008636 PlotNum: 1

Date: 8/19/03 Species: 611

Ozone stipple

The leaf undersurface is free of ozone injury.

Page 51: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone-induced pigmented stipple on sweetgum. The larger, darker spots are not ozone injury.

611

Ozone stipple

Page 52: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

To the naked eye, ozone injury on this leaf sample appears as a general discoloration of the upper-leaf surface.

With a hand lens, the pin cushion like stippling characteristic of ozone injury is clearly visible. Veins remain clear or green in color.

611

Photo Credit for Inserted Image on Right: ‘Diagnosing Injury to Eastern Forest Trees - Manual for Identifying Damage Caused by Air Pollution, Pathogens, Insects, and Abiotic Stresses’. Skelly, J.M. et al., 1987. Available from: Publications Distribution Center, Pennsylvania State University.

Ozone stipple

Page 53: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

611This sample shows large blotches of discolored tissue.The lesions are bifacial and cross both large and smallveins. This injury pattern is not typical of ozone injury.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 54: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Yellow-poplar: (Liriodendron tulipifera)

Leaves are 4” to 6” in diameter. Usually has 4 lobes, 2 at the tip and 2 at the side, with smooth margins. Squarish at the base.

Fruit is an erect cone-like aggregate of samaras. Flowers are cup-shaped with 6 petals, resembling tulip. Twigs stout, bitter to taste with diaphragmed pith. Bud shaped like a duck’s bill.

Bark on young trees is dark green and smooth, with small white spots. On older trees it has interlacing rounded ridges separated by ashy-gray fissures.

YELLOW POPLAR 621

Page 55: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

621Classic pigmented stipple occurs between the leaf veins on the upper leaf surface. The undersurface of the leaf is free of insect and pathogen activity.

Pressed leaf samples of yellow poplar can be difficult to read because the samples often discolor in storage. Leaves that have not been pressedproperly, or are otherwise difficult to read, cannot be validated for ozone injury.

Classic ozone stipple on yellow poplar

Ozone stipple

Page 56: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

621Upper leaf surface ozone stipple. On pressed samples the stippling appears dark brown to red-black. Ozone stipple

Page 57: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

621

With a hand lens, classic pigmented stipple is readily visible on this leaf sample.

The large circular lesions are unrelated to ozone injury.

Page 58: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

621

Scattered dark lesions are visible. They are large and bifacial. They are not typical of ozone stipple.

Page 59: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

621The visible leaf injury on this sample may be due to multiple stress agents. The symptoms are complex. The leaf undersurface is also affected.

No classic ozone stipple is apparent.

General discoloration due to improper voucher handling.

Large, bifacial lesions

This is not ozone injury.

Page 60: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Identifying characteristics of Pin Cherry: (Prunus pensylvanica)

Leaves alternate, long, narrow, finely serrated, 2” to 5” in length, 1” to 1 ½” wide, yellow-green; less shiny than those of black cherry.

Flowers white, 5 to 7 in small flat-topped clusters. Occurring from March to July.

Fruit a round, red, sour tasting drupe. Occurring from July to September.

Twigs slender, smooth, reddish-brown. Twigs have a bitter almond taste. Bark shiny, red-brown, with horizontal orange lenticels.

PIN CHERRY 761

Page 61: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Classic upper-leaf surface ozone stipple on pin cherry.761

Note: red stipple, green veins and margins.

Ozone stipple

Page 62: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

761

Scattered ozone-like stippling

Necrotic areas of unknown origin.

Scattered ozone-like stippling is visible on this leaf sample.Under magnification the small pigmented spots have tan necrotic centers that may have been caused by a sucking insect.

This is not ozone injury.

Page 63: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

End of regular slide show for ozone injury review.

Crews should be tested for symptom recognition on a variety of species using slides or pressed leaf samples. 8 to10 test samples are sufficient.

This file continues with additional slides of injury to supplemental species. Review these only as time and interest allow.

Page 64: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone-like injury has been observed in the field on many species that are not on the target list of ozone sensitive bioindicators used in the FIA program. Until these species have been thoroughly tested under controlled conditions in greenhouse fumigation studies, they cannot be used as bioindicators.

Leaf samples of the species listed below have been sent in, along with the standard ozone vouchers, by FIA fields crews from many states. This practice is appreciated by University researchers involved in ozone biomonitoring studies. The list of potential bioindicator species1 includes:

red maple (Acer rubrum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), basswood (Tilia americana), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), wild plum (Prunus americana), nannyberry (Viburnum lentago), wild grape (Vitis spp.), winged sumac (Rhus copallinum), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Trumpet creeper (Tecoma radicans),cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum), woodland sunflower (Helianthus hirsutus),blueberry (Vacinnium spp.), and ironweed (Veronia noveboracensis)2.

Other species under investigation that have not been specifically noted by FIA crewsinclude: pawpaw (Asiminia triloba), red bud (Cercis canadensis), catalpa (Catalpa speciosa), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), and cone flower(Rudbekia laciniata)2.

1Native species studied during the 2000 and 2001 summer season at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2For more information contact: John Skelly at [email protected] and Art Chappelka at [email protected]

Page 65: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Red maple (Acer rubrum)

Ozone stipple

Page 66: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Wild Plum (Prunus americana)

Page 67: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago)

Ozone stipple

Page 68: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Viburnum spp.

Page 69: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Tall Milkweed(Asclepias exalta)

Page 70: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Wild grape (Vitis spp.)

Fox grape (Vitis labrusca) has been tested and found to be ozone sensitive under controlled conditions. Although common in our area, it is difficult to distinguish Fox grape from other wild species of grape which may, or may not be, ozone sensitive.

Ozone stipple

Page 71: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)

Ozone stipple

Page 72: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum)

Ozone stipple

Page 73: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Cone flower (Rudbekia laciniata var. laciniata)

Left photo: Stand of cone flower

Bottom photo: close up of pigmented ozone stipple on the leaves of cone flower

Ozone stipple

Page 74: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Blueberries Vaccinium spp.

Ironweed Veronia noveboracensis

Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)

Page 75: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone-like stipple on Robinia (locust) species.

Top: Two leaves of crown beard, smaller one with symptoms.

Bottom: Whole plant in natural stand; older leaves are symptomatic.

Possible ozone injury on crownbeard.

Page 76: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Ozone-like stipple on Silphium species.

Page 77: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Woodland Sunflower(Helianthus divaricatus)

Page 78: Ozone Symptom Identification Identifying Characteristics of Ozone Bioindicator Species

Poison Ivy (Rhus radicans) Don’t take leaf samples from this plant!