p. 1071Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 1 of 7).

Primaryoocyte

Folliclecells

Primordial follicles in egg nest

LM ×1440

1

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 2 of 7).

Thecalcells

Zonapellucida

Granulosacells

Primaryoocytes

Formation ofprimary follicle

LM ×1092

2

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 3 of 7).

Formation ofsecondary follicle

Granulosacells

Nucleusof primary

oocyte

Zonapellucida

Thecal cells

LM ×1052

3

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 4 of 7).

Secondaryoocyte

Antrumcontaining

follicularfluid

Granulosacells

Coronaradiata

Formation oftertiary follicle

LM ×136

4

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 5 of 7).

Releasedsecondary

oocyte

Primordialfollicles

Primaryfollicle

Tertiaryfollicle

Secondaryfollicle

Corpus luteumCorpus albicans

Coronaradiata

Secondaryoocyte within

corona radiata

Rupturedfollicle wall

Outersurface

of ovary

Follicularfluid

Ovulation

LM ×70

5

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 6 of 7).

Formation ofcorpus luteum

LM ×208

6

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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 7 of 7).

Formation ofcorpus albicans

LM ×208

7

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←Primary follicle

←Secondary follicle

Tertiary follicle →

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p. 1072Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 28-24 Regulation of Female Reproduction (Part 5 of 6).

Gonadotropichormone

levels(IU/L)

Follicle stagesduring the

ovarian cycle

Ovarianhormone

levels

FOLLICULAR PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLE LUTEAL PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLE

Follicle development OvulationCorpusluteum

formation

Maturecorpusluteum

Corpusalbicans

Progesterone

EstrogensInhibin

FSH

LH

GnRH pulse frequency (pulses/day)

10

20

30

40

50

28/0 7 14 21 28/0Days

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p. 1070 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 28-14b The Ovaries and Their Relationships to the Uterine Tube and Uterus.

Uterinetube

Corpusluteum

Cortex

Tunicaalbugine

a

Maturefollicle

Germinalepitheliu

m

Eggnest

Ovarianhilum

Broad ligament

Mesovarium

Mesosalpinx

Mesenteries ofthe Ovary and Uterine Tube

A sectional view of the ovary, uterine tube, and associated mesenteries

b

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p. 1074 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure 28-18b The Uterus.

Uterosacralligament

Cardinalligaments

(under broadligament)

Suspensoryligament of ovary

Broadligament

Roundligamentof uterus

Urinary bladder

A superior view of the ligaments that stabilize the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.

Ovary

Ovarianligament

Uterine tube

Vesicouterine pouch

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Sigmoid colon

Uterus

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Figure 28-19a The Uterine Wall.

Perimetrium

Straight artery

Myometrium

Endometrium

Uterine glands

Uterine cavity

Radial artery

Uterine artery

A diagrammatic sectional view of the uterine wall, showing the endometrial regions and the blood supply to the endometrium

Spiral artery

Arcuate arteries

a

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Figure 28-19b The Uterine Wall.

Uterinecavity

Simplecolumnar

epithelium

Uterineglands

Functionalzone

Basilarzone Myometrium

Endometrium

Uterine wall LM×32

The basic histological structure of the uterine wallb

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Figure 28-20a The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

PerimetriumEndometrium

Myometrium

Cervix

Menses LM ×63

Uterineglands

Uterine cavity

The endometrium at menses

Basilar zoneof endometrium

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Figure 28-20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

Uterinecavity

Myometrium

Proliferative phase

LM ×66

Uterine cavity

Uterineglands

The endometrium during the proliferative phase

Functional zone

Basilar zone

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Figure 28-20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

Uterineglands

Uterine cavity

Detail ofuterine glands

LM ×150

Secretory phase

LM ×52

The endometrium during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

Functional zone

c

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Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 1 of 2).

Fornix

Rugae

Vaginalcanal

Hymen

Vestibule

Greater vestibular

gland

Labia minora

Vaginal arteryVaginal vein

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Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 2 of 2).

The vaginal wall

LM ×25

Lumen ofvaginalcanal

Stratified squamousepithelium

(nonkeratinized)

Laminapropria

Blood vessels

Bundles of smooth

muscle fibers

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Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia.

External Genitalia

ClitorisPrepuce

Mons pubis

Glans

Vestibule

LabiaminoraHymen (torn)Labia

majora

Anus

Greater vestibulargland

Vaginal entrance

Vestibular bulb

Urethral opening

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Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia.

External Genitalia

ClitorisPrepuce

Mons pubis

Glans

Vestibule

LabiaminoraHymen (torn)Labia

majora

Anus

Greater vestibulargland

Vaginal entrance

Vestibular bulb

Urethral opening

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Figure 28-23a The Mammary Gland.

Pectoralis majormuscle

Pectoral fat pad

Suspensoryligaments

Lobules of twolobes of the mammary gland

Nipple

Areola

Lactiferous sinus

Lactiferous duct

The mammary gland of the left breast

ap. 1082

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Figure 28-25 Regulation of Female Reproduction (Slide 3)

The ovarian and uterine cycles must operate in synchrony to ensure properreproductive function. If the two cycles are not properly coordinated, infertilityresults. A female who doesn’t ovulate cannot conceive, even if her uterus isperfectly normal. A female who ovulates normally, but whose uterus is notready to support an embryo, will also be infertile.

As in males, GnRH from thehypothalamus regulatesreproductive function in females.However, in females, GnRHlevels change throughout thecourse of the ovarian cycle. The cycle begins with the release of

GnRH, which stimulates the productionand secretion of FSH and theproduction—but not the secretion—of LH.

HYPOTHALAMUS

Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Release of GnRH

ANTERIORLOBE OFPITUITARYGLAND

The follicular phase begins whenFSH stimulates some secondaryfollicles to develop into a tertiaryfollicle.

Follicular Phase ofthe Ovarian Cycle

As secondary follicles develop,FSH levels decline due to thenegative feedback effects ofinhibin.

Developing follicles also secreteestrogens, especially estradiol(es-tra-DĪ-ol), the dominanthormone prior to ovulation.

In low concentrations, estrogensinhibit LH secretion. Thisinhibition gradually decreases asestrogen levels climb.

Negativefeedback

• Follicle development

• Secretion of inhibin

• Secretion of estrogens

OVARY

Productionand secretionof FSH

Productionof LH

Secretionof LH

Beforeday 10

Afterday 10

• Meiosis I completion• Ovulation• Corpus luteum formation

Secretion ofprogesterone

The combination of increasedGnRH pulse frequency and elevatedestrogen levels stimulates LHsecretion.

Luteal Phase ofthe Ovarian Cycle

On or around day 14, a massivesurge in LH level triggers (1) thecompletion of meiosis I by theprimary oocyte, (2) the forcefulrupture of the follicular wall, (3)ovulation, roughly 9 hours after theLH peak, and (4) formation of thecorpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretesprogesterone, which stimulates andsustains endometrial development.

After ovulation, progesterone levelsrise and estrogen levels fall. Thissuppresses GnRH secretion. Ifpregnancy does not occur, thecorpus luteum will degenerate after12 days, and as progesterone levelsdecline, GnRH secretion increases,and a new cycle begins.

KEY

Stimulation

Inhibition

Effectson CNS

Stimulationof bone andmuscle growth

Establishment andmaintenance offemale secondarysex characteristics

Maintenanceof accessoryglands andorgans

Stimulation ofendometrialgrowth andsecretion

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