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A. x∏UQØ∫P“ B. ha_UPıµ∫P“

C. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ D. B[Q˜ªØ∫P“

2. RÃUPsh ıkP¯Õa ˜\∫¢u Aµ\∫P“ ©ıæ™P¯Õ

FUS¬zu⁄∫

A. C[Qªı¢x, §µıfl_ B. §µıfl_, Ïˆ£∞fl

C. Ïˆ£∞fl, ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿, C[Qªı¢x

3. ¡ıÏ˜Pıh Pı©ı ˜Pı»UTk £Sv∞¿ C”[P A›©v

AŒzu Aµ\∫

A. •·®ß∫ _¿uıfl B. ¬\Ø Pµ Aµ\∫

C. ©fl⁄∫ \ı©∂fl D. \¢vµıT∂fl ©fl⁄∫

4. ˜Pı¡ı¯¡U ¯P®£ÿ‘Ø¡∫

A. A¿™hı B. ¡ıÏ˜Pıh Pı©ı

C. A¿¶P∫US D. \ı©∂fl

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13

5. \∫ ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ C¢ım¯ha ˜\∫¢u¡∫

A. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿ B. Ïˆ£∞fl

C. C[Qªı¢x D. §µıfl_

6. £Æ£ı¯Øz v∏©n® £∂\ıP® ˆ£ÿ” CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ

©n¢u CÕ¡µ]∞fl ık

A. §µıfl_ B. Ïˆ£∞fl

C. C[Qªı¢x D. ˜£ı∫a_UP¿

7. ¬¿ºØÆ ÌıUQflÏ J∏

A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ¬Øı£ı∂

C. ©∏zx¡∫ D. £¯h√µ∫

8. B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS £Æ£ı¥US (¨Æ¯£)

AŒzu ¡∏h Szu¯P

A. £ 10 B. £ 20

C. £ 30 D. £ 40

9. §ˆµg_U Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S C¡∂fl u¯ª¯©∞fl

RÃ A¯©UP®£mhx

A. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl B. Pı¿£∫m

C. i≥®˜Õ D. C¡∫PŒ¿ G¡∏Æ C¿¯ª

10. ©ª£ı∫ PhÿP¯µ∞¿ E“Õ ©ıÓ¯Ø® §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“

ˆ£ÿ” Bsk

A. 1725 B. 1735

C. 1715 D. 1745

II. ˜Pıimh Ch[P¯Õ |µ®¶P

1. I˜µı®§Ø∫P“ _______________ ¡µ ¶vØ Ph¿¡»∞¯⁄U

Psk§iUP ¨Øfl”⁄∫.

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2. ¶vØ Ph¿ ¡»P“ Psk§i®£v¿ ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz

vPÃ¢u¡∫ ____________ B¡ı∫P“.

3. C¢vØı¬¿ ü¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø B–µıP ¬Õ[QØ¡∫

____________.

4. ¬\ØPµ Aµ_hfl ufl E”¯¡® £ª®£kzvØ¡∫ _________B¡∫.

5. \v J»®§¿ A¿˜£ıfl\ı A¿¶P∫US ____________§µ¶¬ÿS ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPÃ¢uı∫.

6. 1609&BÆ Bsk ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿ ha_UPıµ∫

PŒfl ü¿ ˜Pım¯h Pmh®£mhx.

7. \∫ uı©Ï ˜µı ____________ ©fl⁄∂fl Aµ\¯¡∞¿ ≠fl÷

BskP“ u[Q⁄ı∫.

8. ˆ\∞flm ·ı∫‰ ˜Pım¯h ____________ Gfl›™hzv¿

Pmh®£mhx.

9. £v⁄ıflPıÆ ø∞∞fl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B˜ªı\P∫ ____________B¡ı∫.

10. `µzv¿ ü¿ §ˆµg_ ¡oPzuªzv¯⁄ A¯©zu¡∫

____________ B¡ı∫.

III. §fl¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

AAAAA

1. ©ı∫U˜Pı ˜£ı˜ªı &--& ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P

2. \ı©∂fl && C¢vØı¬ÿSU Ph¿¡»

3. §µıfl]Ï˜Pı i A¿™hı && £ıµ^P ¡¯ÕShı

4. B∫©_ x¯”¨PÆ && ˆ¡¤_ ¡∫zuP∫

5. ¡ıÏ˜Pıh Pı©ı && ˜Pı»UTmifl Aµ\∫

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15

BBBBB

1. ha_UPıµ∫ && ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø CÕ¡µ]

2. CµshıÆ \ı∫ªÏ && ¡ı\¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏“ wƒP“

3. AÆ£ı∞⁄ı £kˆPı¯ª && P¡∫⁄∫ & ˆ·⁄µ¿

4. §µıfl]Ï P˜µıfl && §ˆµg_ u¯ª¯©∞hÆ

5. £ısia˜\∂ && 1623

IV. _∏UP©ıP ¬¯hØŒUPƒÆ

1. I˜µı®§Ø \¢¯uPŒ¿ ˆ£∂xÆ ˜u¯¡®£mh C¢vØ

¡oP® ˆ£ı∏mPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

2. PıflÏhıfli˜ı§Œfl √Ãa] I˜µı®§Ø ¡oP∫P¯Õ

G∆¬uÆ £ıvzux?

3. CÕ¡µ\∫ ˆÌfl‘ ""©ıæ™ ˆÌfl‘'' G⁄ A¯«UP®

£k¡˜ufl?

4. £ı∫zu˜ªı™˜Øı hØÏ £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®¶z u∏P.

5. \ı©∂fl ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø¯µ Hfl uıUQ⁄ı∫?

6. ªUPh¿ ˆPı“¯P Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

7. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø ¡oPz uª[PŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

8. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¨UQØ ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?

9. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

10. ha_UPıµ∫PŒfl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

11. "§µıfl]Ï ˜h'' £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.

12. C¢vØı¬º∏¢u B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¡oPz uª[P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

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16

13. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯©zu ÜQØ ˜Pım¯hPŒfl

ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

14. £ısia˜\∂ G∆¬uÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl u¯ª¯©∞h

©ıQØx?

15. i≥®˜Õ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ û∂≤Æ?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫ C¢vØı¬¿ u©x ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ

G∆¡ı÷ A¯©zxU ˆPısh⁄∫?

2. A¿˜£ıfl\ı i A¿¶P∫US ˜£ı∫a_UP¿æUSÆ C¢vØ∫

P–USÆ Bÿ‘Ø ûısi¯⁄U S‘®§kP.

3. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∂fl BvUPÆ √Ãa]Ø¯hØU

Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

4. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬¿ G∆¬uÆ uÆ ¡oPzuª[P¯Õ

|÷¬⁄∫?

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø∫, ha_UPıµ∫,

B[Q˜ªØ∫ ©ÿ÷Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫ BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡oP

¯©Ø[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ.

2. ¡ıÏ˜Pıh Pı©ı C¢vØı¬ÿS ¡¢u Ph¿¡»

©ı∫UPz¯u EªP®£hzv¿ S‘®§mkU PımhƒÆ.

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17

£ıhÆ & 2

C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]

|÷¡®£kuæÆ Aufl ¬∂¡ıUP¨Æ


1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏USÆ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫

P–USÆ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ h¢u ˜©ıu¿P¯ÕU

Pÿ”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u

¬uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ P∫ıhP, ¯©`∫ ©ÿ÷Æ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl

Pıµn[P“, A®˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ Aª_u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¡Õ∫¢u¯uz

ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ

¬∂¡¯h¢u¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

6. ©ın¡∫ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶¬fl x¯n®£¯hz

vmhz¯u® £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

7. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ®

£ÿ‘U Pÿ”¿.

8. ©ın¡∫ h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶¬fl ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P

(Doctorine of Lapse) G∆¬uÆ B[Qª Aµ]fl

¬∂¡ıUPzvÿS Eu¬Øx Gfl£¯u A‘u¿.

18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ, §ˆµg_UPıµ∫

P–Æ, ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø¯µ≤Æ ha_UPıµ∫P¯Õ≤Æ C¢vØı¬¿

C∏¢x ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ÷¡v¿ ˆ¡ÿ‘ Psh⁄∫. I˜µı®§Ø∏hfl

B⁄ C¢vØ ¡oPzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ

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18

˜©˜ªı[Q |fl”⁄∫. C∆¬∏ımi⁄∏Æ C¢vØı¬fl £ª

Ch[PŒ¿ uÆ ¡oPz uª[P¯Õ |÷¬⁄∫. ˆ£∏Æ£ıªı⁄

A∆¡oPz uª[P“ PhÿP¯µ¯Ø JmiØ £SvPŒ¿

A¯©¢v∏¢u⁄. ¡oPzvfl ≠ªÆ Q¯hzu ˆ£∏Æ Cªı£Æ

A∆¬∏ımh¡∂¯h˜Ø ˜£ımi¯Ø≤Æ, ß\¯ª≤Æ

E∏¡ıUQØx. Au⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–US“ AiUPi Pk¯©Øı⁄

\s¯hP–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A®˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Qª® §ˆµg_

Aµ_P“ uÆ ımk ¡oPU S UP–US Buµƒ AŒzu⁄.

1707&BÆ Bsk JÕµ[P^®§fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl

¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ_ ]u÷shx. 1645 ü¿ ]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚]¡ı‚∞fl

¬hı¨Øÿ]Øı¿ A¯©UP®£mh ©µızvØ® ˜£µµ_

•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“•Ë¡ıUP“ u¯ª¯©∞¿ C¢vØı¬fl ˜©ÿS® £Sv∞¿

£µ¢x ¬∂¢ux. 1724&¿ |\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U|\ıÆ E¿¨¿U Gfl”¯«UP®£mh

A\®·ı uUPın®£Sv∞¿ Iuµı£ız Aµ¯\ |÷¬⁄ı∫.

1740&¿ Aº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıflAº¡∫vPıfl ¡[PıÕzvfl _u¢vµ ¡ı£ıPz ufl¯⁄

A‘¬zxU ˆPıshı∫. B∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hzB∫UPım¯hz u¯ªPµıPU ˆPısk

\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl\ıuzx¿ªı Pıfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P∫ıhP®

£Sv∞fl ¡ı£ı⁄ı∫. A¡∏US® §fl Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∏Æ

A¡∏¯hØ ©∏©P›©ı⁄ ˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº˜uıÏz Aº ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿

1740&¿ h¢u ˜£ı∂¿ ˆPı¿ª®£mhı∫. Iuµı£ız |\ı©ı⁄

A\®·ı v∏a]µı®£“Œ ¡¯µ ¡¢x Afl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıflAfl¡∏wflPıfl Gfl£

¡¯µ B∫UPımifl ¡ı£ıP |Ø™zuı∫. A¡∫ ©UP“

©zv∞¿ ¶PÃ ˆ£”¬¿¯ª. ©µızvØ∫PÕı¿ ]¯” ¯¡UP®

£mh ˜uıÏz Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄, \¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ® 1748&¿

¬k¬UP®£mk Afl¡∏w›USz ûı¿¯ª ˆPıkzx

¡¢uı∫. E“ımk® £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–Æ PªPzv¿ Dk£mh

⁄∫. A¢u |¯ªØÿ” Aµ]Ø¿ |¯ª¯© B[Q˜ªØ¯µ≤Æ,

§ˆµg_U Pı∫P¯Õ≤Æ Æ ımk Aµ]Ø¿ ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿

u¯ª∞h ¯¡zux.

I. P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫P“

ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ :ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1746 & 48) & Pıµn[P“ : I˜µı®§Ø

¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø Hÿ£mh ˜£ımi®£¯P 1742&¿

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i≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õi≥®˜Õ £ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂£ısia˜\∂∞fl B–µıPB–µıPB–µıPB–µıPB–µıP |Ø™UP®£mhv

º∏¢x w¬µ©¯h¢ux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø

EØ∫zu i≥®˜Õ ¬∏Æ§⁄ı∫. Aa\©ØÆ I˜µı®£ı¬¿

BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. A®˜£ı∂¿

C[Qªı¢xÆ §µıfl_Æ Gv∫Gv∫ Ao∞¿ C∏¢u⁄.

A®˜£ı∫ C¢vØı¬æÆ Gvˆµıºzux. 1746&BÆ Bsk

B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u §ˆµg_UPıµ∫P“ ´x ˜£ı∫

ûıkzu⁄∫.

˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ :˜£ı∫ |PÃa]P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∫

u[P“ Phÿ£¯hz u¯ª¡∫

£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl£ı∫ˆ⁄mifl Eu¬≤hfl C¢vØU

Phº¿ C∏¢u §ˆµg_U P®£¿

P¯ÕU ¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. i≥®˜Õ

ˆ©ı∑ÊØÍº∏¢u §ˆµg_

B–µı⁄ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥¯\ (La-Bourdonnais) Eu¬US A¯«zuı∫.

§ˆµg_U Phÿ£¯h ˆ\fl¯⁄z

x¯” ¨Pz¯u ¨ÿ÷¯P∞mhx.

i≥®˜Õ≤Æ ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥_Æ C¯n¢x ˆ\fl¯⁄¯ØU

¯P®£ÿ‘⁄∫. ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Ø ´mP Afl¡∏wfl ©ıßÏPıfl

u¯ª¯©∞¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¯h ˆØıfl¯” A›®§⁄ı∫.

B⁄ı¿ A®ˆ£∏Æ £¯h¯ØU Pmk®£ık ™UP ]‘Ø

§ˆµg_® £¯h A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿A¯hØı‘¿ h¢u \s¯h∞¿ ˜uıÿPizux.

i≥®˜Õ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ˆ\∞flm ˜h¬m ˜Pım¯h¯ØU

¯P®£ÿ” ˜©ÿˆPısh ¨Øÿ] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢ux.

CuÿQ¯h∞¿ I˜µı®£ı¬¿ BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫

J∏ ïƒUS ¡¢ux. G⁄˜¡ C¢vØı¬æÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏Æ

§ˆµg_UPıµ∫P–Æ uÆ \s¯h¯Ø |÷zvU ˆPısh⁄∫.

¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ :¬¯ÕƒP“ : 1748&BÆ Bsk A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿A¥&ªı&\ı®˜£¿ (Aix-la-Chapelle) G›Æ Ehfl£iU¯P BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©®

˜£ı∏US J∏ ¨ÿ÷®¶“Œ ¯¡zux. Azxhfl ü¿

P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏Æ J∏ ïƒUS ¡¢ux. A∆ƒhfl

£iU¯P∞fl£i B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄ˆ\fl¯⁄¯Øz v∏Æ£®

Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆

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20

ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫. AuÿS® £vªıP A¡∫P“ ¡h Aˆ©∂UPı¬¿

C∏¢u ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U ø∞Ï£∫U (Louisburg)¯P §µıfl]ÿS u¢u⁄∫.

Pmk®£ımkhfl ¨¯”ØıP \Æ£ÕÆ ˆ£ÿ÷

I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ¶vuı¥ E∏¡ıUP®£mh •µ[QP¯ÕU

ˆPısk S¯”¢u GsoU¯P∞ªı⁄ £¯h√µ∫P“ Th

C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒfl ™P® ˆ£∂Ø £¯h¯Ø≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘

ˆPı“Õ ï≤Æ Gfl£¯u ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫

ˆ¡Œ®£kzvØx.

CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) :CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ (1748 & 1754) : C[Qªı¢x,

§µıfl_ BQØ ıkPŒ¯h˜Ø C∏¢u £¯P≤n∫a]

I˜µı®£ı¬¿ ïƒUS ¡¢uıæÆ, C¢vØı¬¿ A∆¬∏

ımk ¡oPU S UPŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø ˜£ımiz ûıh∫¢ux.

P∫ıhP ¡ı®§fl £¯hP–US GvµıP i≥®˜Õ ˆ£ÿ”

ˆ¡ÿ‘ A¡∏US ™S¢u Æ§U¯P¯Ø≤Æ ˜£µı¯\¯Ø≤Æ

ˆPıkzux. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl |¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zx¡˜u

i≥®˜Õ∞fl ˜ıUP©ıP C∏¢ux. A¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õ

J∏¡˜µık J∏¡∫ ˜©ıu¬mhı∫. §ˆµg_UPıµ∫PŒfl

ˆ\¿¡ıUS ¡Õ∫a] ˆ£ÿ”¯uU Psh B[Q˜ªØ∫

Ga\∂U¯P≤Æ Aa\¨Æ ˆPısh⁄∫.

Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ :Pıµn[P“ : 1748&¿ Iuµı£ızvfl |\ıÆ Pıª©ı⁄ı∫.

Au¯⁄z ûıh∫¢x A¡∏¯hØ Cµshı¡x ©P⁄ı⁄

ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ,ı]∫·[QÿSÆ, ˜£µ⁄ı⁄ ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ¨\ı£∫ ·[QÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø

¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ Hÿ£mhx. P∫ıhPzv¿ ˜uıÏz

Aº∞fl ©∏©P⁄ı⁄ \¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ®\¢uı\ıQ® Afl¡∏w›US GvµıP

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µı¬fl ©P⁄ı⁄ ©ıu¡µı∆ ıµıØ¯n A∂Ø¯n∞¿ A©∫zu

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¬∏Æ§⁄ı∫. µ˜Pı£ı B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø ıi⁄ı∫.

A¡∫ 1775¿ ¨Æ¯£ B–∏hfl `µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P`µz Ehfl£iU¯P∞¿

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£u¬ Q¯h®£uÿS B[Q˜ªØ∫ Eu¬⁄ı¿ A¡∫P–USa

\ı¿ˆ\m, £ÏÍfl BQØ wƒP¯Õ AŒUP µ˜Pı£ı J®¶U

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A¯«UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØı¬º∏¢u A¯⁄zx

B[Q˜ªØ∫P–USÆ EØ∫ AvPı∂Øı¡ı∫.

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|¯ª¯Ø EØ∫zvU ˆPısk µ˜Pı£ı¯¡z ˜uıÿPizuı∫.

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≤hfl ¨iƒUS ¡¢ux.

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B[Q˜ªØ∫ \ı¿ˆ\m w¯¡zu¬µ ©ÿ” £SvP¯Õz v∏®§

AŒzu⁄∫. µ˜Pı£ı¬ÿS Bsk K¥ƒ FvØ©ıP ≠fl÷

ªm\Æ π£ı¥ ¡«[P®£mhx.

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Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡µı⁄ ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï 1800&BÆ Bsk

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A®˜£ıx Bm]¶∂¢u •Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ ¡º¯©

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B[Q˜ªØ∂fl Eu¬¯Ø ıi⁄ı∫. B[Q˜ªØ∫ £ıflÏ˜ª,

]¢vØı BQ˜Øı∂fl Jfl‘¯n¢u £¯hP¯Õz ˜uıÿ

Pizu⁄∫.

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u[P“ ¡º¯©¯Ø C«¢u⁄∫.

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•Ë¡ı CµshıÆ £ı‚µı∆ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP

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©µızvØ u¯ª¡∫PŒfl Tmh¯©®¶ Jfl‘¯⁄ E∏¡ıUP

¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥uı∫. Aa\©Øzv¿ •Ë¡ı¬fl A¯©a\∫

J∏¡µı¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl s£µı⁄ £˜µıhı üª¯©a\∫

ˆPı¯ªa ˆ\¥Ø®£mhı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP B[Q˜ªØµı¿

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B⁄ı¿ A¡∫ B[Q˜ªØµı¿ ˜uıÿPiUP®£mhı∫. A∆

ˆ¡ÿ‘∞¯⁄z ûıh∫¢x u¯ª¯© B–µı⁄ ˜ÌÏi[_®

§µ¶ C¢vØı¬¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl BvUPz¯u |¯ª

ımi⁄ı∫.

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]¯uUP®£mhx. ©µızvØz u¯ª¡∫PŒfl £ª¨Æ

S¯”¢ux. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒfl RÃ Bm] ˆ\¥≤Æ

|¯ªUS ¡¢u⁄∫. C¢vØı¯¡ B[Q˜ªØ∫PŒh™∏¢x

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P∏zx®£i ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ı¿ _˜u\

Cµıq¡Æ ©mk™fl‘ _˜u\ ©⁄|¯ª≤Æ Ai¯©®

£kzu®£mhx.

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RÃ®£i¢u ]ÿ”µ\ıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.

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A¯©®¶Æ BSÆ.

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VI. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl

RÃ C¢vØ∫ ªÆ

¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ (1828

& 1835)& 1835)& 1835)& 1835)& 1835) u¯ª¯© B–µıP 1828&BÆ

Bsk |Ø™UP®£mhı∫. A¡∫

™S¢u v”›Æ, ¿ˆªsn¨Æ,

©v~m£¨Æ ¡ı¥¢u |∫¡ıQ.

Aµ]fl ªfl BÕ®£kÆ ©UPŒfl

ª¯⁄ Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPıshx

Gfl” ˆPı“¯P≤hfl ˆ\Øªıÿ‘Ø

A‘¡ı∫¢u ü¿ u¯ª¯© B–∫

A¡˜µ.

A¡∫ ©UP–US fl¯©ØŒUSÆ ]ª ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ

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u¯ª®¶PŒ¿ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ. A¯¡ : (1) ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ

^∫v∏zu[P“, (2) |∫¡ıP ^∫v∏zu[P“, (3) \≠P

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A‘ØªıÆ. £zûıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬¿, "\v'

G⁄®£kÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿, £ªuıµ ©nÆ, S«¢¯uz

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]ª w¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ APÿ” ¨Øÿ]zuı∫.

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Pın®£mh ™PU ˆPıiØ £«UP[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. Aufl£i

Pn¡¯⁄ C«¢u ©¯⁄¬ ufl Pn¡fl Eh¯ª G∂®£uÿPıP

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uı⁄ıP A∆¡ı÷ ˆ\¥u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ ıÕ¯h¬¿ ¬u¯¡P“

E”¬⁄∫PŒfl ¡ÿ¶÷zuªı¿ E∞¯µ ©ı¥zxU ˆPı“ÕU

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ˆPı“Õ ¨iØ¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ 1829¿ A¡µx Aµ_ J∏

\mhÆ CØÿ‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ EhflPm¯h H÷u¿ \mh

¬˜µıu©ı⁄ Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux. ˆ£sP¯Õ Ehfl

Pm¯h H÷Æ£i ¡ÿ¶÷zxÆ G¡∏USÆ ©µnush¯⁄

AŒUP®£kÆ Gfl÷ Aa\mhÆ T‘Øx. Aa\mhÆ |¯”˜¡”

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˜©ıPflµı¥ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜u˜¡¢vµıu uıT∫ BQ˜Øı∫

Buµ¬¯⁄ ˆ£fli[ ˆ£ÿ”ı∫.

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PhƒÕ¯µz v∏®v®£kzu ©¤u E∞∫P¯Õ® £ºˆPıkUSÆ

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Pın®£mhx. ˜©æÆ ˆ£s ]_UˆPı¯ª G⁄®£kÆ

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£ØnÆ ˆ\¥¡x ™PƒÆ A£ıØPµ©ı⁄uıQØx. Aa \≠P

¬˜µıu ˆ\Ø¿P–US ˆ£fli[ §µ¶ ïƒPmh

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A¡∫P–US ©µn ush¯⁄˜Øı A¿ªx ™PU Pk¯©Øı⁄

ush¯⁄P˜Õı AŒUP®£mh⁄. uUP∫PŒfl S«¢¯uP“

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£mhx. A¡∫P“ ¯Pzûı»º¿ £∞ÿ] ˆ£”, ûı»ÿ

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B£zx ¨ ¡xÆ UP®£mhx.

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kzuµ EØ∫Si ©UPŒ¯h˜Ø ˜©ÿPzvØ P¿¬¨¯” £µ¡

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VII. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P≤Æ

B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ ¬∂¡¯huæÆ

h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ (1848 & 1856) C¢vØı¯¡ Bm]

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£SvP¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ Bm]≤hfl C¯nzuı∫. ˜£ı∫P“

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v¯⁄≤Æ A¡∫ A¯©zuı∫.

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h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯” G vØ \∫

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G⁄UT÷Q”ı∫.

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C∏¢uı¿ Bs §“¯Õ¯Øz uzx GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ

E∂¯©¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. A∆¡ı÷ uzx GkUP®£mh

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B[Qª Bm]¯Ø ¬∂ƒ£kzu ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P

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Aµ\∫P“ uzûkUP ˜¡skˆ©¤¿ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl

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3. _u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ :_u¢vµ Aµ_P“ : C∆¡µ_PŒfl ©fl⁄∫P“ uzûkU

SÆ _u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢u⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ uzûkUP®

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£mh¡∫P“ ©¯”¢u Aµ\∂fl ˆ\ı¢u ˆ\ızxUP–US

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BÕı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“ B[Q˜ªØ∂fl w¬µ Gv∂PÕıP ©ı‘⁄∫.

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ˆ\¥Ø®£k¡¯u˜Ø ¬∏Æ§⁄∫. uzûk®£¯u A›©vzu

C¢xa \mhzvÿS ¨µnı⁄uıP ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯PU

P∏u®£mhx.

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C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx :C∏®¶®£ı¯u ˜£ıUS¡µzx : C¢vØı¬¿ üflüªıP

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(36 Q.´.) yµzvÿS C∏®¶®£ı¯u A¯©UP®£mhx. 1854¿

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G⁄˜¡ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvflC¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u vmhzvfl

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©ı¤ØÆ (Grants-in-aid) ¡«[SÆ ¨¯” A‘¨P®£kzu®

£mhx.

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h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl Azu¯PØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ C¢vØı¯¡

√⁄©Ø©ıUQh Cmka ˆ\fl”⁄.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

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£ÿ‘≤Æ, A¡∏¯hØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ

Gkzx¯µUP ï≤Æ.

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1. BÏv∂Ø ¡ı∂_∂¯©® ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” £Sv

A. Aˆ©∂UPı B. B®§∂UPı

C. I˜µı®£ı D. B]Øı

2. P∫ıhP ¡ı®§fl u¯ªPµÆ

A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. £ısia˜\∂

C. B∫UPık D. Pı¯µUPı¿

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3. ªı ß∫hıfl⁄ı¥Ï §ˆµg_ B–µıP £u¬ ¡Qzu ChÆ

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C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. ¨Æ¯£

4. \¢uı \ıQ® C¡∏¯hØ ©∏©Pfl

A. Afl¡∏wfl B. ¨\ı£∫ ·[

C. ˜uıÏz Aº D. ¨P©x Aº

5. 1757&BÆ Bsk ¡[PıÕz¯u Bm] ˆ\¥u¡∫

A. Â˝·ı&Ez&ûÕªı B. ]µı‰&Ez&ûÕªı

C. ´∫Pı]Æ D. ´∫·ı£∫

6. §Õı]® ˜£ı∫ ¯hˆ£ÿ” Bsk

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C. 1765 D. 1771

7. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∂¿ C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P¯Õz ˜uıÿPizu B[Qª

B–∫

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C. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶ D. Am™µ¿ ¡ım\fl

8. Iu∫ Aº∞fl u¢¯u J∏

A. Aµ\∫ B. £ı‰uı∫

C. A¯©a\∫ D. ¡oP∫

9. ü¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂¿ Iu∫ Aº ˜uıÿPiUP®£mh ChÆ

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C. ©ıÓ D. £ısia˜\∂

10. 1781¿ \∫ AØ∫ Tm Iu∫ Aº¯Øz ˜uıÿPizu ChÆ

A. ˜£ı∫˜hı ˜ı¡ı B. ˆ\fl¯⁄

C. v∏¡ı[T∫ D. ¯©`∫

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11. ü¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∫ RÃUPsh u¯ª¯© B–∫

Pıªzv¿ ¯hˆ£ÿ”x.

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C. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[ D. ˆ£fli[ §µ¶

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14. ˆ·⁄µ¿ Ïk˜¡∫k £[˜Pÿ” ˜£ı∫

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16. \v J»UP®£mh Bsk

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C. 1835 D. 1838

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C. E∏x D. C¢v

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19. 1856¿ C®£SvP–UQ¯h∞¿ C∏®¶® £ı¯u A¯©UP®

£mhx.

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C. ˆ\fl¯⁄∞º∏¢x D. ˆÌÕµı¬º∏¢x

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£kzvØ¡∫ _____________B¡ı∫.

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9. 1776&BÆ Bsk ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï _____________ Ehfl

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19. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ u£ı¿ ¨¯”¯Ø A‘¨P®

£kzv⁄ı∫.

20. h¿ˆÌÕ] _____________ A‘U¯P∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿

]ª P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzv⁄ı∫.

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47


A

1. ¬¿ºØÆ ˜Pım¯h && B–∫

2. \ısh∫Ï && ˆPı¿Pzuı

3. Cµı£∫m Q¯Õ∆ && ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫

4. ©ı[R∫ && Cµıq¡ Aæ¡ª∫

5. Âı BªÆ && u¯ªP∫

B

1. ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï && 1776

2. \ı¿ˆ\m && 1782

3. ¶µ¢u∫ Ehfl£iU¯P && u¯ª¯© B–∫

4. \ı¿¯£ Ehfl£iU¯P && wƒ

5. ¡ıµfl ˜ÌÏi[_ && ≠zu Aµ]Ø¿ u¯ª¡∫

C

1. A¥&ªı&\ı˜£¿

Ehfl£iU¯P && ≠fl”ıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫

2. £ısia˜\∂

Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∫

3. £ı∂_ Ehfl£iU¯P && £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∫

4. AªPı£ız Ehfl£iU¯P && CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫

5. ˆ\fl¯⁄ Ehfl£iU¯P && ¨u¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫

D

1. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && \v J»®¶

2. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ && u¯ª¯© B–∫

S ¬fl \mh E÷®§⁄∫

3. ˜©·∫ ÏΩˆ©fl && u£ı¿ ¨¯”

4. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ && uUP∫P“

5. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶ && ·ıfl] µıo

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48


1. ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

2. ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯Õƒ Øıx?

3. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

4. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

5. B∫UPımk √µ∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫ Øı∫? Hfl

A∆¡ı÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?

6. §ˆµg_ B–∫ Pƒsm&i&ªıº ˆ\¥u ™P®ˆ£∂Ø u¡÷

Øıx?

7. ≠fl”ıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯ÕU T÷P.

8. "C∏mh¯”z xØµÆ' £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶z u∏P.

9. §Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl B[Q˜ªØ∫ A¯h¢u fl¯©P“

Øı¯¡?

10. £U\ı∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

11. Iu∫ Aº G∆¡ı÷ ¯©`∂fl _¿uıfl B⁄ı∫?

12. ü¿ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

13. 1790¿ Pıµfl¡ıº_ v®¶¬fl ´x Hfl ˜£ı∫ A‘¬zuı∫?

14. ≠fl”ıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı∂fl ïƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

15. ı⁄ı £m⁄ı¬Ï £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶ u∏P.

16. ≠fl”ıÆ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

17. ©µızvØ∂fl √Ãa]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

18. B[Qª BvUPÆ C¢vØı¬¿ ¬∂¡¯hØ ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº

˜©ÿˆPısh h¡iU¯PP“ Øı¯¡?

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49

19. x¯n®£¯hz vmhzv¿ ˜\∫¢u ıkPŒfl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

20. uUP∫P“ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ û∂≤Æ?

21. ¡ı∂_ C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ h¿ˆÌÕ] C¯nzu

ıkP“ G¯¡?

22. µıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ´x G∆¬uÆ £»w∫zxU

ˆPıshı∫?

23. C¢vØ C∏®¶®£ı¯u∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫

Øı∫? Hfl?

24. P¿¬zx¯”∞¿ h¿ˆÌÕ] ˆ\¥u ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ü¿ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∏UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡? ˜£ı∂fl

¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

2. CµshıÆ P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫ £ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µ G xP.

3. P∫ıhP® ˜£ı∫PŒ¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ”uÿPı⁄

Pıµn[P¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.

4. ¡[PıÕzv¿ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¡ı÷ BvUPÆ ˆ£ÿ”⁄∫?

5. CµshıÆ ¯©`∫ ˜£ı¯µ®£ÿ‘ J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.

6. ü¿ ©µızvØ® ˜£ı∂fl Pıµn[P“, |PÃƒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ

¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

7. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª ¡oPU S ¬⁄∂fl BvUPz¯u

ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ ¬∂¡ıUQ⁄ı∫?

x¯n®£¯hzvmhzvfl |¯”, S¯”P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

8. ¬¿ºØÆ ˆ£fli[ §µ¶¬fl \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu[P“ £ÿ‘ J∏

Pmk¯µ ¡¯µP.

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50

9. C¢vØı¬¿ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_ ¬∂¡¯hØ h¿ˆÌÕ]

§fl£ÿ‘Ø ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ¬¡∂UPƒÆ.

10. C¢vØı¯¡ √⁄®£kzu h¿ˆÌÕ] ˜©ÿˆPısh

h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”®£∞ÿ]

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯”U S‘UPƒÆ :

A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº Pıªzv¿ B[Qª® £Sv¯ØU

S‘®§mk Av¿ §fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miU

PımhƒÆ & P∫ıhPÆ, ¡h\∫UPı∫, ¡[PıÕÆ, •Pı∫,

A˜Øızv.

B. h¿ˆÌÕ] Pıª B[Qª® £SvP¯Õ ¡¯µ¢x Av¿

§fl¡∏Æ Ch[P¯Õa _miUPımhƒÆ & ·ıfl],

\uıµı, A˜Øızv, ıUß∫, Eu¥ß∫, ¨Æ¯£, uı⁄ı,

ˆ\fl¯⁄, ˆPı¿Pzuı.

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51

£ıhÆ & 3

ü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫

(1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]) & B[QªU

Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S Bm]∞fl ïƒ


1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫ Bm]¯Ø Gv∫zx ¯hˆ£ÿ”

¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø (Early revolts) P∏zv¯⁄®

ˆ£÷u¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ 1857¿ Hÿ£mh ¶µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿, |∏¡ıP,

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, ©ÿ÷Æ Cµıq¡U Pıµn[P“

£ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£÷u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm] ˜uı¿¬ A¯h¢uuÿPı⁄

Pıµn[P¯Õ≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x

ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ] §µPh⁄zvfl

ÜQØzx¡z¯uz û∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

§Õı]® ˜£ı∏US® §fl⁄∫ Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S

C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\¿¡zv¯⁄≤Æ, ¡Õ[P¯Õ≤Æ _µsi

¡¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫P¯Õ Ai¯©PÕıP hzv⁄∫.

A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬¿ Aµ]Ø¿, \mhÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏Õı

uıµÆ BQØ x¯”PŒ¿ ¶vØ A¯©®¶P¯Õ® ¶Szv⁄∫.

A¯¡ 18&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ Æ ımi¿ ¡«UQ¿ C∏¢u⁄

¡ÿ‘ÿS ¨ÿ‘æÆ ©ı÷£mh¯¡PÕıP C∏¢u⁄. B[Q˜ª

Ø∫PŒfl Aµ]Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿

£ªuµ®£mh ©UP–Æ £ıv®§ÿS“Õı∞⁄∫. A¡∫P“

A¯⁄¡∏Æ ©QÃa]∞«¢u⁄∫. ˆ£∏Q¡¢u ©UPŒfl

ˆ¡÷®¶hfl ©fl⁄∫P“, £¯h√µ∫PŒfl S¯”P–Æ ˜\∫¢x

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52

ˆPısh⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ ]ª Ch[PŒ¿ PªP[P–Æ, Gv∫®¶

P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄. A¡ÿ‘¿ 1857&BÆ Bsk Hÿ£mh ˆ£∏Æ

¶µm] (Great Revolt) ™P ÜQØ©ı⁄uıSÆ.

£siu ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏ ufl›¯hØ iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂iÏP¡∂

BL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØıBL® C¢vØı (Discovery of India) Gfl” ¶PÃˆ£ÿ” °º¿

""£«Æ ˆ£∏¯© ˆPısh J∏ ım¯h, G[Q∏¢˜uı J∏

w¬º∏¢x ¡¢u ]÷ TmhÆ Bm] ˆ\¥¡x Gfl¯⁄

™S¢u Bzvµ ©¯hØa ˆ\¥Q”x'' Gfl÷ G v≤“Õı∫.

AUPıª Pmhzv¿ C˜u En∫a]uıfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ

£µ¬∞∏¢ux.

B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)B[Qª Bm]US Gvµı⁄ ¨¢¯uØ ¶µm]P“ (1765 & 1856)

: : : : : C¢vØı¬fl Q«US® £SvPŒ¿, C¢x \fl¤Øı]P–Æ,

C_ªı™Ø x”¬P–Æ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ® ˆ£ıx¡ıP Gv∫zu⁄∫.

ûfl C¢vØı¬¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P“ u[P“ £Sv∞¿

B[Q˜ªØ∫ BvUPÆ £µƒ¡¯u Gv∫zu⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ©∏x©∏x©∏x©∏x©∏x

\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ßºz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ßºz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ßºz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ßºz˜u¡fl,\˜Pıuµ∫P“, √µ£ısiØ Pmhˆ£ıÆ©fl, ßºz˜u¡fl,

˜¡æzuÆ§ ˜¡æzuÆ§ ˜¡æzuÆ§ ˜¡æzuÆ§ ˜¡æzuÆ§ BQ˜Øı∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ B[Q˜ªØ∏US GvµıP

¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ ˜u]Ø En∫ƒ, √µÆ,

ufl©ı⁄Æ, vØıPÆ BQØ £s¶PŒ¿ ]”¢x ¬Õ[Q⁄∫.

1806¿ h¢u ˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x˜¡ø∫ ¶µm]Øı⁄x B[Q˜ªØ∂fl

h¡iU¯PP“ G¿ªı¡ÿ¯”≤Æ C¢vØ∫P“ ˆ£ı÷zxU

ˆPı“Õ ©ımhı∫P“ Gfl£¯u En∫zvØx. 1824¿ Hÿ£mh

˜£µUß∫ ¶µm]≤Æ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP Hÿ£mh

©ÿˆ”ı∏ ÜQØ® ¶µm]ØıSÆ.

ü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ A¿ªx 1857¿ h¢u ˆ£∏Æ

¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] :¶µm] : C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ 1857&BÆ Bsk B[QªU

Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPUS ƒUS GvµıP ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh⁄∫.

A¯u B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“ £¯h√µ∫ PªPÆ Gfl÷

G v≤“Õ⁄∫. B⁄ı¿ C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“

A¢|PÃa]¯Ø ü¿ C¢vØa _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ Gfl÷

¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫. A¢|PÃa] 1857&BÆ Bsk® ˆ£∏Æ

¶µm] Gfl÷Æ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. A¢|PÃa]∞fl ˜£ıx

Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶Pı¤[ §µ¶ C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–µıP® £u¬∞¿

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53

C∏¢uı∫. A®¶µm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ª. A¯¡P¯Õ

Aµ]Ø¿, |∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡

©ÿ÷Æ Eh⁄iUPıµnÆ G⁄ ¡¯P®£kzuªıÆ.

Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ :Aµ]Ø¿ Pıµn[P“ : B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ık C¯n®¶U

ˆPı“¯P ™P ÜQØ Pıµn[PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº

§µ¶ £ª C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–hfl ˆ\¥x ˆPısh x¯n®

£¯hz vmhÆ B[Q˜ªØ∏USa \ıuP©ıP C∏¢u˜£ıx

©mk˜© Aufl |£¢u¯⁄P“ ©vUP®£mh⁄. ©ÿ” \©Ø[

PŒ¿ A¯¡P“ ¶”UPoUP®£mh⁄. h¿ˆÌÕ]∞fl ¡ı∂_

C«®¶U ˆPı“¯P ≠ªÆ Gmk ıkP“ G∆¬u |ØıØ¨

™fl‘ B[Qª® ˜£µµ_hfl C¯nUP®£mh⁄. ı⁄ı\ıQ®

ufl K¥≈vØzv¯⁄ C«¢uı∫. ·ıfl]µıo Cªm_™£ı¥

uzx GkzxU ˆPı“Õ A›©vUP®£h¬¿¯ª. A¡∫P“

B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mh⁄∫. A¡∫P“ Aa_u¢vµ

G a]∞fl˜£ıx ™Pa ]”¢u u¯ª¡∫PÕıPU P∏u®

£mh⁄∫. A˜Øızv ¡ı® ¡]z AºÂı¯¡ £u¬∞º∏¢x

UQ A˜Øızv¯Ø B[Qª Aµ_ ufl £Sv≤hfl C¯nzxU

ˆPıshuı¿ A˜Øızv ¶µm] h¢u Ch[PŒ¿ ™P

ÜQØ® £SvØıP ¬Õ[QØx. ¨PªıØ® ˜£µµ\∫

CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı¯¡≤Æ A¡µx ¡»z˜uıfl”¿P¯Õ≤Æ

B[Q˜ªØ∫ C»ƒ£kzv⁄∫. A¡∫P“ u[P“ ¨fl˜⁄ı∫

PŒfl Aµs©¯⁄¯Ø≤Æ, ˆ\[˜Pım¯h¯Ø≤Æ Gv∫

Pıªzv¿ £Øfl£kzu ïØı©¿ ukUP®£mh⁄∫. A¯¡

©mk™fl‘ ˆ£ıx¡ıP ¨_ºÆP“ B[Q˜ªØ∫£ı¿

Av∏®vU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. B[Qª Bm]∞⁄ı¿ A¡∫P“

u[P“ Aµ]Ø¿ AvPıµz¯u C«¢uuıPU P∏v⁄∫.

|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ :|∫¡ıPU Pıµn[P“ : C¢vØ∫P–US B[Q˜ªØ

Bm]∞fl ´x Æ§U¯P∞fl¯©≤Æ, ˆ¡÷®¶Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.

Euıµn©ıP v©fl”[PŒ¿ £ıµ^P ˆ©ı»US® £vªıP

B[Qª ˆ©ı»¯Ø® ¶SzvØx ©UP–US® §iUP¬¿¯ª.

B[Q˜ªØ∂fl v¡«[SÆ ¨¯” AvP ˆ\ªƒ¯hØuıPƒÆ,

CØ¢vµz ufl¯©≤¯hØuıPƒÆ (Mechanical) Pıªzuı©u

¨¯hØuıPƒÆ C∏¢ux. Au⁄ı¿ H¯« ©UP–US G¢u®

£Ø›Æ Q¯hUP¬¿¯ª. u[P–US® £ªPıª©ıP Ai

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54

£o¢x ¡¢u \ıuıµn ©UP–Æ u[P“ ´x ¡«USz

ûık®£uÿS A¢v¨¯” \ıuP©ıP C∏¢uuı¿ ¡\v

™U˜Pı∏Æ A¯u ˆ¡÷zu⁄∫. A®˜£ıx B[QªU Pı¡¿

x¯” v”¯©≤h›Æ ˆ\Ø¿£h¬¿¯ª. G⁄˜¡ ˆ£ıx

©UP“ u[P“ Eh¯©USÆ, E∞∏USÆ, ˆPÕµ¡zvÿSÆ

£ıxPı®¶ C¿ªıu¯u®˜£ı¿ G®˜£ıxÆ En∫¢u⁄∫.

A¯¡PŒ¿ ™PƒÆ AvP©ıP £ıv®§¯⁄ Hÿ£kzvØx

|ª¡∂ ¨¯”ØıSÆ. B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl RÃ |ª®§µ¶U

P–Æ SiØı⁄¡∫P–Æ \©©ıP˜¡ xfl£z¯u A›£¬z

u⁄∫. SiØı⁄¡∫P“ ™P AvP©ı⁄ |ª¡∂ ˆ\æzu

˜¡si∞∏¢ux. |ª®§µ¶UPŒfl \æ¯PP“ £‘UP®

£mh⁄. C¢vØ∫P–US Aµ]ØºæÆ Cµıq¡zvæÆ EØ∫

£u¬P“ ©÷UP®£mh⁄. B[Qª ¡oPUS |∫¡ıPzv¿

¿ª ˜¡¯ª Q¯hUSˆ©fl÷ Gv∫£ı∫zu £izu C¢vØ

C¯Õb∫P–Æ H©ıÿ”©¯h¢u⁄∫.

ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ :ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU Pıµn[P“ : ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa _µshº

⁄ıæÆ, HµıÕ©ı⁄ ˆ\¿¡Æ ˆ¡Œ˜Øÿ”®£mhuıæÆ,

C¢vØz ûı»¿PŒfl A»¬⁄ıæÆ C¢vØ ©UPŒfl

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ıÃU¯P ^∫S¯ª¢ux. B[Q˜ªØ∫ C¢vØ∫

PŒfl ûı»¿P¯Õ≤Æ, Eÿ£zv¯Ø≤Æ ¨hUQ⁄∫. C¢vØ®

ˆ£ı∏mP–US C[Qªı¢v¿ ™P AvP Pı®¶ ¡∂≤Æ

B[Qª® ˆ£ı∏mP–US C¢vØı¬¿ ™PU S¯”¢u C”US©v

¡∂≤Æ ¬vUP®£mh⁄. CØ¢vµ[PŒ⁄ı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®

£mh HµıÕ©ı⁄ B[Qª ımk® ˆ£ı∏mP“ C¢vØ

\¢¯uPŒ¿ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u⁄. ·´fluı∫P–Æ. S÷|ª

©fl⁄∫P–Æ u[P“ £u¬¯Ø C«¢uuı¿ A¡∫PŒhÆ £o

¶∂¢u C¢vØU ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫P–Æ

Buµƒ C«¢u⁄∫. ˆ\¡ıÕ∫P–Æ, ¯P¬¯⁄b∫P–Æ

B[Qª Aæ¡ª∫PŒfl ¬∏®£zvÿ˜Pÿ£ ûı»¿ ¶∂≤©ı÷

PmhıØ® £kzu®£mh⁄∫. AuÿS A¡∫P–US ™PU

S¯”¢u Tº˜Ø Q¯hzux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫PŒfl ûı»¿

Dk£ık S¯”¢ux. Au⁄ı¿ ™P®ˆ£∂Ø AÕ¬æÆ

™P®£Ø›Æ E¯hØuıP ¬Õ[QØ C¢vØı¬fl ˆ\ƒz

ûı»¿ º¡¯h¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿ C¢vØ Aµ\∫PŒhÆ

EØ∫£u¬ ¡Qzx ¡¢u B∞µUPnUPı⁄¡∫P“ u[P“

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£ıµı–©fl”Æ J∏ \mhzv¯⁄ CØÿ‘Øx. Aufl£i

B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ ¡oPU S ¬fl Bm] ïƒUS

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ˆ£ı∏“ BSÆ.

Aa\mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh˜£ıx C[Qªı¢¯u Bm]

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˜£µ‘U¯P ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mhx. A¯u 1858&BÆ Bsk

¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ü¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ü¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ü¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ü¿ ˜uv ¡Æ£∫ ©ıuÆ ü¿ ˜uv C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯© B–µı⁄

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ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫. ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄Æ A¿ªx ˜£µ‘U¯P G⁄

A¯«UP®£mh A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØ ©UPŒfl ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ©Pı\ı\⁄Æ

Gfl÷Æ P∏u®£mhx. C¢u A‘U¯P C¢vØ∫P–USa ]ª

\æ¯PP¯Õ ¡«[QØx. Aufl£i B[QªU Q«UQ¢vØ

¡oPUS C¢vØ Aµ\∫P–hfl ˆPısi∏¢u Ehfl

£iU¯PP“ E÷vØıUP®£mh⁄. A∆¡‘U¯P C¢vØı¬fl

£«¯©Øı⁄ £s£ık, £«UP ¡«UP[P“ ©vUP®£kÆ G⁄

E÷vØŒzux. C¢vØ ©fl⁄∫P–USz uzx GkzxU

ˆPı“–Æ E∂¯© ¡«[P®£mhx. ıi¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯P

¯P¬h®£mhx. A∆¡‘U¯P A¯⁄zx C¢vØ∫P–Æ C⁄,

ˆPı“¯P ˜¡÷£ıifl‘ P¿¬, v”¯©∞fl Ai®£¯h∞¿

Aµ_ |∫¡ıP® £oPŒ¿ ~¯«Øz uSv≤¯hØ¡∫P“

G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬zux. ˜©æÆ ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl

©µnzvÿSU Pıµn©ıP C∏¢u¡∫P“ u¬µ ©ÿ”

A¯⁄¡∏USÆ |£¢u¯⁄Øÿ” ©fl¤®¶Æ ¡«[P®£mhx.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

1. ©ın¡∫ B[Q˜ªØ∫US GvµıP h¢u ¨¢¯uØ

¶µm]P¯Õa _miUPımh ï≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]UPı⁄ Aµ]Ø¿,

|∫¡ıP, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ, \≠P, \©Ø, Cµıq¡ ©ÿ÷Æ

Eh⁄iU Pıµn[P¯Õ |¯⁄ƒTµ ï≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ˜£ıUQ¯⁄ ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

4. ©ın¡∫ ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]∞fl ˜uı¿¬UPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ

¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

6. ©ın¡∫ ˜£µµ]∞fl §µPh⁄z¯u ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

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_Ø ©v®•k

I. \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Øz ˜u∫¢ûkUPƒÆ

1. ûfl¤¢vØı¬¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P–USz

u¯ª¯© Hÿ”¡∫

A. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ B. ı⁄ı \ıQ®

C. ©∏x \˜Pıuµ∫P“ D. uı¢vØı ˜uı®

2. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø® £ÿ‘ B[Qª ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“

¬¡∂USÆ ¬uÆ

A. ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ B. ˆ£∏[PªPÆ

C. _u¢vµ®˜£ı∫ D. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımhÆ

3. C¢vØ® ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]∞fl ˜£ıx C¢vØı¬fl u¯ª¯©

B–µıP C∏¢u¡∫

A. ˆ¡¿ˆªÏº B. h¿ˆÌÕ]

C. Pı¤[ D. Q¯Õ∆

4. CØ¢vµ[PÕı¿ Eÿ£zva ˆ\¥Ø®£mh B[Qª ımk®

ˆ£ı∏mP“ |µÆ§ ¡»¢u ChÆ

A. B[Qª ımka \¢¯u B. C¢vØ ımka \¢¯u

C. A˜µ§Ø ımka \¢¯u D. Aˆ©∂UP ımka \¢¯u

5. ˆ£ıx Cµıq¡® £oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ ˆ¡Œ¡¢u Bsk

A. 1856 B. 1857

C. 1858 D. 1859

6. Pıflß∂¿ ¶µm]USz u¯ª¯© uı[QØ¡∫

A. ı⁄ı\ıQ® B. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥

C. ©[P“ £ıs˜h D. •Ë¡ı üªıÆ £ı‚µı∆

7. Pfl¡∫][ J∏

A. B]∂Ø∫ B. ]®£ı¥

C. |ª®§µ¶ D. ¯P¬¯⁄U P¯ªb∫

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8. ¡[PıÕzvº∏¢u £¯h√µ∫P“ RÃUPsh¡∫PŒfl

C¯hUPıª ¶P»¯⁄z v∏Æ£ƒÆ ˆPısk¡µ Gso⁄∫

A. ©µızvØ∫ B. ¨PªıØ∫

C. ^UQØ∫ D. C¢xUP“

9. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ ¶µm]∞¿ Dk£mh ChÆ

A. Pıflß∫ B. ©zvØ C¢vØı

C. ªU˜⁄ı D. ˆh¿º

10. ¯¡]µı¥ Gfl£ufl ˆ£ı∏“

A. Aµ\®§µv|v B. P®£¿ u¯ª¡∫

C. £¯hzuÕ£v D. \©Øz u¯ª¡∫


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2. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]¯Ø C¢vØ ¡µªıÿ÷ B]∂Ø∫P“

_____________ Gfl÷ ¡∏oUQfl”⁄∫.

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4. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P–USz u[P“ \©ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ £s£ımk

¡«UPzvfl£i _____________,_____________ ©ÿ÷Æ

_____________ BQØ¡ÿ¯”a ˆ\¥Ø u¯h ¬vUP®£mhx.

5. Cµıq¡® ˆ£ıx®£oØıÕ∫ \mhÆ C¢vØ £¯h√µ∫P“

_____________ Ph¢x £oØıÿ”z uØıµıP C∏UP

˜¡skÆ Gfl÷ ¡ÿ¶÷zvØx.

6. ı⁄ı\ıQ§fl £¯hP¯Õ ¡»hzva ˆ\fl”¡∫

_____________ B¡ı∫.

7. ©µızvØ∫ Bm]¯Ø ´skÆ |¯ªımh ¬∏Æ§Ø

u¯ª¡∫P“ ____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡ı∫P“.

8. ˆ£∏Æ ¶µm]¯Ø AhUP B[Q˜ªØ∫US Eu¬ ˆ\¥u

£¯h®§∂ƒ _____________ BSÆ.

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9. ¶µm]∞fl˜£ıx B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ¬¯µ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£ık

P–US _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ ¨¯”P“ ™P

Eu¬ØıP C∏¢u⁄.

10. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P¯Ø _____________ §µ¶

_____________ u∫£ı∂¿ ¡ı]zuı∫.


A

1. ˜¡ø∫ ]®£ı¥ PªPÆ && 1857

2. ˜£µUß∫ PªPÆ && ˜£µµ\∫

3. ˆ£∏Æ¶µm] && ·ıfl]

4. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && 1824

5. Cµıo Cªm_™£ı¥ && 1806

B

1. ©[P“ £ıs˜h && Pıflß∫

2. CµshıÆ £Py∫Âı && A˜Øızv

3. ı⁄ı \ıQ® && ©zvØ C¢vØı

4. ˜£PÆ ÌÏµz ©Pı¿ && ˆh¿º

5. Cªm_™£ı¥ && ˜£µUß∫


1. £ı¯ÕØUPıµ∫P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄ û∂≤Æ?

A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∫ ˆ£Ø¯µU S‘®§kP.

2. ˆ£∏Æ¶µm] Hÿ£h B[Q˜ªØ∂fl ık C¯n®¶U

ˆPı“¯P G∆¬uÆ Pıµn©ı∞ÿ÷?

3. B[Qª Aµ]fl ´x C_ªı™Ø∫ Av∏®v A¯h¢u˜ufl?

4. C¢vØı¬fl ûı»¿P¯Õ B[Q˜ªØ∫ G∆¬uÆ

¨hUQ⁄∫?

5. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ\ƒz ûı»¿ ©¯”ØU Pıµn[P“ Øı¯¡?

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6. B∫.i. ˜©[P¿Ï (R.D. Mangles) A‘U¯P¯Ø® £ÿ‘ J∏

S‘®¶ u∏P.

7. 1857&BÆ Bsk h¢u ¶µm]∞fl Eh⁄iU PıµnÆ Øıx?

8. ´µm ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ˆ¡Œ®£kzxP.

9. ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]∞¿ Cµıo Cªm_™£ı∞fl £[S Øıx?

10. Pfl¡∫][Qfl \ıu¯⁄¯ØU S‘®§kP.

11. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı ¨ ¡xÆ £µ¡¬¿¯ª?

12. 1857¿ h¢u ¶µm]∞¿ £[S ˆ£ÿ” u¯ª¡∫PŒ¯h˜Ø

ˆ£ıx ˜ıUPÆ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª Gfl£¯u |π§?

13. ¬U˜hı∂Øı ˜£µµ]∞fl A‘U¯P∞fl ¨UQØzx¡Æ Øıx?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. 1857&BÆ Bsk ¯hˆ£ÿ” ˆ£∏Æ¶µm]UPı⁄ Pıµn[P“

Øı¯¡?

2. ¶µm] Hfl C¢vØı¬fl ¡hUS ©ÿ÷Æ ©zvØ® £SvPŒ¿

©mkÆ £µ¬Øx?

3. 1857&BÆ Bsk ˆ£∏Æ¶µm] ˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uuÿPı⁄

Pıµn[P¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.

4. 1857&BÆ Bsk ¶µm]∞fl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ G xP.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ ¶µm] h¢u RÃUPsh ¯©Ø[

P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :

ˆh¿º, Pıflß∫, ªU˜⁄ı, ´µm, ˜£µUß∫, £ˆµ¥º,

S¡ıºØ∫, AªPı£ız.

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AªS & II

£ıhÆ & 4

19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P,

\©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“


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˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© \©ı·Æ, B∂Ø \©ı·Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Cµı©

Q∏Ën CØUPÆ BQØ¡ÿ‘fl ˜ıUP[P“, A¡ÿ‘fl

£oP“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®£mh ¬uÆ

£ÿ‘≤Æ, hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ \üıØzvÿS

Bÿ‘Ø ûıskP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ ¨_ºÆ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¯\Øx

AP©xPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ Pÿ”¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫], ÛQØ∫ ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“ £ÿ‘


6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl ¬¯Õƒ

P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

£zûıfl£uıÆ °ÿ”ısk, C¢vØı¬¿ \≠PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ

\©Øzv¿ £ª ^∫v∏zu h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®

£mh⁄. \©ØzvæÆ, \≠PzvæÆ ¶S¢u w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ

˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ US¡uÿS® £izu C¯Õb∫P“ £ª∫

¨Øfl”⁄∫.

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˜©ÿPzvØ P∏zxUPÕı⁄ £Szu‘u¿, \©zx¡Æ,

_u¢vµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤uz ufl¯© ˜£ıfl”¯¡ A¡∫P¯ÕU

P¡∫¢u⁄. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“ u[P“ £s£ımi¿ C∏¢u

S¯”P¯Õ UP ¨Øfl”⁄∫. A¡∫P“ C¢vØ® £s£ımi¯⁄

´skÆ ¶zx∞∫ ˆ£”aˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Æ§⁄∫. BP˜¡ 19&BÆ

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µıÆ˜©ıPfl µı¥ A∆¬ØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz vPÃ¢uı∫.

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J∏[Q¯n®¶U ˆPı“¯PØı¿ C¢vØı Aµ]Ø¿ ∑v∞¿

Jfl÷£kzu®£mhx. Au⁄ı¿ C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø |ª¬Ø®

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B[Q˜ªØ Bm]∞fl ufl¯©Øı⁄x £ª C¢vØ C¯Õb∫

P¯Õz u[PÕx xfl£zvÿSÆ C»|¯ªUS©ı⁄ Pıµn[

P¯Õ A‘Øz ysiØx.

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BÃ¢x £izu⁄∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ˜©ÿPzvØ®

£s£ım¯h ¬h ™P EØ∫¢u C¢vØ® £s£ımka

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CªUQØ, \©Ø °¿P¯Õ ˆ©ı»ˆ£Ø∫zu⁄∫. A¢°¿P“

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EªP® ¶PÃ ˆ£ÿ”⁄. Au⁄ı¿ £izu C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø

u[P“ £s£ımi¿ Æ§U¯P ¡Õ∫¢ux. G⁄˜¡ A¡∫P“

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˜©Æ£mhx Gfl£¯u |¯ªımh Gso⁄∫.

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AP©zPı¤fl £oP“ £ÿ‘≤Æ ¬¡∂UP ï≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ £ı∫] ©ÿ÷Æ ÛQØ∫ CØUP[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘Ø

A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£” CØæÆ.

6. ©ın¡∫ \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PŒfl uıUP[P¯Õ®

£ÿ‘ ©v®•k ˆ\¥Ø ï≤Æ.

_Ø ©v®•k


1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısi¿ \≠Pzv¿ |ª¬Ø w¯©P¯Õ≤Æ,

˜PkP¯Õ≤Æ P¯ÕØ ¨Øÿ]zu¡∫P“

A. C¢vØ® £¯h√µ∫P“ B. £izu C¢vØ∫P“

C. £iUPıu C¢vØ∫P“ D. |ª®§µ¶UP“

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2. \≠P, \©Ø ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl ¨fl˜⁄ıiØıPz

vPÃ¢u¡∫

A. CµıÆ˜©ıPfl µı¥ B. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v

C. Afl¤ ˆ£\flm D. ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫

3. §µÆ© \©ı·z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫

A. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v B. Cµı·ı µıÆ˜©ıPflµı¥

C. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©zPıfl D. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm

4. Cµı·ıµıÆ˜©ıPflµı¥ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ C∏

£zv∂U¯PP¯Õ BµÆ§zuı∫

A. B[QªÆ, ¡[PıÕÆ B. ¡[PıÕÆ, £ıµ^PÆ

C. £ıµ^PÆ, C¢v D. C¢v, B[QªÆ

5. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl CÕ¯©U Pıª®ˆ£Ø∫

A. ˜µ¢u∫ B. ≠¿\[P∫

C. uØı⁄¢u∫ D. \¢vµˆ\fl

6. v˜Øı\ı§P¿ Gfl” ˆ\ı¿ RÃUPsh ˆ©ı»∞º∏¢x ˆ£”®

£mhx

A. B[Qªˆ©ı» B. Q˜µUPˆ©ı»

C. £ıµ^P ˆ©ı» D. E∏x ˆ©ı»

7. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl u¯ª¯©ØPÆ A¯©¢x“Õ ChÆ

A. ˆ\fl¯⁄ B. ˆPı¿Pzuı

C. ˆh¿º D. ¨Æ¯£

8. 1893&BÆ Bsk EªPa \©Ø ©ıık ¯hˆ£ÿ” ChÆ

A. ªshfl B. ]UPı˜Pı

C. ˆPı¿Pzuı D. GQ®x

9. µıÏz ˜Pı®uı∫ Gfl£x J∏

A. PµÆ B. £zv∂¯P

C. Aµ\∫ D. ^∫v∏zu CØUPÆ

10. \∫ ¯\Øx ¨P©x Pıfl ufl P∏zxUP¯Õ® £µ®£

£Øfl£kzvØ £zv∂U¯P

A. ˆ©mµıÏ ˆ©∞¿ B. v ©µızuı

C. uı¿&Ez&AUªıU D. v C¢x

(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)

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1. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk C¢vØı¬fl _____________ ©ÿ÷Æ

_________ BQØ¡ÿ‘¿ ^∫v∏zu h¡iU¯PP“ ˜uıfl‘⁄.

2. £s¯hØ C¢vØ CªUQØ[P¯ÕU Pÿ” ¶PÃ™UP ˜©¿

ımk A‘b∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ ___________ B¡∫.

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\©Ø©ı⁄ _____________US ©ıÿ” ¨Øfl”⁄∫.

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ˆ£ıxUP∏zxUP“ __________ ©ÿ÷Æ ___________ BSÆ.

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6. Cµı·ı µıÆ˜©ıPflµı∞fl ÜQØ ˜ıUPÆ _____________\≠Pz¯u ˜©Æ£kzx¡uıSÆ.

7. ≠¿\[P∫ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl ^hµıQ ˜¡u[P¯ÕU Pÿ”ı∫.

8. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v∞fl ¨«UP©ıP ¬Õ[QØ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh∫

_____________ BSÆ.

9. B∂Ø \©ı·zvfl ˆPı“¯PPÕı¿ uıUPÆ ˆ£ÿ” C¢vØ

˜u]Øz u¯ª¡∫P“ ___________ ©ÿ÷Æ__________ B¡∫.

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11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£¯Øz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫P“ _____________©ÿ÷Æ _____________ B¡∫.

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____________ BQ˜Øı∏USa ˆ\¥≤Æ ûısk Phƒ–USa

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___________ BQØ \≠PU ˆPık¯©P“ |ª¬⁄.

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£mhx.

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A

1. §µÆ© \©ı·Æ &-& £ıª P[Pıuµ vªP∫

2. \zvØı∫zu §µPıË && √⁄U P¿¬

3. ˜u]Øzu¯ª¡∫ && ˜¡u[P–Æ E£|hu[P–Æ

4. DAV £“ŒP“ && _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v

5. S∏SªÆ && ˜u˜¡¢vµız uıT∫

B

1. Cµı·ı µıÆ˜©ıPfl µı¥ && B∂Ø \©ı·Æ

2. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫

3. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm && §µÆ© \©ı·Æ

4. _¡ı™ ¬˜¡Pı⁄¢u∫ && AºPı∫ CØUPÆ

5. \∫ ¯\Øx AP©xPıfl && §µÆ© bı⁄\¯£


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¨_ºÆP–Æ u©x \©Ø[P¯Õ® £ıxPıUP ˜¡siØufl

A¡]ØÆ Hfl Hÿ£mhx?

4. ˜©ÿPzvØ A‘b∫P“ Æ CªUQØzvÿS Bÿ‘Ø £oP“

Øı¯¡?

5. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısifl \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUPzvfl

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S‘®§kP.

6. ˆ£sPŒfl ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS CµıÆ˜©ıPflµı¥ Bÿ‘Ø

£oP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

7. ˜P\∆ \¢vµˆ\fl £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.

8. C¢x \©Øzvfl ©ı∫ifl øu∫ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫

Øı∫? Hfl?

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9. C¢x \üıØzvÿS B∂Ø \©ı·Æ Bÿ‘Ø £oP¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

10. _¡ı™ uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v¯Ø® §fl£ÿ‘Ø¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl

ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

11. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£ (v˜Øı\ı§P¿ ˆ\ı¯Èmi) G®˜£ıx,

G[˜P, Øıµı¿ A¯©UP®£mhx?

12. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ÜQØ ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?

13. §µÆ©bı⁄ \¯£∞fl ˆPı“¯PP¯Õ hıUh∫

Afl¤ˆ£\flm G∆¬uÆ £µ®§⁄ı∫?

14. ˇ Cµı©Q∏Ën £µ©ÌÆ\∫ ©UP–US G∆¬uÆ

˜£ıvzuı∫?

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©ıım¯h® £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.

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17. ¨P©vØ∫ CªUQØU P«Pzvfl ÜQØU S‘U˜Pı“ Øıx?

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Gv∫zuı∫.

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©ÿ÷Æ §µÆ© \©ı·zvfl £[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.

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4. 19&BÆ °ÿ”ısk \≠P, \©Øa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[PÕı¿

Hÿ£mh ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ ¡∂¯\®£kzxP.

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A[Pzv⁄∫ ˜£ı¿ §”∫US® £o ˆ\¥¡v¿ Efl¯⁄

Dk£kzvU ˆPı“P.

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AªS & III

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C¢vØ ˜u]Ø CØUPzvfl

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G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØ∫PŒfl ªflP–US Gvµı⁄¯¡

Gfl£¯u® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

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ufl¯©Øÿ” ˆ\Ø¿ G⁄ƒÆ, Au¯⁄ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“¡x

C¢vØ∏US ©v®¶¯hØuıPıx G⁄ƒÆ Afl¤ˆ£\flm

¬¡∂zuı∫.

Pÿ”¿ A¯hƒP“

1. ©ın¡∫ ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl h¡iU¯PP“ C¢vØ∫PŒfl

ª›US G∆¡ı÷ Gvµı⁄¯¡ Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

2. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ©UP–US Bÿ‘Ø ˜\¯¡P¯Õ

©ın¡∫ |¯⁄ƒ Tµ ï≤Æ.

3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP

ï≤Æ.

4. P∫\¤fl ì§∂zuı–Æ ˆPı“¯P¯Øí ©ın¡∫ ¬ÕUP

ï≤Æ.

5. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØz ˜u]ØÆ ˜uıfl‘ØuÿPı⁄ Pıµn[

P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

6. ©ın¡∫ ™u¡ıvP“ w¬µ¡ıvPŒfl ˜ıUP[P¯Õ≤Æ

ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ J®•k ˆ\¥Ø ï≤Æ.

7. ©ın¡∫ `µz §Õƒ Hfl Hÿ£mhx Gfl£¯ua _miU

Pımh ï≤Æ.

8. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AÆ¯©Øı∫ C¢vØ∏US Bÿ‘Ø

£oP¯Õ ©ın¡∫ ¬¡∂UP ï≤Æ.

9. ©ın¡∫ ufl⁄ım] CØUPzvfl ˜ıUPzv¯⁄U

S‘®§h ï≤Æ.

10. ©ın¡∫ ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ÜQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘

S‘®§h ï≤Æ.

11. ©ın¡∫ ©ıs˜hS&ˆ\ÆÏ˜£ı∫k \mhÆ ˆPısk ¡¢u

©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £miØºh ï≤Æ.

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103

_Ø ©v®•k


1. ˆ¡¿º u∫£ı¯µ hzvØ¡∫.

A. ˆ©UPı˜ª §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶

C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. P∫\fl §µ¶

2. ºmhfl §µ¶ C¢vØ® £zv∂¯PPŒfl _u¢vµz¯uU Pmk®

£kzu ˆ¡Œ∞mh \mhÆ

A. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ B. ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªa

£zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ \mhÆ

C. C¿£∫m \mhÆ D. £¿P¯ªU P«Pa \mhÆ

3. C¢vØı¬¿ ©UP“ ûı¯P PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø

A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫

A. ºmh∫ §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶

C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. Q¯Õ∆ §µ¶

4. ûı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk

A. 1887 B. 1882

C. 1883 D. 1885

5. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£k£¡∫

A. P∫\fl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶

C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. ™fl˜hı §µ¶

6. ].§. C¿£∫m Gfl£¡∫ J∏

A. £¯hzu¯ª¡∫ B. \mh E÷®§⁄∫

C. u¯ª¯© B–∫ D. v£v

7. Tmk”ƒa \[P[P¯Õ A‘¨P®£kzvØ¡∫

A. ∂®£fl §µ¶ B. P∫\fl §µ¶

C. ºmhfl §µ¶ D. h¿ˆÌÕ] §µ¶

8. ûı¿ˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]z x¯”¯Ø Hÿ£kzvØ¡∫

A. ºmhfl §µ¶ B. ∂®£fl §µ¶

C. P∫\fl §µ¶ D. ©ı∫º §µ¶

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104

9. ¡[PıÕ® §∂¬¯⁄ |PÃ¢u Bsk

A. 1911 B. 1912

C. 1905 D. 1910

10. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx ©UP“ E£˜ØıQzu ¨«UPÆ

A. ˜¡u[P¯Õ B. ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ

˜ıUQa ˆ\¿

C. _Øµı‰ØÆ G⁄x D. C¡ÿ‘¿ GxƒÆ C¿¯ª.

§”®¶∂¯©

11. ü¿ EªP®˜£ı∫ |PÃ¢u BskP“

A. 1914 & 1916 B. 1912 & 1915

C. 1914 & 1918 D. 1918 & 1921

12. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm J∏

A. B[Qª® ˆ£s©o B. C¢vØ® ˆ£s©o

C. Aˆ©∂UP® ˆ£s©o D. AØ∫ªı¢x ˆ£s©o

13. BPÏk A‘U¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mh¡∫

A. ©ı∫º B. ©ıs˜hS

C. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl D. P∫\fl


1. 1870¿ u¢vUPÆ§ C¯n®¶ C[Qªı¢xUSÆ _______ USÆ

C¯h˜Ø A¯©UP®£mhx.

2. C¢vØ∫P“ B≤u[P“ ¯¡zv∏UP, ¡ı[P A¿ªx ¬ÿP

˜¡skˆ©¤¿ Aµ]fl A›©v ˆ£”˜¡skÆ Gfl÷

¡ÿ¶÷zvØ \mhÆ _______ BSÆ.

3. 1881&BÆ Bsk ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ _______ fl ˜¡¯ª

˜µz¯u |∫n∞zux.

4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl Aµ_ _______ \mhz¯u UQØx.

5. ∂®£fl §µ¶ ______¿ E“Õ £¿P¯ªU P«Pz¯u |÷¬⁄ı∫.

6. P∫\fl _______ S Jfl÷ A¯©zx |¡ıµn® £oP–US

ˆ£∏¢ûı¯P JxUQ⁄ı∫.

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105

7. C¯Õb∫P–US Cµıq¡® £∞ÿ]ØŒUP P∫\fl _______I

A¯©zuı∫.

8. Q«US ¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ªP∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ ˜©ÿS

¡[PıÕzvfl u¯ªP∫ _______ G⁄ƒÆ A‘¬UP®£mh⁄.

9. _______fl §µPh⁄zv¿ ˆ¡Œ∞h®£mh ¡ıUS÷vP“

GxƒÆ §fl£ÿ”®£h¬¿¯ª.

10. C¢vØ∫P“ _______, _______ BQØ ıkPŒfl IUQØzv

⁄ı¿ FUPÆ ˆPısk u[P“ _u¢vµzvÿS® ˜£ıµıh

¬∏Æ§⁄∫.

11. _______, _______ BQ˜Øı∂fl G zxUP“ ©UP“ ©zv∞¿

˜u]Ø ¬»®¶n∫a]¯ØU ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄.

12. ™u¡ıvPŒfl ˜Pı∂U¯PP“ _______ Gfl÷ ¡∫oUP®

£mhx.

13. _˜u] CØUPzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØ∫ _______ ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ®

¶”UPozu⁄∫.

14. ufl⁄ım] CØUPzv¿ Dk£mh u¯ª¡∫P“ _______ ©ÿ÷Æ

_______ B¡ı∫.

15. ªU˜⁄ı¬¿ h¢u Pı[Qµ_ ©ıımi¿ ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏

üfl üªıP _______ I \¢vzuı∫.


A

1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ &&- 1877

2. Ìsh∫ S && 1881

3. ˆh¿º u∫£ı∫ && 1904

4. ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªa \mhÆ && 1882

5. C¢vØ® £¿P¯ªUP«Pa \mhÆ && 1878

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106

B

1. A´∫ ˆÂ∫ Aº && £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa ]fl⁄[P“

2. E“ Bm]∞fl u¢¯u && \mh E÷®§⁄∫

3. C¿£∫m && B®Pı¤Ø Aµ\∫

4. P∫\fl §µ¶ && ß\ı

5. ¬¡\ıØ Bµı¥a] ¯©ØÆ && ∂®£fl

C

1. uØı⁄¢u \µÏ¡v && ™u¡ıvP“

2. Aµ¬¢u ˜PıË && ¡¢˜u ©ıuµÆ

3. Afl¤ˆ£\flm AÆ¯©Øı∫ && ˜P\∂

4. £ıªP[Pıuµ vªP∫ && |≥ C¢vØı

5. Aµ]Ø¿ §a¯\ && _Øµı‰‚ØÆ


1. ¡mhıµ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhÆ £ÿ‘ ]÷S‘®¶ u∏P.

2. 1881&BÆ Bsk ûı»ÿ\ı¯ª \mhÆ £ÿ‘ E©US Gfl⁄

û∂≤Æ?

3. ∂®£fl §µ¶ C¢vØ ˆ©ı»P“ £zv∂¯Pa \mhz¯u Hfl

UQ⁄ı∫?

4. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl P¿¬a ^∫v∏zu[P¯ÕU S‘®§kP.

5. C¿£∫m ©˜\ıuı¬fl AÆ\[P“ Øı¯¡?

6. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ¬¡\ıØ ^∫v∏zu[P“ Øı¯¡?

7. P∫\fl §µ¶ G∆¡ı÷ C¢vØı¬fl £«[Pıª |¯⁄ƒa

]fl⁄[P¯Õ® £ıxPızuı∫?

8. ¡[PıÕÆ Hfl §∂UP®£mhx?

9. C¢vØ ˜u]Øzvfl ¡Õ∫a]∞æÆ A¯u® £µ®§ØvæÆ

Aa_UTh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\¥vzuı“PŒfl, £[Q¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU

ˆPın∫P.

10. 1878&BÆ Bsk CØÿ”®£mh B≤ua \mhzvfl ¬¯Õƒ

Øıx?

11. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ_ G®˜£ıx Øıµı¿ ˜uıÿ÷¬UP®

£mhx?

12. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ûıhUPU Pıª ˜ıUP[P“

Øı¯¡?

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107

13. ™u¡ıvP“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒ¿ ]ª∂fl ˆ£Ø∫P¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

14. w¬µ¡ıuz ˜u]Ø¡ıvPŒfl ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?

15. ûfl¤¢vØı¬¿ vªP∏US ˆ∏UP©ı⁄ s£∫PÕıP

C∏¢u¡∫P“ Øı∫?

16. ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl ˜ıUP[P“ Øı¯¡?

17. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G®˜£ıx, Hfl Pı[Qµ¯\ ¬mk ¬ªQ⁄∫?

18. hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flm C¢vØ∫PŒ¯h˜Ø G∆¡ı÷ ˜u]Ø

En∫¯¡ Hÿ£kzv⁄ı∫?

19. ªU˜⁄ı J®£¢uzvfl ÜQØzx¡Æ £ÿ‘ T÷P.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ºmhfl §µ¶¬fl ˆ£∏¯©¯ØU S¯”zu ˆPı“¯PP¯ÕU

S‘®§kP.

2. ∂®£fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

3. P∫\fl §µ¶¬fl ^∫v∏zu[P¯Õ ©v®§kP.

4. C¢vØı¬¿ ˜u]Ø CØUPÆ ˜uıfl÷¡uÿPı⁄ Pıµn[P¯Õ

¬ÕUSP.

5. `µz §Õƒ Hÿ£h Cmka ˆ\fl” |PÃa]P¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

6. w¬µ ˜u]Ø¡ıvP“ G⁄®£mh¡∫P“ Øı∫? A¡∫PŒfl

˜ıUPÆ Øıx?

7. C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ hıUh∫ Afl¤ˆ£\flifl

£[Q¯⁄ ¬¡ıv.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. C¢vØ ˜u]ØU Pı[Qµ]fl ˜uıÿ”Æ ü¿ 1919&BÆ

Bsk ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh

|PÃa]P¯ÕU S‘USÆ PıªU˜Pımi¯⁄z (Time Line)uØı∂UPƒÆ.

2. ·¡Ì∫ªı¿ ˜∏ G vØ "iÏP¡∂ B® C¢vØı'

(Discovery of India) Gfl” ¶zuPzv¿ E“Õ _u¢vµ CØUPÆ

£ÿ‘Ø £SvP¯Õ® £iUPƒÆ.

3. ¡.E. ]uÆ£µÆ §“¯Õ, _®§µ©oØ £ıµvØı∫

BQ˜Øı∂fl ¡ıÃU¯P ¡µªıÿ¯”® £iUPƒÆ.

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108

Pı¢vØiP“

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109

£ıhÆ & 6

C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ı∫ &

Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ


1. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ Pı¢v‚∞fl

£[S £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘≤Æ

Qªı£z CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x

ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ _Øµı‰‚ØU Pm], ªıT∫ Pı[Qµ]fl

¨UQØzx¡Æ, E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ, ¡mh ˜©¯\

©ııkP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ß⁄ı J®£¢uÆ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®

ˆ£”¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhzvfl

AÆ\[P¯Õ® ¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿.

6. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzvÿS ˜uı‚ Bÿ‘Ø

£oP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

7. ©ın¡∫ Q∂®Ï yxUS , ˆ¡“¯ÕØ˜⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷

CØUPÆ, 1946¿ ¡¢u A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxUS ,

C¯hUPıª Aµ_ BQØ¯¡ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¯¡® ˆ£”¿.

8. ©ın¡∫ ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl §µ¶¬fl vmhÆ £ÿ‘

A‘¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

9. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØ ©fl⁄µım]® £SvP“ C¯n®§¿

¡¿ª£ı¥ £˜hºfl £[S £ÿ‘® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

1919&BÆ Bsk C¢vØa _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımh

¡µªıÿ‘¿ J∏ ©ı÷£mh PıªPmhz¯uU S‘®£uıP

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110

A¯©¢ux. 1919&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x 1947 ¡¯µ Pı¢v‚

_u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ ufl¯⁄ Dk£kzvU ˆPıshı∫.

G⁄˜¡ CUPıª PmhÆ Pı¢vØiP“ PıªÆ Gfl÷ A¯«UP®

£kQ”x. A¡∫ Pzv∞fl‘ Cµzu™fl‘ B[Q˜ªØ¯µ

Gv∫zx® ˜£ıµıh C¢vØ ©UP¯Õz uØı∫£kzv⁄ı∫.

¡fl¨¯”US® £vªıP \zvØıUQµPÆ, AQÆ¯\ BQØ

¨¯”P¯Õ® £Øfl£kzv⁄ı∫.

ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 :ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919 : ˆµÕªm \mhÆ 1919&BÆ Bsk

CØÿ”®£mhx. Aa\mhÆ Ezuµ¬fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ¯Px

ˆ\¥Ø B[Qª Aµ_US AvPıµÆ AŒzux. Aa\mhzvfl

≠ªÆ ¬\ıµ¯n∞fl‘ G¡¯µ≤Æ ]¯”∞¿ A¯hUPªıÆ.

ˆµÕªm \mhzv¯⁄ Gv∫USÆ£i Pı¢v‚ C¢vØ∫P–US

A¯«®¶ ¬kzuı∫. Aufl ¬¯Õ¡ıP ık ¨ ¡xÆ

P¯hØ¯h®¶Æ, Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ Hÿ£mh⁄.

·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 :·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª, 13&H®µ¿ 1919 : ˆµÕªm

\mh Gv∫®¶® ˜£ıµımhÆ ûıh∫£ıP \zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿\zvØ£ı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ

\ı¥®¶wfl Qaæ (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQØ ÜQØz

u¯ª¡∫P“ £g\ı§¿ ¯Px ˆ\¥Ø®£mh⁄∫. \mhzvÿS®

¶”Æ£ı⁄ AU¯Pv¯⁄ Gv∫zx ©UP“ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ A™∫u\µ]¿ E“Õ

·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU Gfl›™hzv¿ ß[Pı Jfl‘¿ Ti⁄∫.

A®ß[Pı¬ÿS J∏ £UPÆ ©mkÆ ]÷ ~¯«¡ı∞¿

C∏¢ux. ©ÿ” G¿ªı £UP[P–Æ EØ∫¢u _¡∫PÕı¿

`«®£mi∏¢ux. Aufl ¯©Øzv¿ J∏ Qn÷ C∏¢ux.

A™∫u\µ]fl Cµıq¡z uÕ£vØı⁄ ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ A¢u

~¯«ƒ ¡ı∞ÿ£Sv¯Ø ≠kÆ£i ufl £¯hP–US Ezuµ

¬mhı∫. §fl G¢u¬u ¨fl⁄‘¬®¶™fl‘ A¯©vØıPƒÆ,

|µı≤u £ıoØıPƒÆ TiØ ©UP¯Õa _kÆ£i ufl £¯h

P–US Ezuµ¬mhı∫. AUTmhzv¿ £ª ˆ£si∏Æ,

S«¢¯uP–Æ Th C∏¢u⁄∫. Aa\Æ£¡Æ J∏ ˆPık¯©

Øı⁄ £kˆPı¯ªØı⁄x. Azx®£ıUQa `mi¿ H”US¯”Ø

500 ˜£∫ E∞∂«¢u⁄∫. 1200 ˜£∫P–US ˜©¿ PıØ©¯h¢u⁄∫.

Aa\Æ£¡Æ ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª A¿ªx

£££££g\ı®g\ı®g\ı®g\ı®g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª £kˆPı¯ª Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”x. Pı¢v‚

Aa\Æ£¡z¯uU Psizuı∫. Axü¿ A¡∫ B[Qª

Aµ_hfl Jzx¯«UP ©÷zuı∫. A¡∫ C¢vØ ¬ku¯ª®

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˜£ı∂¿ ]”®¶™UP u¯ª¡µıPz ˜uıfl‘⁄ı∫. A¡∫ 1920&BÆ

Bsk Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPz¯uz ûıh[Q⁄ı∫.

£g\ı® £kˆPı¯ª, §fl ¡¢u u¯ª¨¯”

∞⁄∂¯h˜Ø izu J∏ uıUPz¯u Hÿ£kzvØx. u⁄x

Gv∫®§¯⁄U Pımh Cµ√¢vµız uıT∫ B[Qª Aµ_

u⁄US AŒzu ¯mƒm (Kinghthood) £mhz¯uz x”¢uı∫.

ûfl B®§∂UP Aµ\ı¿ u⁄US AŒUP®£mh

ˆP¥\∫&C&Ó¢z (Kaiser-i-Hind) Gfl” £uUPz¯u Pı¢v‚

v∏®§ AŒzuı∫. uıT∫, Pı¢v‚, ˜∏‚ BQ˜Øı∂fl

s£µı⁄ ].G®. BsmπÏ (C.F. Andrews) Gfl£¡∫

A™∫u\µÏ ˆ\fl÷ v∏Æ§Øƒhfl ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU

£kˆPı¯ª¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©Pı˜u¡ ˜u\ı∞US RÃU

Psh¡ı÷ ""Ax J∏ £kˆPı¯ª, J∏ ˆPı¯ªUPÕÆ''

G⁄ G v⁄ı∫.

Qªı£z CQªı£z CQªı£z CQªı£z CQªı£z CØUPÆ :ØUPÆ :ØUPÆ :ØUPÆ :ØUPÆ : C¢vØ ¨_ºÆP“

B[Q˜ªØ∫P–US GvµıP £ª S¯”

£ıkP¯ÕU ˆPısi∏¢u⁄∫. ü¿ EªP®

˜£ı∂fl ˜£ıx x∏UQ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤∞fl m¶

ıhıPa ˆ\Ø¿£mhx. ˜£ı∂¿ ˆ·∫ˆ©¤

˜uı¿¬Ø¯h¢uƒhfl x∏UQØ® ˜£µµ_

]u”iUP®£mhx. A®˜£µµ]fl £SvP¯Õ

§∂mh›Æ, §µıfl_Æ £[S ˜£ımkU

ˆPısh⁄. x∏UQØ _¿uıfl A¡©vUP®

£mhı∫. _¿uıfl ¨_ºÆP–US Pº£ı

A¿ªx \©Øz u¯ª¡∏Æ Th B¡ı∫.

G⁄˜¡ EªPÆ ¨ ¡x™∏¢u ¨_ºÆP“

B[Qª Aµ_US GvµıP Qªı£zQªı£zQªı£zQªı£zQªı£z

CØUPCØUPCØUPCØUPCØUPz¯uz ûıh[Q⁄ı∫. C¢vØı¬¿

¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº¨P©x Aº, \ƒPz Aº Gfl” C∏

\˜Pıuµ∫P“ A∆¬ØUPz¯uz ûıh[Q

⁄ı∫P“. Pı[Qµ_U Pm] A∆¬ØUPz¯u

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A. Pı¢v‚ B. Cµı\˜Pı£ıªıa\ı∂Øı∫

C. Pı©µı\∫ D. Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl

8. CµshıÆ EªP® ˜£ı∫ ûıh[QØ Bsk

A. 1937 B. 1939

C. 1941 D. 1942

9. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡z¯uz ˜uıÿ÷¬zu¡∫

A. ].B∫. uıÏ B. ˜uı‚

C. Pı¢v‚ D. Cµı·ı‚

10. ¨_ºÆP–USz u¤ ık ˜¡skˆ©fl÷ ˜Pmh¡∫

A. ¡ı® \º¨¿ªı B. ˜uı‚

C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Aº \˜Pıuµ∫P“

11. C¯hUPıª Aµ]¿ §µu©∫ £u¬ ¡Qzu¡∫

A. ˜∏‚ B. Cµı·ı‚

C. £m˜h¿ D. Pı¢v‚

12. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ü¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–∫

A. Pı¢v‚ B. ˜∏‚

C. ‚fl⁄ı D. Cµı·ı‚

13. C¢vØı SiØµ_ B⁄ ı“

A. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1935 B. 15 BPÏk 1947

C. 26 ·⁄¡∂ 1950 D. 26 BPÏk 1950

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131


1. 1919&BÆ Bsk ¯Pxˆ\¥Ø®£mh C∏ ¶PÃˆ£ÿ” £g\ı®

u¯ª¡∫P“ ________ ©ÿ÷Æ________B¡∫.

2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ªUS® §fl Pı¢v‚ ûfl

B®§∂UP Aµ_ A¡∏USU ˆPıkzu________ £uUPz¯u

v∏®§U ˆPıkzuı∫.

3. C¢vØı¬¿ Aº \˜Pıuıµ∫PÕı⁄ ________≤Æ ________≤Æ

Qªı£z CØUPz¯u BµÆ§zu⁄∫.

4. ________fl ©¯”¬ÿS® §fl _Øµı‰‚ØU Pm]

P¯ªUP®£mhx.

5. ________ Gfl£¡∫ G¿¯ªUPı¢v Gfl÷ A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫.

6. 1940&BÆ Bsk ªıT∫ Tmhzv¿ ________ Gfl£¡∫

C∏ıkP“ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø ˆ¡Œ∞mhı∫.

7. C¢vØ∫P“ CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∂¿ Dk£hU Pıµn©ıP

C∏¢u B[Qªz u¯ª¯© B–∫ ________ B¡ı∫.

8. C¢vØ ˜u]Ø Cµıq¡zv¿ ˆ£sP“ Ao®§∂ƒ

________ Gfl£¡∫ u¯ª¯©∞¿ CØ[QØx.

9. CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫ ________&BÆ Bsk ïƒ

A¯h¢ux.

10. C¯hUPıª Aµ_ A¯©UP ˜∏‚ ¨_ºÆ ΩQfl

u¯ª¡µı⁄ ________ Gfl£¡∂fl Eu¬¯ØU ˜Pı∂⁄ı∫.

11. _u¢vµ C¢vØı¬fl ü¿ C¢vØz u¯ª¯© B–∫

________ Gfl£¡∫ B¡ı∫.

12. ©x C¢vØU SiØµ]fl ü¿ SiØµ_z u¯ª¡∫ ________B¡ı∫.

13. ·˙⁄ıPzvfl ©fl⁄∫ J∏ ________ B¡ı∫.

14. ________ Aµ\µı⁄ Ì∂][ G¢u ımkh›Æ ˜\µı©¿

u¤zv∏UP ¬∏Æ§⁄ı∫.

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132

15. C¢vØı¬º∏¢x §ˆµg_U Si˜Øÿ”[P“ ________ BÆ

Bsk C¢vØ ≥¤Ø›hfl C¯n¢u⁄.

16. 1961&¿ ˜£ı∫a_UR]Ø Si˜Øÿ”® £SvPÕı⁄ ________,

________ ©ÿ÷Æ ________ BQØ¯¡ C¢vØıƒhfl

C¯nUP®£mh⁄.

17. \∫uı∫ £˜h¿ C¢vØı¬fl ________ Gfl÷ ¶P«®£kQ”ı∫.


A

1. ˆµÕªm \mhÆ && Pı¢v‚

2. usi® £ØnÆ && ˜uı‚

3. ˆ·¥Ó¢z && Cµıq¡z uÕ£v

4. ˆ·⁄µ¿ hØ∫ && 1927

5. ¯\©fl S && 1919

B

1. ˜©ıvªı¿ ˜∏ && Ezvµ®§µ˜u\Æ

2. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı && _Øµı‰‚ØUPm]

3. £g\ı§fl ][PÆ && Pıfl A®x¿ Pı£∫Pıfl

4. G¿¯ª Pı¢v && CµıÆ˜\ ˆ©Uˆhı⁄ı¿k

5. ¡S®¶¡ı∂® §µv|vzx¡Æ && Cªıªı ª·£vµı¥


1. Pı[Qµ_UPm] Hfl ˆµÕªm \mhz¯u Gv∫zux?

2. ·ıºØfl ¡ıªı£ıU £kˆPı¯ª £ÿ‘ ]÷ S‘®¶z u∏P.

3. Qªı£z CØUPÆ Hfl ˆuıh[P®£mhx?

4. _Øµı‰‚ØUPm] Hfl BµÆ§UP®£mhx?

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133

5. µıË §Pı∂ ˜£ıÏ Gfl£¡∫ Øı∫?

6. Q∂®]fl vmhzv¯⁄ Pı¢v‚ Hfl |µıP∂zuı∫?

7. A¯©a\µ¯¡z yxU S ¬fl E÷®§⁄∫P“ Øı∫?

8. ©ƒsm ˜£mhfl vmhÆ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUSP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPzvfl ≠fl÷ |¯ªP¯Õ ¬ÕUPƒÆ.

2. usi® £Ønz¯u® £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ

¬¡∂UP.

3. ¡mh˜©¯\ ©ııkPŒfl ÜQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ˆ¡ŒU

ˆPın∫P.

4. 1935&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ Aµ_a \mhÆ ˆPısk¡¢u

©ıÿ”[P“ Øı¯¡?

5. ˆ¡“¯ÕØ˜⁄ ˆ¡Œ˜Ø÷ CØUPÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ Aufl

¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ ¬ÕUSP.

6. _u¢vµ® ˜£ıµımhzv¿ _£ıË \¢vµ˜£ıÏ, C¢vØ˜u]Ø

Cµıq¡zvfl £[Q¯⁄® £ÿ‘ G xP.

7. £˜h¿ Hfl C¢vØı¬fl C∏Æ¶ ©¤u∫ Gfl÷

A¯«UP®£kQ”ı∫?

8. §fl¡∏Æ |PÃa]P–US PıªU˜Pık Jfl÷ ¡¯µP.

A. Jzx¯«Øı¯© CØUPÆ

B. ˆ\Õ∂ ˆ\Õµı |PÃa]

C. _Øµı‰‚ØU Pm]

D. E®¶a \zvØıUQµPÆ

E. ¡mh ˜©¯\ ©ııkP“

9. 1930 ü¿ 1945 ¡¯µ∞ªı⁄ I¢x ÜQØ |PÃa]P¯ÕU

PıªU˜Pımi¿ S‘®§kP.

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134

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. C¢vØ ¡¯µ£hzv¿ RÃUPsh Ch[P¯ÕU S‘UPƒÆ :

Iuµı£ız, ·˙⁄ıPz, PıË´µÆ, ˜Pı¡ı, ¯h≥, hı©fl,

£ısia˜\∂, H⁄ıÆ, ©ıÓ

2. ¬ku¯ª® ˜£ıµımh √µ∫PŒfl £h[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zx

£hHk (Album) Jfl÷ uØı∂UPƒÆ.

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135

£ıhÆ & 7

_u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı

(1947 & 2000) & \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ


1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh \≠P

\¡ı¿P¯Õz ˆu∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS

˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ wshı¯© J»®§ÿPıP ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh

h¡iU¯PP¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh \≠P

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄® ˆ£”¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ \≠P ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞⁄ı¿ Hÿ£mh

uıUP[P¯ÕU Pÿ”¿.

_u¢vµÆ ˆ£ÿ” §fl C¢vØı £ª \¡ı¿P¯Õa \¢vUP

˜∫¢ux. \≠P Hÿ”zuıÃƒP“, ˆ£sP“, ]÷¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ

JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫ §µa\¯⁄P–US C¢vØı w∫ƒ Pın

˜¡si∞∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ G zu‘¬fl¯© C¢vØı¬fl ™P

˜©ı\©ı⁄ £ª√⁄©ıP ¬Õ[QØx. A¯¡ C¢vØı¬fl \≠P

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿSz u¯hP¯Õ E∏¡ıUQ⁄. G⁄˜¡ \≠P

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ˜u¯¡ BÃ¢x Enµ®£mhx. C¢vØı¬¿

\≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄U ˆPısk¡µ £ª h¡iU¯PP“

˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. A¯¡ \≠Pa ^∫v∏zu CØUP[P“,

\≠Pªa \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P¿¬ ¡Õ∫a]∞fl ≠ªÆ ¯h

¨¯”®£kzu®£mh⁄.

AªS & IV

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136

ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ :ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUPzv¯⁄ 1951&BÆ Bsk

H®µ¿ 18&BÆ ı“ B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡B\ı∫Ø ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ x¡UQ⁄ı∫.

Aufl ˜ıUPÆ |ØıØ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ \©zx¡ \üıØ

A¯©®§¯⁄ E∏¡ıUS¡uıSÆ. C∆¬ØUPÆ AvP AÕ¬¿

|ª[P¯Õ ¯¡zv∏¢u |ªa_¡ıfluı∫PŒh™∏¢x E£∂

|ª[P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ÷ A¡ÿ¯” |ª©ÿ” H¯« ¬¡\ı∞P–US®

£Q∫¢uŒ®£¯u ˜ıUP©ıPU ˆPısi∏¢ux. |ª¨¯h˜Øı∫

uı©ıP ¨fl¡¢x |ª[P¯Õz uı⁄©ıP ¡«[S¡¯u C∆

¬ØUPÆ FUS¬zux. C∆¬ØUPÆ Hÿ£kzvØ ¬»®

¶n∫¬⁄ı¿ ©zvØ, ©ı|ª Aµ_P“ \mh[P¯Õ CØÿ‘ |ª

Ea\ ¡µÆ§¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡¢u⁄. |ª©ÿ” H¯«PŒfl

£∂uı£ |¯ª∞¯⁄ C∆¬ØUPÆ ˆ¡Œa\®£kzvU

PımiØx.

\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ :\∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPÆ : C∆¬ØUP¨Æ ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ A¡∫P

Õı¿ x¡UP®£mhx. C∆¬ØUPÆ ©x ˜u\z u¯ª¡∫PŒfl

B]∞¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ‘∏¢ux. C∆¬ØUPÆ A¯⁄zx ©UPŒfl

EØ∫¬¯⁄≤Æ, ª¯⁄≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzx¡¯u ˜ıUP©ıPU

ˆPısi∏¢ux. Si¯\z ûı»¿P“ ˜©Æ£ık, Pu∫ Eÿ£zv

BQØ⁄ C∆¬ØUPzvfl üfl¯©® £oØıSÆ. C¢vØı

¬¿ AQÆ¯\, A¯©v ¡»∞¿ J∏ \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ®

¶µm]∞¯⁄U ˆPısk ¡∏¡¯u C∆¬ØUPÆ ˜ıUP©ıPU

ˆPısi∏¢ux.

ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ :ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ : _u¢vµzvÿS ¨fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿

ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª ¡∏¢uzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ C∏¢ux. 1947 ü¿

ˆ£sPŒfl |¯ª∞¯⁄ ˜©Æ£kzu £ª \≠Pa \mh[P“

CØÿ”®£mh⁄. ©x Aµ]Øª¯©®¶a \mhÆ Bs, ˆ£s

\©zx¡zv¯⁄ ¡º≤÷zxQfl”x. ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z

vÿPıP |¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh \mh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ

h¡iU¯PP“ §fl¡∏©ı÷ :

1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ :1954&BÆ Bsk v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ Pª®¶z

v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ, \©Ø Pª®¶z v∏©n[P¯Õ≤Æ \mh®

£i ˆ\¿æ£iØıUQØx. ˜©æÆ BsP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄

21 BPƒÆ ˆ£sP“ v∏©n ¡Øv¯⁄ 18 G⁄ƒÆ \mh

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137

ß∫¡©ıUQØx. Ca\mhÆ S«¢¯u A¿ªx £ı¿Ø

¬¡ıPz¯u ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”Æ G⁄ A‘¬zux.

1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı :1955 & 56&BÆ Bsk C¢xa \mh ©˜\ıuı : C¢vØı¬¿

ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ” ¡µªıÿ‘¿ Ca\mhÆ J∏ ©Pı

\ı\⁄©ıPU P∏u®£kQ”x. v∏©nÆ, ©n¨‘ƒ (Divorce)

A¿ªx ¬¡ıPµzx, ¡ı∂_∂¯©, Pı®£ıÕ∫ E∂¯©, uzx

Gkzu¿ £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ca\mhÆ ¬ÕUSQfl”x.

1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ :1955&BÆ Bsk C¢xa v∏©na \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ

J∏¡›US J∏zv Gfl›Æ J∏ uıµ ©nz¯u (Monogamy)

\mh® ß∫¡©ıUQØx. C¢xUP“ £ªuıµ (Polygamy) ©nÆ

¶∂¢x ˆPı“¡¯u Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x. Ca\mhÆ

BsP“, ˆ£sP“ C∏£ıª∫P–USÆ ©n¨‘ƒ A¿ªx

¬¡ıPµzv¿ \© E∂¯©∞¯⁄ ¡«[SQfl”x.

1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ :1956&BÆ Bsk C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥,

u¢¯uØ∂fl ˆ\ızv¿ ©P›USÆ, ©P¤fl S«¢¯uP–USÆ

E“Õx ˜£ıª ©P–USÆ ©PŒfl S«¢¯uP–USÆ \©

E∂¯© A¿ªx £[Sˆ£” ¡» ¡SUQfl”x.

1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a1956&BÆ Bsifl C¢x CÕ¡∫ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı®¶∂¯©a

\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ :\mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ uı¥USU S«¢¯uP“ ´uı⁄ CØÿ¯PU

Pı®£ıÕ∫ Gfl” E∂¯©¯Ø® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ˜©æÆ

Ca\mhÆ BsP¯Õ® ˜£ı¿ ˆ£sP–Æ ©Pfl A¿ªx

©P¯Õz uzx GkUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[SQfl”x.

1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®1961&BÆ Bsk ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ (1984¿ v∏zu®

£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) :£mhx) : Ca\mhÆ ¡µum\¯n Gfl›Æ _µshºº∏¢x

ˆ£sP¯Õ® £ıxPıUQfl”x. ¡µum\¯n ˆ£÷u¿

Ca\mhzvfl£i Pk¯©Øı⁄ ush¯⁄US∂Ø Sÿ”©ıSÆ.

1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ :1961&BÆ Bsk ©P®˜£÷ \æ¯PP“ \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ

£oØıÿ÷Æ ˆ£sP“ ©P®˜£÷ ¬k®¶ ˆ£÷Æ E∂¯©¯Ø

¡«[Q≤“Õx.

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138

1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :1971&BÆ Bsk ©∏zx¡∑vØı⁄ P∏ P¯ª®¶a \mhÆ :

P∏ƒÿ‘∏USÆ ˆ£sPŒfl Eh¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©⁄ B˜µıUQ

ØzvÿS F÷ ¬¯Õ¬USÆ P∏¯¡ P¯ªUSÆ E∂¯©¯Ø

Ca\mhÆ ˆ£sP–US AŒUQfl”x.

1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ :1976&BÆ Bsk \© FvØa \mhÆ : Ca\mhÆ BsP–US

|PµıP ˆ£sP–USÆ FvØÆ ¡«[S¡uÿS ¡»¡SU

Qfl”x. £o ¬¡Pıµ[PŒ¿ £ı¿ Ai®£¯h∞ªı⁄ ˜¡÷

£ımi¯⁄ Ca\mhÆ ukUQfl”x.

©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : ©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : ©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : ©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : ©ÿ” \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz vmh[P“ : C¢vØ Aµ_

1953&BÆ Bsk ©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄©zvØ \≠P ª ¡ı∂Øzv¯⁄ A¯©zux.

A˜u ˜£ı¿ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ ©ı|ªzvæÆ ©ı|ªa \≠P ª

¡ı∂Ø[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ ˆ£sP“, S«¢¯uP“ ©ÿ÷Æ

GŒ˜Øı∂fl ªflP¯Õ ˜©Æ£kzxQfl”⁄. F⁄¨ÿ”

ˆ£sP“, ¬u¯¡P“, A⁄ı¯uP“, ¯P¬h®£mh ˆ£sP“

BQ˜Øı∂fl ªflP¯Õ C∆¡ı∂Ø[P“ £ıxPıUQfl”⁄.

1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ :1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ :1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ :1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ :1990&BÆ Bsk ˜u]Ø ˆ£sP“ B¯nØa \mhÆ : Ca

\mhzvfl£i 1992&BÆ Bsk ·⁄¡∂ 31&BÆ ı“ ˜u]Ø

ˆ£sP“ B¯nØÆ Jfl÷ Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆

¡ı¯nØzvÿS J∏ u¯ª¡∏Æ, ˆ\Øª∏Æ, ©ÿ”

E÷®§⁄∫P–Æ E“Õ⁄∫. C∆¡ı¯nØÆ ˆ£s E∂¯©P“

©÷®¶, ˆPık¯©P“, AvP“ ˜£ıfl” ¶Pı∫P¯Õ ¬\ı∂zx

A¯¡P¯ÕU P¯ÕØ h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzx ¡∏Qfl”x.

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1. ©ın¡∫ ß™uı⁄, \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUP[PŒfl

˜ıUP[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

2. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ï≤Æ.

3. ©ın¡∫ JkUP®£mh §∂¬⁄∫, ]÷¡∫P“, ]÷£ıfl¯©

∞⁄∫ ªflP–UPıP GkUP®£mh h¡iU¯PP¯Õ

¬ÕUP ï≤Æ.

4. ©ın¡∫ 1947&BÆ BsiÿS® §”S Hÿ£mh P¿¬

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄ ¬¡∂UP ï≤Æ.

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144

_Ø©v®•k


1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ ûıh[P®£mh Bsk

A. 1960 B. 1950

C. 1952 D. 1951

2. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk

A. 1961 B. 1960

C. 1962 D. 1963

3. u™Ã ımi¿ ˆ£sP–US ˜¡¯ª ¡ı¥®§¿ Ch

JxURmifl AÕƒ

A. 30 ¬ UPık B. 33 ¬ UPık

C. 31 ¬ UPık D. 32 ¬ UPık

4. B]∂Ø∫ v⁄Æ ˆPıshıh®£kÆ ı“

A. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 5 B. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 10

C. ˆ\Æ£hÆ£∫ 15 D. ˆ\®hÆ£∫ 25

5. ˜Pızuı∂U S |Ø™UP®£mh Bsk

A. 1966 B. 1962

C. 1960 D. 1964


1. \∫˜¡ıuØ CØUPzv¯⁄z ûıh[QØ¡∫ ________ B¡ı∫.

2. C¢xz v∏©na \mhÆ ________ ©nz¯ua \mhß∫¡

©ıUQØx.

3. ˆ£sP“ \© FvØÆ ˆ£” ¡¯P ˆ\¥≤Æ \mhÆ________

BSÆ

4. ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªPŒ¿ ]÷¡∫P¯Õ ˜¡¯ªUP©∫zx¡¯uz

ukUSÆ \mhÆ ________ BSÆ.

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145

5. wshı¯©U Sÿ”a \mhÆ CØÿ”®£mh Bsk ________.

6. hıUh∫ H. Cªm_©n\ı™ ¨uºØı∫ S |Ø™UP®£mh

Bsk________.

III. §fl ¡∏¡⁄¡ÿ¯”® ˆ£ı∏zxP

1. ¬˜⁄ı£ı£ı˜¡ && 1953

2. ©zvØa \≠P ª ¡ı∂ØÆ && 1986

3. ˆ£s ]_¡¯uz uk®¶a \mhÆ && ß™uı⁄ CØUPÆ

4. ¶vØ P¿¬U ˆPı“¯P && 1961


1. ß™uı⁄ CØUPzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?

2. C¢x ¡ı∂_∂¯©a \mhÆ u∏Æ E∂¯© Gfl⁄?

3. ©zvØ, ©ı|ª, \≠P ª ¡ı∂Ø[PŒfl £o Gfl⁄?

4. 1952&BÆ Bsk _µ[Pa \mhzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?

5. ˜u]Ø F⁄¨ÿ˜”ı∫ ¡Õ∫a] |v |÷¡⁄Æ G®˜£ıx

A¯©UP®£mhx?

6. 1951&BÆ Bsk C¢vØı¬¿ Pÿ˜”ı∂fl ¬ UPık Gfl⁄?

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. C¢vØı¬¿ ˆ£sP“ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh

h¡iU¯PP¯Õ ¬ÕUSP.

2. 1947 ¨u¿ C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ S‘zx G xP.

3. _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ \≠P ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘

J∏ Pmk¯µz u∏P.

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146

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. ¡µum\¯n uk®¶ £ÿ‘ J∏ ˆ\ıÿ˜£ı∏US Hÿ£ık

ˆ\¥P.

2. C¢vØı¬¿ P¿¬ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvÿS GkUP®£mh

h¡iU¯PP“ S‘zx ¬⁄ı&¬¯h |PÃa] hzxP.

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147

£ıhÆ & 8

C¢vØı¬¿ vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”¨Æ A‘¬Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ

ûı»¿~m£ ¡Õ∫a]≤Æ


1. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvfl ˜£ıx C¢vØı Gv∫ˆPısh

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P“, vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“

©ÿ÷Æ I¢uıskz vmh[P“ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄®

ˆ£”¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ I¢uıskz vmh[PŒfl ≠ªÆ A¯h¢u

\ıu¯⁄P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ u¤Øı∫©ØÆ, uıµıÕ©ØÆ, EªP©ØÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ

C¯¡ S‘zu C¢vØı¬fl |¯ª∞¯⁄≤Æ û∂¢x

ˆPı“–u¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ _u¢vµzvÿS® §fl⁄∫ C¢vØı¬¿ Hÿ£mh

A‘¬Ø¿, ûı»¿ ~m£ ¡Õ∫a]P¯Õ® ¶∂¢x

ˆPı“–u¿.

B[Qª Bm]ØıÕ∫P“ C¢vØı¬¯⁄U Pa\ı® ˆ£ı∏m

P¯Õ Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥≤Æ J∏ ıhıP˜¡ ¯¡zv∏¢u⁄∫.

A¡∫P“ C¢vØı¬fl ûı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zv¯⁄®

¶”UPozu⁄∫. ü¿, CµshıÆ EªP®˜£ı∫PŒfl ˜£ıx

Hÿ£mh ˜u¯¡PŒ⁄ı¿ C¢vØı¬¿ ]‘x ûı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]

Hÿ£mhx. B⁄ı¿ A∆¡Õ∫a] £ıµımhzuUP AÕƒ

C¿¯ª. §∂¬¯⁄Øı¿ C¢vØ® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ™PƒÆ

£ıvUP®£mhx. §∂UP®£hıu C¢vØı¬º∏¢u _©ı∫ 68

¬ UPık ∫®£ı\⁄® £Sv £ıQÏuı›USa ˆ\fl”x.

Au⁄ı¿ ©x ımifl Enƒ Eÿ£zvU S¯”¢ux. Aufl

¬¯Õ¡ıP C¢vØı¬¿ Enƒ uı¤Ø® £ÿ”ıUS¯”

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148

Hÿ£mhx. ımifl u¤£∫ ¡∏©ı⁄¨Æ ™PƒÆ S¯”¡ı⁄

uıP C∏¢ux. ©UPŒfl ¡ıÃU¯Pz uµ¨Æ §flu[QØ |¯ª

∞˜ª˜Ø C∏¢ux. ˜©æÆ ©UP“ ûı¯P® ˆ£∏UPzuı¿

˜¡¯ª∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhx. G⁄˜¡ 1947&BÆ Bsk _u¢vµÆ

ˆ£ÿ”˜£ıx C¢vØı £ª ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® §µa\¯⁄P¯Õ

Gv∫ˆPı“Õ ˜¡si∞∏¢ux. A®§µa\¯⁄P¯Õ UQh

C¢vØı vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]vmh™mh® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a] ¨¯”∞¯⁄

˜©ÿˆPıshx.

vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 :vmhUS , 1950 : G¢uˆ¡ı∏ sh Pıª A¿ªx S÷QØ

Pıª S‘U˜Pı“P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ¡ÿ‘ˆ£”a ˆ\¥vh

˜¡skˆ©¤¿ ¨¯”Øı⁄ vmh™h¿ A¡]Ø©ıQfl”x.

ımiÿPı⁄ Azu¯PØ vmh™h¿ £o∞¯⁄® ¶∂¢vh

˜∏¬fl Aµ_ 1950&BÆ Bsk ©ı∫a v[PŒ¿ vmhUvmhUvmhUvmhUvmhU

S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄S ¬¯⁄ A¯©zux. ˜∏ Aufl u¯ª¡µıP ¬Õ[Q⁄ı∫.

vmhU S ¬fl £oP“ : 1. I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ

¡Szu¿, 2. ımiÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ˆ£ı∏“, ≠ªu⁄,

©¤u¡Õ Buıµ[P¯Õ ©v®§ku¿, 3. |v JxURk x¯”

P¯Õ |∫n∞zu¿, 4. ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z

v¯⁄ AÕ¬h¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 5. Aµ]fl ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU

ˆPı“¯PP“, vmh[P“ úı⁄ B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ ¡«[Su¿

BQØ⁄¡ıSÆ. 1952&BÆ Bsk ımifl vmh™mh®

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]∞¯⁄ ¡æ®£kzu ˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U˜u]Ø ¡Õ∫a]U

S S S S S (National Development Council) G›Æ ©ÿˆ”ı∏ A¯©®¶Æ

Hÿ£kzu®£mhx. C∆¡¯©®§¿ ©ı|ª[P“ £[˜Pÿ÷

ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a]US Jzx¯«UQfl”⁄.

vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ :vmh™hºfl ˜ıUP[P“ : C¢vØz vmh™hºfl ÜQØ

˜ıUP[PÕıP (1) ˜u]Ø ¡∏¡ı¥, ©UPŒfl u¤£∫

¡∏¡ı¥ BQØ⁄¡ÿ¯” AvP∂UPa ˆ\¥u¿, 2. ©UPŒfl

¡ıÃU¯Pz uµzv¯⁄ EØ∫zxu¿, 3. ¡÷¯©¯Ø≤Æ, ˜¡¯ª

∞fl¯©¯Ø≤Æ S¯”zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ, 4. A¯⁄¡∏USÆ \©®

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡ı¥®¶UP¯Õ ¡«[Qh¿ BQØ⁄ A¯©¢u⁄.

Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ : ˜∏¬fl Aµ_ Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏Õı

uıµU (Mixed Economy) ˆPı“¯P∞¯⁄® §fl £ÿ‘Øx. Aufl

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149

ˆ£ı∏“ Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄Aµ_USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (ˆ£ıx |÷¡⁄[P“)

u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄u¤Øı∏USa ˆ\ı¢u©ı⁄ (u¤Øı∫ |÷¡⁄[P“) Cµsk

ûı»¿ |÷¡⁄[P–˜© ımi¿ CØ[SÆ Gfl£uıSÆ.

1950&BÆ BskPŒ¿ ûı»¿ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ”zvfl ysP“

G⁄®£kÆ ]ª Ai®£¯h P⁄µPz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP¯Õ

A¯©zvh ˆ£∏Æ ≠ªu⁄Æ ˜u¯¡®£mhx. Azu¯PØ

ûı»¿P“ _©ı∫ 20&v¯⁄ 1948&BÆ Bsk, 1956&BÆ Bsk

|¯”˜¡ÿ”®£mh Aµ]fl ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯Pz w∫©ı⁄[P“

A¯hØıÕÆ ˆ\¥u⁄. A¯¡P“ £ıxPı®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ uÕ¡ıhz

ûı»¿P“, ¬sˆ¡Œ Bµı¥a], Aq \Uv, ¡ı⁄≈∫v (Air-

ways), P®£¿ Pmku¿, ™fl\ıµ® ˆ£ı∏mP“, ûıh∫

¡siP“ (Railways), GLSz ûı»ÿ \ı¯ªP“, Gsˆn¥

©ÿ÷Æ Gsˆn¥ ˆ£ı∏mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ™fl Eÿ£zv ˜£ıfl”

£ª ûı»¿PÕıSÆ. Cz ûı»¿PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]UPı⁄

h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Aµ_ ˜©ÿˆPıshx. §fl⁄∫ ¡[QP–Æ,

Pı®•mk (Insurance) |÷¡⁄[P–Æ Th Aµ]fl Pmk®

£ımifl RÃ ˆPısk ¡µ®£mh⁄. 1956&BÆ Bsk C¢vØ®

£ıµı–©fl”Æ \©u∫© \üıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \üıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \üıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \üıØ A¯©®§¯⁄\©u∫© \üıØ A¯©®§¯⁄ |÷ƒ¡¯u

Aµ]fl \≠P, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯PPŒfl ˜ıUP©ıP

Hÿ÷U ˆPıshx. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ ımifl ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa

ˆ\Ø¿P“ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ¯©Øz vmh™h¿ ≠ªÆ ¯h ˆ£÷Æ

Gfl£uıSÆ. AUˆPı“¯P≤Æ Th u¤Øı∫ ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“

´x Aµ]fl Pmk®£ık AvP∂UP ¡»˜PıºØx. u¤Øı∫

x¯” Aµ]fl E∂©zxhfl (License) uıfl ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“

A¯©zvh A›©vUP®£mh⁄. xo Eÿ£zv, ]ˆ©sm,

˜©ımhı∫ ¡ıP⁄[P“, CØ¢vµz ûı»¿, ]÷ ûı»¿P“

©ÿ÷Æ Si¯\z ûı»¿P“ BQØ⁄ u¤Øı∂fl ¨Øÿ]US

¬h®£mh⁄. B⁄ı¿ 1991&BÆ Bsiº∏¢x ûıh[QØ

uıµıÕ ©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ 20&BÆ

°ÿ”ısifl C÷v I¢x BskPŒ¿ Hÿ£mh EªP

©Ø©ıu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS® §fl⁄∫ As¯©U Pıªzv¿

Pª®¶® ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµU ˆPı“¯P ©ıÿ”zvÿS“ÕıQ E“Õx.

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I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ :I¢uıskz vmh[P–Æ, \ıu¯⁄P–Æ : C¢vØı Cx¡¯µ

Jfl£x I¢uıskz vmh[P¯Õ ¯h¨¯”®£kzv≤“Õx.

uÿ˜£ıx £zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x£zuı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (2002&-2007) ˆ\Øº¿

E“Õx. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951&1956) 1951&BÆ Bsk

ûıh[P®£mhx. AzvmhÆ ˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US˜¡Õıs¯©US ÜQØzx¡Æ

AŒzux. ∫®£ı\⁄Æ, ™fl Eÿ£zv, ûı»¿, ˜£ıUS¡µzx

˜£ıfl” ©ÿ” x¯”PŒfl ¡Õ∫a]USÆ P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu®

£mhx. £¿˜ıUS v ∫z vmh[PÕı⁄ uı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆuı˜©ıu∫ vmhÆ

(˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ, •Pı∫), J∂\ı¬¿ ©Pıv∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®

£mk“Õ ÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯nÓµıSm A¯n (EªQfl Õ©ı⁄ A¯n), \mª‰

v∞fl S÷U˜P Pmh®£mk“Õ £Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n£Uµı [P¿ A¯n

(C¢vØı¬fl ™P®ˆ£∂Ø £¿˜ıUS v∫z vmhÆ),

x[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆx[P£zµı vmhÆ (B¢vµı, P∫ıhPÆ), ˜Pı]z vmhÆ˜Pı]z vmhÆ˜Pı]z vmhÆ˜Pı]z vmhÆ˜Pı]z vmhÆ

(•Pı∫), \ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ\ıÆ£¿ vmhÆ (©zvØ® §µ˜u\Æ, Cµı·Ïuı⁄Æ),

©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ©≥µıUÊz vmhÆ (˜©ÿS ¡[PÆ), ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ ıPı∫·˙⁄\ıP∫ vmhÆ

(B¢vµ®§µ˜u\Æ) BQØ⁄ A¯©UP®£h h¡iU¯PP“

˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mh⁄. Cµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆCµshı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ

(1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) (1956&1961) P⁄µPz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP–US ÜQØzx¡Æ

AŒzux. §ªı¥, ˆ£ıUPı˜µı, x∫Pıß∫, π∫˜Pªı BQØ

ıflS Ch[PŒ¿ GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ Hÿ£kzu®

£mh⁄. TkuªıP ˜\ªÆ, ¬\ıP®£mi⁄Æ, £zµı¡v

˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒæÆ GLSz ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ A¯©UP®

£mk“Õ⁄. ˜Pı∞fl, ˜Pı∫£ı BQØ Ch[PŒ¿ Aæ™¤ØzAæ™¤ØzAæ™¤ØzAæ™¤ØzAæ™¤Øz

ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ûı»ÿ\ı¯ªP“ x¡[P®£mh⁄. ˜Pzv∂, AU¤Sshı,

µıPı, ©ªfl‰Pflm ˜£ıfl” Ch[PŒ¿ uı™µa _µ[P[P“uı™µa _µ[P[P“uı™µa _µ[P[P“uı™µa _µ[P[P“uı™µa _µ[P[P“

˜uıfl‘⁄. xzu ıPzv¯⁄ E∏UQ E˜ªıPz¯u® §∂z

ûkUSÆ B¯ªP“ Eu¥ß∂¿, ufl£ızvÿS (Dhanbad)

A∏QæÆ A¯©UP®£mh⁄. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ

(1961 & 1966) ˜¡Õıs¯©, ûı»¿x¯” BQØ CµsiÿS˜©

ÜQØzx¡Æ AŒzux. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uısk vmh

Pıªzv¿uıfl C¢vØı¬¿ £_¯©® ¶µm]£_¯©® ¶µm]£_¯©® ¶µm]£_¯©® ¶µm]£_¯©® ¶µm] (˜¡Õıs¯©

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”Æ) ˆPısk ¡µ®£mhx. £_¯©®¶µm]∞⁄ı¿

C¢vØı Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄®Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄®Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄®Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄®Enƒz ufl¤¯”¬¯⁄® ˆ£ÿ”x.

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151

1949&50&BÆ Bsi¿ ˆ©ızu Enƒ uıflØ

Eÿ£zv∞fl AÕƒ 54,921,000 hflPÕıSÆ. 1970 & 71 BÆ

Bsi¿ Ax 108,422,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux. A˜u ˜£ı¿

AUPıª Pmhzv˜ª˜Ø 6,759,000 hflPÕıP C∏¢u

˜Pıx¯© Eÿ£zv 26,477,000 hflPÕıP EØ∫¢ux.

1967&BÆ Bsk ü¿ 1969&BÆ Bsk¡¯µ KµıskzKµıskzKµıskzKµıskzKµıskz

vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“vmh[P“ (Annual Plans) ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄. ıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡xıflPı¡x

I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) ˜¡Õıs¯© ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø

BsiÿS 5 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ, ûı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]¯Ø

BsiÿS 9 ¬ UPıhıPƒÆ C∏UP CªUS |∫n∞zux.

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1. vmhUS A¯©UP®£mh Bsk

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C. 1952 D 1954

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1. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) :1. ü¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1951 & 1956) : CzvmhÆ

˜¡Õıs¯©US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzx ımifl

˜¡Õıs, ∫£ı\⁄, ™fl Eÿ£zvz x¯”PŒ¿

¨fl˜⁄ÿ”z¯u Hÿ£kzv≤“Õx.

2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) :2. CµshıÆ I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1956 & 1961) : Cz

vmhÆ ûı»¿ ¡Õ∫a]US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒzux.

Cufl ≠ªÆ £ª P⁄µPz ûı»ªP[P“ |÷¡®£mh⁄.

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ûı»¿ ˆPı“¯P∞¿ £ª©ı÷u¿P¯Õ≤Æ Hÿ£kzv⁄.

Afl¤Ø Eu¬ AvP AÕ¬¿ ˜Pıµ®£mhx.

3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) :3. ≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1961 & 1966) : Cufl

˜ıUPÆ ık ufl¤¯”ƒ ˆ£÷¡xuıfl. B⁄ı¿ ˜u]Ø

¡Õz¯u® £Øfl£kzx¡v¿ Hÿ£mh ]UPªıæÆ

ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P“ Afl¤Ø üΩm¯ha

\ı∫¢x C∏¢uuıæÆ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Ø®

ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.

4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :4. Bskz vmh[P“ (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) :

≠fl”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmh ˜uı¿¬∞⁄ı¿ ™S¢u

ˆ∏UPi¯Ø \©ıŒUP Bskz vmh[P“

˜£ıh®£mh⁄. ûıh∫a] ØıP ≠fl÷ BskP“,

Bskz vmh[P“ ©mk˜© vmh™mk

ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£mh⁄.

5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) :5. ıflPı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1969 & 1974) : Cufl

˜ıUPÆ ˜¡P©ı⁄® ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ ¡Õ∫a], ˜©æÆ

\≠Pzvæ“Õ Hÿ”z uıÃƒP¯ÕU P¯Õ¡x, ¡ıÃU¯Pz

uµz¯u EØ∫zx¡x BSÆ. Czvmhzv¿ §flu[QØ

£SvP–US ¨fl›∂¯© AŒUP®£mhx. |¯ªØı⁄,

ufl¤¯”ƒ A¯h¢u ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz¯u® ˆ£”, Au¯⁄

˜©Æ£kzx¡xuıfl Cufl S‘U˜Pı“. B⁄ı¿ £n

√UP¨Æ, £ª ˜£ıµımh[P–Æ, \≠Pzv¿ Hÿ£mh

S«®£[P–Æ, u¯hP–Æ Gv∫£ı∫zu ˆ¡ÿ‘¯Øz

uµ¬¿¯ª.

6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :6. I¢uı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1974 & 1979) :

HÃ¯©¯Ø US¡x, shPıª Ai®£¯h∞¿ 1974 &

75&º∏¢x 1985 & 86 ¡¯µ ˜£ıh®£mhx. §fl⁄∫

Bskz vmh[PÕıP ©ıÿ”®£mhx. _«¿ vmh[P“

E∏¡ıUQ §fl⁄∫ Au¯⁄≤Æ u“–£i

ˆ\¥x¬mh⁄∫.

7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :7. B”ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1980 & 1985) :

ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¡Õ∫a]˜Ø Cufl S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ. I¢uısk

vmh[PŒ ⁄ı¿ ©ıÿ”Æ Hÿ£mhx Gfl£x C¢u

I¢uıskz vmhzv¿ C∏¢xuıfl û∂Ø¡¢ux.

8. H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) :H«ı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1985 & 1990) : Enƒ

uı¤Ø[PŒfl Eÿ£zv¯Ø® ˆ£∏US¡x ˜¡¯ª

¡ı¥® §¯⁄ AvP∂®£x ÜQØU S‘U˜PıÕıSÆ.

B⁄ı¿ ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[P“ Gv∫£ı∫zu AÕ¬¿

ˆ\Ø¿£hıu Pıµnzuı¿ CzvmhÆ ˆ¡ÿ‘

ˆ£”¬¿¯ª.

9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997):9. Gmhı¡x I¢uıskz vmhÆ (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,

1991&92, BQØ ≠fl÷ BskP–US Bskz

vmh[P“ wmh®£mh⁄. 1992 ¿ I¢uıskz vmhÆ

wmh®£mhx. Cufl ÜQØ ˜ıUPÆ ©¤u¡Õ

˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫ ©Ø©ıu¿, ˆ£ıxzx¯” |÷¡⁄[

P¯ÕU S¯”zu¿, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµa ^µ¯©®¶ ˆ\¥u¿

BQØ¯¡ØıSÆ. Cx KµÕƒ ˆ¡ÿ‘ ˆ£ÿ” vmhÆ

BSÆ. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ _u¢vµÆ ˆ©x¡ıP E∏¡ı⁄x.

10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :10. Jfl£uı¡x I¢uıskzvmhÆ (1997 & 2002) :

©¤u¡Õ ˜©Æ£ık, u¤Øı∫©Ø©ıu¿, u¤Øı∫

x¯”US ¡ı¥®¶U ˆPıkzu¿ BQØ¡ÿ‘ÿS AvP

ÜQØzx¡Æ AŒUP® £mhx. ^µ¯©®¶

ûıhµ®£mhx. EªP©Ø©ıuºfl Pıµn©ıP

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¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs¡.Gs |ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ|ª E£˜ØıPÆ £µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ£µ®£Õƒ

B∞µÆ ˆÌU˜h∂¿

1 PıkP“ 40.48

2 ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷

£Øfl£ımi¿ E“Õ |ªÆ 48.52

3 ˜¡Õıs¯©

ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45

4 u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12

5 |Pµ ˜¡Õıs |ªÆ 132.89

ˆ©ızuÆ 397.46

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¡mh £S®¶® £hzvÿPı⁄ ˜Pın AÕƒP¯ÕU

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1. PıkPŒfl ˆ©ızu £µ®¶ 40.48

£ı¯P AÕƒ = 40.48 x 360/397.46

2. ˜¡Õıs¯© A¿ªıu ˜¡÷

£Øfl£ımi¿ |ªÆ 48.52

£ı¯P AÕƒ = 48.52 x 360/397.46

3. ˜¡Õıs¯© ˆ\¥Ø®£hıu |ªÆ 49.45

£ı¯P AÕƒ = 49.45 x 360/397.46

4. £ı¯P AÕƒ = 28.12 x 360/397.46

u∂_ |ªÆ 28.12

5. |Pµ £∞∂h®£mk“Õ |ªÆ 132.89

£ı¯P AÕƒ = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46

C∆¡ı÷ Psk§iUP®£mh ˜Pın

AÕƒP–U˜Pÿ£, ¡mhzv¯⁄ §∂zxU ˆPı“Õ

˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ J∆ˆ¡ı∏ |ª E£˜ØıPzv¯⁄≤Æ

¡sn[PÕı¿ ˜¡÷£kzvU Pıs§UP ˜¡skÆ.


1. ¶¬∞Øº¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl

ÜQØzx¡zv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x


2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PŒfl Buıµ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘


3. £¿˜¡÷ ¡¯P ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ¬ÕUP®

£h[PÕıPU PımkÆ ¨¯”P¯Õ® £ÿ‘≤Æ A‘¢x


4. G zx¡i¬¿ E“Õ ¬¡µz¯uU PımiæÆ

£h[P“ ≠ªÆ Pıs§UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x

P∏zxUP¯Õ flS ˆ¡Œ®£kzu ï≤Æ Gfl”

Es¯©¯Ø ©ın¡∫P“ flS A‘¢x


5. £µ¡¿ £hÆ ¡¯µ≤Æ ¨¯”P¯Õ ©ın¡∫P“


_Ø©v®•k


1. u¤®£mh¡∫P“, SkÆ£zv⁄∫P“, Qµı© ©ÿ÷Æ Pµ

©UP“ ûıh∫¶¯hØ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

A. uªÆ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

B. ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“

C. Pªıa\ıµ® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

D. \≠P® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“

2. J∏ £SvUSa ˆ\fl÷ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ

˜\P∂®£uÿS

A. PÕ®£o B. ¬⁄ı® £miØ¿

C. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hÆ D. CµshıÆ |¯ª

3. J∏¡¯µ ˜∫UPın¿ ˆ\¥¡uÿS E£˜ØıP®£k¡x

A. ¨xˆ©ı» B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿

C. £h[P“ D. PÕ®£o

4. ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜µiØıP˜¡ı, A¿ªx ˜∫Pın¿

≠ª©ıP˜¡ı ˜\P∂®£uÿS

A. ©ıv∂ B. ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿

C. P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ü¿|¯ª®

¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“

5. J∏ ChzvÿSÆ, ©ÿˆ”ı∏ ChzvÿSÆ C¯h˜Ø

E“Õ P∫¬¯⁄ (Flow) Pıs§USÆ

|ª¡¯µ®£hzvÿS

A. ˜P“¬®£miØ¿ B. ¡¯µ˜Pımk®£hÆ

C. P∫ƒ®£hÆ D. ©ıv∂


1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µzv¯⁄a ˜\P∂UP Buıµ©ıP

E“Õx _________.

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2. PnUˆPk®¶ ¨¯”∞¿ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ

¶“Œ¬¡µzvÿS _________Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.

3. £µ¡¿ Bµo¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿P¯Õ

ˆ¡Œ®£kzxÆ |ª¡¯µ® £hzvÿS _________ Gfl÷

ˆ£Ø∫.

4. J˜µ AÕƒ¯hØ £ª Ch[P¯Õ C¯nUSÆ

˜PımiÿS _________ Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫.

5. ¡mh®£S®¶ A¿ªx \UPµ®£hzv¿, ¡mh©ı⁄x

_________ BP §∂UP®£kQfl”x.


1. £µ®¶ \ı∫¢u && P∫ƒ®£hÆ

2. \≠P®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && ¬ÕUP® £h[P“ ≠ªÆ

Pıs§zu¿

3. ¬⁄ı®®£miØ¿ && C¢vØı¬fl CØÿ¯P

A¯©®¶

4. £m¯h®£hÆ && ˜∫UPın¿

5. ©UP“ Ch®ˆ£Ø∫ƒ && PnUˆPk®¶


1. £µ®¶\ı∫¢u (Spatial data) ¶“Œ¬¡µÆ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

2. ¶“Œ (Dot Map) |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP?

3. J∏ £∂©ın® £h[P“ Øı¯¡?

4. ¡¯µ˜Pımk® £hz¯u® (Line Graph) £ÿ‘ _∏UP©ıP

G xP.

5. H˜u›Æ J∏ £µ¡¿ |ª¡¯µ® £hzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘ (distri-bution Map) _∏UP©ıP G xP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUP©ıP G xP.

2. ˜\P∂UP®£mh® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £h[PÕıPU

Pıs§USÆ ¨¯”P“ £ÿ‘ G xP.

3. ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¢u ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂®£uÿPı⁄

Buıµ[P“ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUPÆ u∏P.

4. uS¢u GkzxUPımkhfl ¡mh®£S®¶® £hÆ (Pie dia-gram) £ÿ‘ ¬¡∂.

416

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AªS AªS AªS AªS AªS XI : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o : PÕ®£o

£ıhÆ 11

PÕ®£o : P∏zxÆ, ¡«USÆ(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)


1. ©ın¡∫ PÕ®£oz ûıh∫£ı⁄U P∏zv¯⁄≤Æ,

¡«UQ¯⁄≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

2. ©ın¡∫ ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ızûıS®§¯⁄

uØı∂zu¿ £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

3. ©ın¡∫ ©¤u ©ıv∂P¯Õ (human samples) G∆¡ı÷

˜u∫¢ ûk®£x Gfl£¯uz û∂¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

4. ©ın¡∫ £µ®¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø (area sample) ˜u∫¢ûkzx,

PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl£ıPa ˆ\¥Ø˜¡siØ

üÿPmh £o¯Ø® (pilot survey) £ÿ‘z û∂¢x

ˆPı“Õ¿.

5. ©ın¡∫ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ ˜\P∂®¶ ûıh∫£ı⁄ ]”®¶

©¤u ©ıv∂P“ (Key informants) ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¯ª®

£ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ¿.

¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US, ¶¬∞Ø¯ª® £ÿ‘

A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿS, £µ®¶\ı∫ ˜¡÷£ıkP“ (areal

differences) Ai®¯hU P∏zuıSÆ. Cufl Ai®£¯h∞¿

uıfl CØÿ¶¬∞Ø¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ©¤u® ¶¬∞Ø¿ BQØ

Cµsi¯⁄® £ÿ‘ flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ïQfl”x.

¶¬∞fl ˜©ÿ£µ®§¿ E“Õ ¡Õ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x

ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ, ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿSÆ PÕ®£o

™PƒÆ Cfl‘Ø¯©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞fl Cfl‘

Ø¯©Øı¯©¯Ø® £ÿ‘ C¢u® £ıhzv¿ û∂¢x

ˆPı“ÕªıÆ.

417

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¶¬∞Ø¯ª® £ÿ‘ A‘¢x ˆPı“¡uÿSÆ,

¶¬∞Ø¿ Bµı¥a]USÆ ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

(Primary data) ÜQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬ÿS

B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ BQØ¯¡P˜Õık, ©ÿ”

CµshıÆ |¯ª ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P–Æ Cfl‘Ø¯©Øıu¯¡

BSÆ. ¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P–US |ª®£Sv˜Ø ÜQØ

B¥¬fl Buıµ©ıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x. |ª®£Sv

Qµı©©ıP˜¡ı A¿ªx Pµ©ıP˜¡ı C∏¢uıæÆ,

AuÿˆP⁄ E∂zuı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. CUPÕ®

£oØı⁄x ¶¬∞ØæUS ™PƒÆ ûıh∫¶¯hØ,

Cfl‘Ø¯©Øıu Jfl”ıSÆ.

ìPÕ®£o ˆ\¥u¿í Gfl£x J∏ ]µ©©ı⁄ ˆ\Øª¿ª.

PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS RÃUPsh ]ª ¬¡µ[P¯Õz

û∂¢x ˆPı“–u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.

1. ™S¢u B∫¡¨Æ, Psh‘≤Æ v”¯©¯Ø≤Æ

ˆ£ÿ‘ ∏zu¿.

PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Æ¶˜¡ı∫, £ı∫zu‘¡v¿

™S¢u B∫¡Æ (must keep their eyes open) ˆPısi

∏zu¿.

2. ˜u¯¡Øı⁄, ûŒ¡ı⁄, ¨¯”Øı⁄ uP¡¿P¯ÕU

S‘®ˆ£kzu¿ (notes).

PÕ®£o¯Ø, PÕzv¯⁄a _ÿ‘®£ı∫zx (Sightseeing) §fl¶ uP¡¿P¯Õa ˜\P∂UPz x¡[Su¿.

3. ]”¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[PŒfl Eu¬≤hfl,

PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞®£v¿

P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzxu¿.

¶¬∞Øº¿ Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¯ª (Observation) A¯©

¬hz˜uık ûıh∫¶ £kzxÆ ˆ£ı xuıfl Aufl £Ø›Æ

©v®¶Æ TkuªıQfl”⁄.

PÕzvÿS |ª¡¯µ®£h[P¯Õ Gkzxa ˆ\¿æu¿

˜¡skÆ.

PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ Chzv¯⁄, |ª¡¯µ®£hzxhfl

ûıh∫¶£kzvU PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ£ı x PÕ®

£o¯Ø ™PƒÆ x¿ºØ©ıPa ˆ\¥Ø ï≤Æ.

A¯©¬hzv¯⁄ |∫n∞UP EªPÕı¬Ø

A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘≤Æ P∏¬ (Global Positioning Systems -

GPS) ∞¯⁄® £Øfl£kzuªıÆ.

EªPÕı¬Ø A¯©¬hÆ Psh‘u¿ (GPS)

P∏¬Øı⁄x ™PƒÆ ˜ª\ı⁄uıP E“Õuı¿, Gkzxa

ˆ\¿¡x GŒx. B⁄ı¿ Ax AvP ¬¯ª©v®¶

E¯hØx Gfl£¯u ©⁄v¿ |÷zu ˜¡skÆ.

Cx x¿ºØ©ıP ˆ\Øÿ£hUTiØx (quite accurate).

©ıv∂ B¥¬hz¯uz û∂ƒ ˆ\¥Ø (Sample location),

Po®ˆ£ı‘ ©ÿ÷Æ ¶¬∞Ø¿ uP¡¿ ûıSv ∞¯⁄≤Æ

(Geographical Information System) £Øfl £kzuªıÆ.

4.4.4.4.4. ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ£”ıv∏zu¿ (Be consistent) : PÕ®£o

Gfl£x ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zuªıSÆ.

¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ Gx¡ıP C∏®§›Æ (GkzxU

PımhıP, ©s, uı¡µÆ, ©u[P“) AvP

©ıÿ”zv¯⁄U Pınıu¯u® ˆ£ı∏zxuıfl ¶“Œ

¬¡µ[P“ x¿ºØ©ı⁄uıP C∏USÆ.

¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£xhfl ©mkÆ PÕ®£o

ïƒ÷¡v¿¯ª. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿P“ ¨¯”®

£kzu® ˆ£ÿ÷, ¶“Œ¬¡µ ©ÿ÷Æ Pou ¨¯”P“

¯¡zx B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£h˜¡skÆ. §fl¶ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄

¡¯µ £h[P“ ¬ÕUP®£h[P“ ¡¯µ¢x ¬ÕUP

©Œzu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

¦Â°¯¼À PÍ¨£o (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)

ˆ£ıx¡ıP PÕ®£o¯Ø ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[

P¯Õa (Primary data) ˜\P∂UPUTiØ J∏ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜”

419418

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T”ªıÆ. Caˆ\Øº¿, |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©ıv∂®

£h[P“ uØı∂zu¿, Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¿ (Observations),A∆¡ı˜” J∏ ]ª¡ÿ‘ÿS AÕƒhflTiØ ¬¡µ©‘u¿

(Measurement), ©ÿ÷Æ u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ hzu®£kÆ

˜∫UPın¿ (Interview) Gfl£¯¡ Ah[SÆ. CµshıÆ

|¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data) ˜£ıx©ı⁄uıP

C∏USÆˆ£ı x PÕ®£o∞fl A¡]ØÆ S¯”ØªıÆ.

¶¬∞Ø¿ ¡¿æ⁄∫P“, PÕ®£o¯Ø® ¶¬∞Øºfl J∏

]”®¶® §∂¡ıP˜¡ P∏xQfl”⁄∫ Gfl”ıæÆ, 1950&BÆ

Bsk ü¿ 1960&BÆ BsiÿS C¯h®£mh

Pıªzv¿ CµshıÆ |¯ª®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õzuıfl

ˆ£∏Æ£ı˜ªı∫ £Øfl£kzv ¡¢x“Õ⁄∫. ]ª∫

A®ˆ£ı xÆTh ü¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂zu¯ª

Bu∂zu˜uık Au¯⁄ £∞ÿ÷¬zuæUSÆ, B¥¬ÿSÆ

Cfl‘Ø¯©Øıu J∏ ¨¯”ØıPU P∏v⁄∫. Cu⁄ı¿

PÕ®£o∞fl ÜQØzx¡Æ ı–US ı“ AvP∂zx

¡¢ux. Cfl˜”ı, PÕ®£o ∞¿ªı©¿ ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥ƒ

Gfl£x C¿¯ª. \≠P ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµz ûıh∫¶¯hØ

B¥¬ÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ©UPŒfl Afl”ıh

h¡iU¯PP¯Õ A‘Ø PÕ®£o ÜQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıP®

£Øfl£kzu® £kQfl”x. PÕ®£o, B¥¡ıÕ∫PŒfl

¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ, ˜ıUPzv¯⁄® ˆ£ı∏zxÆ

A¯©Qfl”x.

G¢uˆ¡ı∏ PÕ®£oUSÆ RÃUPsh¡ÿ‘¯⁄®

ˆ£ı∏z˜u ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.

PÕ®£oU Pı⁄ ¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ımk h¡iU¯PP–USz

˜u¯¡Øı⁄¯¡P“ :

1. PÕ®£o∞fl ˜ıUP¨Æ ufl¯©≤Æ.

2. PÕ®£o∞¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫PŒfl ªÆ ©ÿ÷Æ

ª¡ıÃƒ £ÿ‘Ø¯¡.

3. PÕ®£o £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µz¯u Aæ¡ªP[P“

©ÿ÷Æ \Æ£¢u®£mh¡∫P–US ¨fl Tmi˜Ø

û∂Ø® £kzxu¿.

4. PÕ®£o ˜©ÿˆPı“–Æ Chz¯u® £ıxPızu¿

(Conservation)

5. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ £Sv∞æ“Õ

©UPŒhÆ, J∏ ¿ºnUPzv¯⁄ (rapport)Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“–u¿.

PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£k˜¡ı∏US, £¿˜¡÷ ¬u©ı⁄

A›£¡ A‘ƒ Q¯hUP ¡ı¥®¶ E“Õx. Au⁄ı¿uıfl

PÕ®£o¯Ø ì_¡∂¿ªı £“ŒUThÆ' (Classroom withoutwalls) Gfl÷ ¡S®£¯”US J®§mkU T÷Qfl”⁄∫.

PÕ®£o ûıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ ≠fl÷ §∂ƒPÕıP®

§∂UPªıÆ.

1. PÕ®£o¯Øz vmh™ku¿

2. PÕ®£o¯Ø hzxu¿

3. PÕ®£o ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂zuz uP¡¿P¯Õ ¨¯”®

£kzxu¿.

PÕ®£o¯Øa \∂ØıPa ˆ\¥xïUP, RÃUPsh

£i® £iØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯ÕU ¯PØı–u¿ ˜¡skÆ.

1. PÕ®£o∞¯⁄ ˜ıUPzvÿ˜Pÿ£ ˆ\¥Ø

˜¡siØ £oP¯Õ® £miØºku¿ ˜¡skÆ.

2. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ¨fl vmh™ku¿

˜¡skÆ.

3. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Ø®˜£ıSÆ ChzvÿSa

ˆ\¿¡uÿSÆ A[S u[S¡uÿSÆ

¨fl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥u¿ A¡]ØÆ.

4. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ˆ£ı∏mP¯Õ≤Æ,

P∏¬ P¯Õ≤Æ uØı∫ |¯ª∞¿ ¯¡zu¿

A¡]ØÆ.

5. ˜\P∂UP® ˜£ıQfl” ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ

¬¡µ[P¯Õ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSÆ ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄

¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥u¿ ˜¡skÆ.

6. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øƒ“Õ £Sv¯Ø A¯huæÆ,

PÕ®£o¯Øz ûıh[Q hzxuæÆ.

¶“Œ¬¡µÆ ûıh∫£ı⁄® £∞ÿ]PŒ¿ RÃUPsh

¯¡P“ ÜQØ©ı⁄¯¡PÕıSÆ :

421420

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1. Eÿ÷˜ıUSu¿ (Observation)

2. ˜∫UPın¿ (Interview)

3. £[˜Pÿ”¿ (Participation)

4. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £Szuı¥u¿ (Data Processing)

5. £Szuı¥¢u¡ÿ¯” ¬¡∂zu¿ (Interpretation)

C¡ÿ÷“ PÕ®£o∞¿, ˜µiØıPU ˜Pmh‘≤Æ

˜∫UPın¿ J∏ Ai®£¯h ¨¯”ØıSÆ. Cufl ≠ªÆ

ˆ£”®£kÆ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ C÷v∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ

A‘U¯P∞¯⁄ G x¡uÿS ™PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.

G¿ªı¬u©ı⁄ PÕ®£o∞æÆ ¬¡µÆ u∏Æ A‘U¯P

G xu¿ (Interpretation / Explanation) uıfl ï¡ı⁄a

ˆ\ØªıSÆ. PÕ®£o∞¿ Dk£mh G¢u J∏

©ın¡⁄ıæÆ Psh‘≤Æ v”¯⁄≤Æ, A‘U¯P G xÆ

¨¯”¯Ø≤Æ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ïQfl”x. ˆ£ıx¡ıP,

PÕ®£oz ûıh∫£ı⁄a ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuæÆ

(Observation), A‘U¯P G xuæÆ (Report Writing)ÜQØ©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿PÕıSÆ.

£µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ £µ®¶ \ı∫£ı⁄ ©ıv∂PŒfl ¡¯PP“ (Types ofSpatial Sampling) : : : : : ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿

(((((Exploratory Sampling ) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ Gxƒ˜©

û∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¿ªx ˜£ıx©ı⁄ uP¡¿P“

û∂Øı©¿ C∏¢uıæÆ, A¢u £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ û∂¢x

ˆPı“¡uÿS üº¿ ¨fl¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿

¨¯”¯Ø (Exploratory Sampling) P¯h®§izu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

Cx J∏ ü¿ ¨Øÿ]ØıP A¯©¢x, ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄z

uP¡¿P“ ©USU Q¯hUP Eu¬ØıP C∏USÆ.

GkzxUPımhıP, FµP ¡Õ∫a] ¯©ØÆ Jfl‘¿

£o¶∂≤Æ J∏¡¯µ J∏ S‘®§mh Qµı©zv¿ Gzu¯⁄

√kPŒ¿ √miÿS E“˜Õ usp∫ S«ı¥ C¯n®¶

E“Õx Gfl÷ PnUˆPkUSÆ£i £ozx“ÕuıP

¯¡zxUˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C¢u®£o¯Ø ˆ\¥Ø ¨fl

¨¯⁄¢x ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¨¯”¯Ø

RÃUPsh¡ı÷ £Øfl£kzuªıÆ. A¯⁄zx® £SvUSÆ

ˆ\fl÷ ˆ¡Œ®¶” A¯”P“ E“Õ √kP¯Õ ©mkÆ

£ı∫zx A¡ÿ‘¿ Gzu¯⁄ √kPŒ¿ Em¶” S«ı¥

C¯n®¶ E“Õx Gfl÷ Psk A‘ØªıÆ. C¢u

PnUˆPk®§fl˜£ıx, A¢u® £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ©ÿ”

uP¡¿P–Æ û∂Ø¡∏Æ. C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU ¯PØı–¡ufl

≠ªÆ Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫P“ Cx¡¯µ ˜Pı∫¯¡®£kzu®

£hıu uP¡¿ (Undocumented) £ÿ‘Ø |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“

uØı∂UP ¡»¡SUSÆ.

C¢u |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ ¨ ¡xÆ ¡¯µØ®£hıu

|¯ª∞¿ C∏¢uı¿ Th, C¤ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ® ˜£ıSÆ

B¥¬ÿS Cx J∏ üÿ£iØıP A¯©≤Æ.

£ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (ReconnaissanceSampling) : J∏ £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘ KµÕƒ uP¡¿P“

˜\P∂UP® £mk, ˜©æÆ ˜¡÷£ª uP¡¿P“ ˜\P∂UP®£h

˜¡si ∞∏®§fl, £ØnÆ ˆ\fl÷ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿

¨¯”¯Ø P¯h®§iUPªıÆ. C¢u ¨¯” S÷QØ

Pıªzv¿, S¯”¢u ˆ\ª¬¿ ¯PØıÕ®£mk, ¨fl

¨¯⁄¢x û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¨¯”¯ØU PımiæÆ ï¢u

AÕƒ Tkuªı⁄z uP¡¿P¯Õ ˜\P∂UP®

£Øfl£kQfl”x. 1920&BÆ Bsk ˆ©UÍ˜Pı ımifl

¡h˜©ÿS ¡mhıµzv¿ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“ Bµı¥a]

ÜQØzx¡Æ ¡ı¥¢u Ch[P¯Õz û∂ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿPıP,

Czx¯”¯Ø E∏¡ıUQØ hı⁄ı¿m i. §µısm (Donald D.Brand) A¡∫P–Æ A¡∏¯hØ ¡»PımiØı⁄ Pı∫¿ K.

\ıØ∫ (Carl O. Sauer) A¡∫P–Æ C¢u ¨¯”¯ØU

¯PØıshx J∏ ]”¢u GkzxUPımhıP ¬Õ[SQfl”x.

C¡∫P–US ¨fl Bµı¥a] ˆ\¥u¡∫P“ ¶¯uˆ£ı∏“

Bµı¥a] Ch[P“ ]ª C∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u ©mk˜©

¨fl¨¯⁄¢x û∂¢ ûkzu¿ ¨¯” ≠ªÆ A‘¢uı∫P“.

§µıskÆ, \ıØ∏Æ Pı∂¿ ˆ\¿æÆˆ£ı x ]ª

\©ØÆ Pı∫ £ u¯h¢x |fl÷¬kÆ. A®£i |ÿSÆ

ˆ£ı û¿ªıÆ, A∏Q¿ H˜u›Æ Sfl÷ C∏¢uı¿ \ıØ∫

A[S ˆ\fl÷ Bµı¥a] hzx¡ı∫. Pı∫ £ x

£ı∫UP®£mk, Pı∂fl CØ¢vµÆ CØ[P BµÆ§zuƒhfl

Aufl \zuÆ ˜Pmk Pı∏USz v∏Æ§ ¡∏¡ı∫. Hˆ⁄¤¿,

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Aa\©Ø[P“ A¡∏US ™PƒÆ £Ø›“Õ¯¡ØıP

C∏¢u⁄. A¡µx Bµı¥a]PŒfl ¡»˜Ø Q¯hzu

¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ, Pı∫ £ u¯h¢u¯u≤Æ \ıØ∫

G®˜£ıxÆ J®§mk® £ı∫zx ©QÃ¡ı∫.

¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¬∂¡ı⁄ B¥ƒ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Extensive

Sampling) :

CÆ¨¯”∞¿ ¨ ¬¡µ[P“, ˆ£∏Æ £µ®£Õ¬

º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, ¡mhıµ

AÕ¬¿ Pın®£kÆ ¶¿ˆ¡ŒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ C¯ª≤v∫U

PıkP“ BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄® £ÿ‘ A‘Øï≤Æ.

wÂµ B´Ä ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)

CÆ¨¯”∞¿ S¯”¢u £µ®§¿ ™SvØı⁄

¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. GkzxUPımhıP, uı¡µ®

£Sv¯Ø ©ıv∂ØıP GkzxU ˆPı“–Æ ˆ£ı x,

J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £Sv ∞æÆ E“Õ uı¡µ ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄

CÆ¨¯”∞fl ≠ªÆ A‘¢x ˆPı“Õ ïQfl”x

(GkzxUPımk : ¶¿ ˆ¡ŒP“ |¯”¢u PıkP“).

B´Ä ©õv¶ A»SPÒ (SAMPLING UNITS)

¦ÒÎ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (POINT SAMPLING)

CÆ¨¯” ≠ªÆ, S‘®§mh £SvPŒ¿ uP¡¿P“

˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. §fl¶ A¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ Ai®

£¯hØıPU ˆPısk A¢u Chzv¯⁄®£ÿ‘Ø

uP¡¿P¯Õ KµÕ¬ÿS FQzxU T”ïQfl”x.

GkzxUPımhıP, J∏ £Sv∞¿ Pın®£kÆ ©s¯n®

£ÿ‘ A‘Ø ˜¡sk ©ı⁄ı¿, A¢u® £Sv∞fl £ª

Ch[PŒ¿ ¶“Œ¨¯” ©ıv∂P“ Gkzx §fl¶ J˜µ

©ıv∂ ©s E“Õ £Sv¯Ø≤Æ ©s ˜¡÷£ımi¯⁄®

£ÿ‘≤Æ GkzxU T”ªıÆ.

£µ¨¦ ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (AREA SAMPLING)

™PƒÆ £µ¢x£mh £Sv¯Ø® £ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ

A‘Ø, J∏ ]‘Ø |ª®£Sv¯Øz û∂¢ûkzx

¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£k¡uÿS £µ®¶ ©ıv∂

û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Area Sampling) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. Cx Cµsk

¡¯P®£kÆ. Jfl÷ |¯ªØı⁄x (Fixed), ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷ ©ı÷Æ

ufl¯©≤¯hØx (variable). üªı¡v¿, ©ıv∂US GkzxU

ˆPısh £Sv∞fl AÕƒ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡i¡Æ

|¯ªØı⁄uıSÆ. C®£Sv H”U S¯”Ø, S‘®§mh

Bµzv¿ E∏¡ıUP®£mh ¡mh ¡i¡zv˜ªı A¿ªx

J∏ S‘®§mh AÕ¬¿ E∏¡ıUP® £mh J∏

\xµzv¯⁄® ˜£ıfl˜”ı C∏USÆ. ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿

|ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¡ı⁄x (Sample Areas) B¥¬ÿˆP⁄

GkzxU ˆPı“Õ®£mk“Õvfl Ah∫zv ¯Ø≤Æ,

ufl¯©¯Ø≤Æ ˆ£ı∏z˜u A¯©Qfl”x. GkzxU PımhıP

Ah∫zvØı⁄ B⁄ı¿ uıÃ¡ı⁄z uı¡µ[P“ £ÿ‘

B¥¬ÿSz (low and dense vegetation) û∂¢ûkzu |ª®

£Sv∞fl AÕƒ ]‘ØuıPƒÆ (_©ı∫ 1 \xµ´mh∫

£µ®£Õƒ), PıkP“ ûıh∫£ı⁄¡ÿ‘ÿS ™P® ˆ£∂Ø

AÕ¬ªı⁄ |ª®£SvØıPƒÆ GkzxU

ˆPı“Õ®£kQfl”x.

©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ |ª®£Sv∞fl AÕ¬¯⁄z

w∫©ı¤UP RÃUPsh T÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯ÕƒT÷P“ & £µ®¶ ¡¯Õƒ

(Phenomena - Area curve) ¯PØıÕ®£kQfl”x. Auı¡x

|ª® £Sv¯Ø 'X' Aa]æÆ (X-axis) B¥¬ÿS GkzxU

ˆPı“Õ® £mh¯u "Y' Aa]æÆ, (Y-axis) ûıh∫¶£kzv

¡¯µ£hÆ ¡¯µØ®£k Qfl”x. Cv¿ ¡¯ÕU˜Pımi¿

G¢u J∏ ¶“ŒUS® §”S ¡¯ÕU˜Pık Q¯hØıP

E“Õ˜uı, A¢u S‘®§mh ¶“Œuıfl ©ıv∂

û∂¢ûkzu¿ £SvUS (Sampling Area) ˆ£ı∏zu©ı⁄

AÕ¡ıSÆ (Ideal size).

Ò©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ (LINEAR SAMPLING)

Cv¿ |ª®£SvUS k¬¿, S÷UPıP Õ¡ıUQ¿

(Transect) ˜Pık ˜£ıh®£mk, Aufl Ai®£¯h∞¿,

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AuÿS A∏Q¿ ©ıv∂P“ û∂¢ûkUP® £kQfl”⁄.

Cu¯⁄ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\¿ªı©˜ª˜Ø |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ

A¿ªx ¡ıfl ˆ¡Œ® ¶¯P®£hzv¯⁄U ˆPıs˜h

©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkUP ˜¡siØ £Sv¯Øz ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥x

§fl¶ PÕzvÿSa ˆ\fl÷ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥ØªıÆ. C¢u

©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu |ª®£Sv Õ©ı⁄ ˜Pık ˜£ıfl˜”ı

sh £m¯h ˜£ıfl˜”ı ¬¡µ[PŒfl ufl¯©U˜Pÿ£

˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x.

Aø©Âh©À»õu ©õv¶ öu¶¢öukzuÀ(PLOTLESS SAMPLING)

Cx ıflPı¡x ©ıv∂ØıSÆ (Sampling Unit). Cx

™PƒÆ ]UPªı⁄xÆ, AvP ˜µÆ GkzxU

ˆPı“ÕUTiØx©ıSÆ. G⁄˜¡, Cx J∏ EP¢u ©ıv∂

A¿ª Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G¢u J∏ ¶¬∞Ø¿ \ı∫¶¯hØ

B¥¬ÿSÆ ¶“Œ¨¯”, £µ®¶ ¨¯” A¿ªx “©ıv∂

û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¨¯” (Linear Method) BQØ¡ÿ‘¿

H˜u›Æ Jfl˜” £Øfl£kzu®£kQfl”x.

£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿£µ®¶ \ı∫¶ ©ıv∂¯Ø ¡i¡¯©zu¿ (Spatial SamplingDesign) : ˜©ÿPsh ©ıv∂P¯Õzu¬µ PÕ®£o ˆ\¥˜¡ı∫

RÃUPsh ©ıv∂ ¨¯”P¯Õ≤Æ §fl£ÿ‘ ¡∏Qfl”⁄∫.

£i|¯ª ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ £i|¯ª ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Hierarchical Sampling).CÆ ¨¯”∞¿ ¡mh® §∂ƒ, PµÆ, ©ı|ªÆ, ık ˜£ıfl”

J∆ˆ¡ı∏ £µ®§¿ C∏¢xÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®

£kQfl”⁄.

S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (RandomSampling) : ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§ÿS CÆ¨¯” £Øfl

£kzu®£kQfl”x. Cvæ“Õ S¯”£ık Gfl⁄ˆ¡¤¿

¡mhıµ[P“ ¨ ¡uÿS©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ A‘Ø

ï¡v¿¯ª. CÆ¨¯”∞¿ S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu

©ıv∂ ©mkÆ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ.

¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Systematic Sampling) :

Cv¿ ©ıv∂P“ û∂ƒ J∏ S‘®§mh C¯hˆ¡Œ∞¿

¨¯”ØıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x. GkzxUPımhıP, J∏

PÕ®£oØıÕ∫ Pµ[P“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı A¿ªx

\ı¯ªP“ \¢vUSÆ Ch[PŒ˜ªı PınUQ¯hUQfl”

A¿ªx C¿ªıu T÷P¯Õ Gkzx ©v®•k ˆ\¥ØªıÆ.

AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂AkUP¯©zx S‘®§mh¯¡ A¿ªıu©ıv∂

û∂¢ûkzu¿ û∂¢ûkzu¿ û∂¢ûkzu¿ û∂¢ûkzu¿ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Stratified Random Sampling) : _∏UP©ıPU

T‘⁄ı¿, Cx S‘®§mh¯¡Ø¿ªıu ©ıv∂ ©mkÆ

û∂¢ûkzu¿ (random samping), ¿¨¯” ©ıv∂

û∂¢ûkzu¿ (systematic Sampling) BQØ CµskÆ

˜\∫¢u J∏ \ıµıÆ\Æ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. CÆ¨¯” KµÕ¬ÿS

\©a^µı⁄ ¨¯”Øıuªı¿ ˆ£∏Æ £Sv∞¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µ

˜\P∂®§ÿS Hx¡ı⁄uıSÆ.

ï¡ıPU T‘⁄ı¿ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzuæUˆP⁄

u¤®£mh Pi⁄©ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ C¿¯ªˆØfl˜”

T”ªıÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP, EªPÆ £¿˜¡”ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“

Ah[QØ Jfl”ıSÆ. A¡ÿ‘¯⁄ GŒ¯©ØıUQ

¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©UP–USU Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥¡x PÕ®£o

Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. G⁄˜¡, uµ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ G¿˜ªıµıæÆ

Hÿ÷U ˆPı“ÕUTiØ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¨¯”P¯Õ®

£Øfl£kzv ¶“Õ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘u¿ A¡]Ø©ıSÆ.

G¢u ¨¯”∞æÆ, uª˜¡÷£ık, `Ã|¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ

A¯©¬hzvÿS Hÿ£zuıfl £ØflP“ A¯©≤Æ.

¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ uØı∂zuæUS §fl£ÿ”®£h

˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“˜¡siØ ¡»¨¯”P“ (Designing Schedule of Questions orQuestionnaire)

¬⁄ıUP¯Õz ûıSzû xu¿ Gfl£x J∏

Pi⁄©ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ Gfl˜” T”ªıÆ. AuÿS £¿˜¡÷

¡»¨¯”P“ E“Õ⁄. A¡ÿ÷“ ™PƒÆ ÜQØ©ı⁄xÆ

©ÿ÷Æ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¡»¨¯”PÕı¡⁄ :

~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿~soØ S¯”P“ & ˆ£ı∏“ ¡i¡¯©zu¿

(Micro Issues - Item Design)

1. ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¬v¨¯”P“ (General Rules)

2. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Non-threatening questions)

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3. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threatening questions)

4. A‘ƒa \ı∫¶ ¬⁄ıUP“ (Knowledge questions)

II. ¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”¬⁄ıUP–US ¡ı∫z¯u A¯©zuº¿ §fl£ÿ”

˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“˜¡siØ ¬vP“ (General Rules for wording)

1. ˆ©ı» GŒØ ¯h∞¿ C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

2. ¬⁄ıUP“ ]‘uıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

3. uıUSÆ ¡¯PØı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz u¬∫zu¿

˜¡skÆ (Avoid double - barrelled questions).

4. Gv∫£ı∫USÆ £v¿ u∏Æ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ≤Æ

u¬∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ (Avoid leading questions).

5. ©¯”¨P©ı⁄, ≥PÆ ˆ\¥ØUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õz

u¬∫zu¿ (Avoid implicit questions).

6. S«®£©ı⁄ ˆ\ıÿˆ”ıh¯µ® £Øfl£kzxÆ

ˆ£ı x P¡⁄©ıP C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

III. Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ Aa_÷zuUTiØ Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP“ (Threaten-ing vs Non-threatening Questions)

1. Aa_÷zuUTiØ ¬⁄ı Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

2. Aa_÷zu¿ Gfl£x Cµsk ¡¯P :

(i) \üıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.

(ii) \üıØzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£zuPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.

3. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUPŒ⁄ı¿ Hÿ£hUTiØ

§µa\¯⁄P“ bı£P \Uv¯Ø® ˆ£ı÷zux.

IV. Aa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zuıu ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x

1. |¯⁄¬¿ |ÿPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ® £Øfl£kzu

˜¡skÆ.

2. ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU S‘®§mh Gv∫˜ıUQ £v¿ u∏Æ

¡¯P∞¿, E∏¡ıUP ˜¡skÆ.

3. u¯ª®¶ Pıªzvÿ˜Pÿ” ¡¯P∞¿ \∂Øı⁄uıP

C∏zu¿ ˜¡skÆ.

V. Aa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡xAa_÷zxÆ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pmh¿ G⁄®£k¡x

1. ˜©ˆª ¢u¡ı∂Øı⁄¯¡P“.

2. vmh™h®£hıu¯¡ØıP C∏zu¿.

3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜µÆ §iUPUTiØ ¬⁄ıUP“

4. ¬⁄ı ˜©¿ ¬⁄ı¡ıP (AkUPıP) C∏zu¿.

VI. \≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ\≠Pzv⁄µı¿ ¬∏Æ£UTiØ ¡¯P∞¿ E“Õ

¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“¬⁄ıUP“ (asking socially desirable questions).

1. ¯h¨¯” AqS¨¯”≤hfl TiØx.

2. Pıµnzxhfl TiØ ¬⁄ıUP“.

3. ¬¯hT” AvP ˜µÆ §iUPıu ¬⁄ıUP“.

4. AÕƒUS AvP©ıP ™¯P®£kzvU T”ıu

¬⁄ıUP“.

VII. A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒ ß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP“ (asking knowledgequestions)

A‘ƒß∫¡©ı⁄ ¬⁄ıUP¯ÕU ˜Pm£uÿPı⁄U

PıµnÆ Gfl⁄?

1. GkzxUPımk & ˆ©m∂U ¨¯”∞¿ 1977&BÆ

Bsk hzu®£mh \∫˜¡.

2. ¬⁄ıUP“ A‘ƒß∫¡©ıP A¯©Ø

˜¡sk©ı⁄ı¿ :

(i) ¬»®¶n∫ƒhfl C∏zu¿

(ii) £ª¬u ¬¯hPŒº∏¢x \∂Øı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø

¬⁄ı¬ÿS Hÿ£ ˜u∫¢ûkzu¿.

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(iii) ¬⁄ı ¬ÕUP©ıP C∏zu¿.

(iv) x¿ºØ©ı⁄ AÕƒÆ ¬⁄ıƒÆ ˜\∫¢v∏zu¿.

¦ÒÎ ÂÁµa ÷\P¶¨¦ (DATA COLLECTION)

¶¬∞Ø¯ª® ˆ£ı∏zu¡¯µ ¶“Œ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®¶

Gfl£x ™PƒÆ ÜQØ©ı⁄ Jfl”ıSÆ. PÕzvÿSa (field)

ˆ\fl÷ uUP ¬⁄ıUP“ ≠ª©ıP ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

˜\P∂UP®£kÆ. A∆¡ı÷ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ˆ£ı x 3

GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¨¯”P“ P¯h§iUP®£kQfl”⁄.

1. Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSu¿ ¬¡µ[P“ (Observed data)

2. ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ª©ıP ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“

(Interview data)

3. ¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ≠ª©ıP® ˆ£”®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“

(schedule or questionnaire based data)

1. Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“Eÿ÷ ˜ıUSuº¿ Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

(Observed data)

¶¬\ı∫¢u ¬¡µ[P¯Õ® £ı∫zu ©ızvµzv˜ª˜Ø

Psh‘¡x Gfl£x A∆¡Õƒ GŒu¿ª. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø

˜¡siØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl ufl¯©, £Øfl£ık

BQØ ¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ˆ£ı∏zxzuıfl C®¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

˜\P∂UP® £ku¿ ˜¡skÆ. Cv¿ ÜQØ©ı⁄,

ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄, A‘¡ı∫zu©ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“

˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄.

2.2.2.2.2. ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kÆ ¶“Œ

¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¡µ[P“ (Interview data)

CÆ¨¯”∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜∫UPın¿

≠ªÆ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. CuÿS ˜PmP®£kQfl”

˜P“¬ P¯Õz uØı∂zx ¯¡zxU ˆPısk §fl⁄∫

¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®£kQfl”⁄. CÆ¨¯”∞¿

¬⁄ıUP¯Õ Efl¤® £ıPU P¡¤zx Auÿ˜Pÿ£ \∂Øı⁄

£v¯ª AŒzu¿ ™PƒÆ A¡]ØÆ.

3.3.3.3.3. ¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ ˆPısk ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa

˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿˜\P∂zu¿ (schedule or questionnaire based data)

¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ uØı∂zu˜ª J∏ ÜQØ©ı⁄

ˆ\ØªıSÆ. ¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ Cµsk ¡¯P®£kÆ.

1. ˜∫UPın¿ hzx£¡∫, ˜∫UPın¯ª hzx

¡uÿSU ¯PØıÕ®£kÆ ¬⁄ıUP“.

2. ˜∫UPın¿ hzx£¡µı¿ uØı∂UP®£mh ¬⁄ız

ûıS®£ı⁄x, ˜∫UPınº¿ £[˜Pÿ£¡∫P–US

ˆPıkUP®£mk ¬⁄ıUP–UPı⁄ ¬¯h¯Ø

|µ®£®£mh §fl¶ v∏Æ£® ˆ£”®£kQfl”

¬⁄ız ûıS®¶.

©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Sampling)

¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õa ˜\P∂zu¿ Gfl£x ™PƒÆ Ai®

£¯hØı⁄ Jfl÷. \≠P, ˆ£ı∏Õıuıµ B¥¬¿ ©UP“

A¯⁄¡¯µ≤Æ ˜∫UPın¿ ≠ªÆ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£x

Gfl£x GŒu¿ª. G⁄˜¡, A¡∫P–“ ]ª¯µ ©mkÆ

˜u∫¢ûkzx ¬⁄ıUP–US ¬¯hPıqÆ ¨¯”US

©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (sample selection) Gfl÷ ˆ£Ø∫. ıÆ

˜\P∂UQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ, Cµsk ¡¯PPÕıP®

§∂UPªıÆ Gfl£¯u ¨fl˜£ £ı∫z˜uıÆ. A¯¡ :

1. ü¿ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“

1. ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ü¿|¯ª® ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ (Primary data)

C¢u ¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ©ıv∂P“

(samples) û∂¢ûkzu §fl⁄∫ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂UP®

£kQfl”⁄. Auı¡x, ¬⁄ıUP“ uØı∂UP®£mk

A¡ÿ÷“ ˜u∫¢ûkUP® £mk“Õ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ¬⁄ıU

P–US ¬¯hP“ ˆ£”® £kQfl”⁄. C∆¬¡µ[P“ §fl¶

B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£mk (analysed) ¶∂≤Æ ¡¯P∞¿ A‘U¯P

(Interpretation) uØı∂UP®£kQfl”x.

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2.2.2.2.2. CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“CµshıÆ |¯ª® ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ (Secondary data)

C∆¡¯P∞¿ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[PÕı⁄x ¶zuP[P“,

B¡n[P“, A‘U¯PP“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘º∏¢x ˜\P∂UP®

£kQfl”⁄. C∆¡¯P∞¿ ©UPmûı¯P PnUˆPk®¶

≠ªÆ (Census Tract) ˆ£”®£kQfl” ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P–Æ

Ah[SÆ.


1. J∏ S‘®§mh ˜ıUPzvÿPıP, vmh™h®£mk

hzu® £kÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø® £ÿ‘ ©ın¡∫P“


2. ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄ ¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄ (InterviewSchedule) uØı∫ ˆ\¥≤Æ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“


3. B¥ƒ ˆ\¥¡uÿSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄® ¶“Œ

¬¡µ[P–UPıP ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (Sample)≠ª©ıP ˆ£”UTiØ ¬uzv¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“


4. B¥¬ÿPı⁄ Chzv¯⁄ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫ƒ ˆ\¥¡x

Gfl£¯u ©ın¡∫P“ A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.

5. ÜQØ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘Ø üªı¡uıPa

ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Pilot Survey) ©ÿ÷Æ

ï¡ıPa ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ PnUˆPk®¶ (Survey),©ÿ÷Æ ˜∫UPın¿ ¨¯” BQØ¡ÿ‘¯⁄


_Ø ©v®•k


1. Cfl¯”Ø |¯ª∞¿ ©UP“ \ı∫¢u PÕ®£o∞¿ ûıh∫

¶¯hØx

A. h¡iU¯P B. |ª¡¯µ®£hÆ uØı∂zu¿

C. ©ıv∂®£hÆ D. P¯u T÷u¿

2. ˜u¯¡®£hUTiØ, J∏ S‘®§mh ¡¯PØı⁄ ¶“Œ

¬¡µ[P“

A. √kPŒ¿ B. u¤®£mh¡∂hÆ

C. ©ıv∂∞fl ≠ªÆ D. s£∫PŒhÆ

3. ıÆ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£hƒ“Õ Chzv¯⁄® £ÿ‘Ø

¬⁄ıU P–UPı⁄ £v¿, ˜\P∂UP®£mk“Õ RÃUPsh

¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ≠ªÆ A‘ØªıÆ.

A. Psh‘u¿ B. ˜∫UPın¿

(Observation) (Interview)C. ¬⁄ız ûıS®¶ D. E¯µØıh¿ (Dialogue)

(Schedule)

4. J∏ S‘®§mh ©UP¯Õ ©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ûkzx A¡∫P“

≠ªÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£uÿS

A. ©ıv∂ £∫P“ B. Psh‘£¡∫P“

C. £ı∫¯¡ØıÕ∫P“ D. ˜Pm£¡∫P“


1. ¬⁄ıUP“ Ah[QØ J∏ _______ ¯ª ¶“Œ ¬¡µÆ

˜\P∂®£uÿS PÕ®£o∞fl˜£ıx £Øfl£kzu®

£kQfl˜”ıÆ.

2. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ ˜\P∂®£uÿS _______ Gfl£x J∏

ÜQØa ˆ\ØªıSÆ.

3. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®£v¿ PÕ®£o J∏ ________¨¯”ØıSÆ.

4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥≤Æˆ£ı x____________Gfl£x ÜQØ

ˆ\Ø¿PŒ¿ Jfl”ıSÆ.


1. ˜∫UPın¿ && ˆ©ızu ©UPŒ¿ J∏ S‘®§mh

GsoU¯P≤¯hØ £∫P¯Õ

©mkÆ ˜u∫¢ûkzu¿

2. ü¿|¯ª® B¥¬ÿPı⁄U ˜P“¬P¯Õ

¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ && uØı∫ ˆ\¥u¿

3. ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ ¨¯”®£kzu®£mh ¶“Œ

(Sampling) && ¬¡µ[P“

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4. ¬⁄ızûıS®¶ && ¶¬∞Øº¿, ©ıv∂ ≠ªÆ

¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂zu¿

5. uP¡¿ && u¤®£mh¡∫P¯Õa \¢vzx

uP¡¿ ˜\P∂zu¿


1. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥Øz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ˆ\Ø¿P¯ÕU

T÷P.

2. PÕ®£o∞¿ Gflˆ⁄fl⁄ ¨¯”P“ §fl£ÿ”®

£kQfl”⁄?

3. PÕ®£oUSz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ ≠fl÷ ÜQØ ¨fl

ˆ⁄a\∂U¯P h¡iU¯PP¯ÕU T÷P.

4. PÕ®£o ˆ\¥¡uÿS ˜¡siØ B÷ |¯ªPŒ¿

(Steps) H˜u›Æ Jfl‘¯⁄®£ÿ‘ G xP.

5. ¶“Œ ¬¡µa ˜\P∂®§¯⁄ ¬ÕUSP.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. PÕ®£o∞¿, ¶¬∞Ø¿ ûıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ

¬ÕUQ G xP.

2. PÕ®£oz ûıh∫£ı⁄ ¨flˆ⁄a\∂U¯PP“ Øı¯¡?

3. G¢u PıµnzvÿPıP, G∆¡ı÷ PÕ®£o

ˆ\¥Ø®£kQfl”x Gfl£¯u ¬ÕUSP.

4. PÕ®£o∞¿ G¢û¢u £∞ÿ]P“ (practices) ¯PØıÕ®

£kQfl”⁄?

5. ©ıv∂ û∂¢ûkzu¿ (sampling) Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

©ıv∂P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˜u∫¢ûkUP®£kQfl”⁄?

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ] (Practical Exercise)

1. J∏ GŒ¯©Øı⁄ ¬⁄ız ûıS®§¯⁄z uØı∫ ˆ\¥x,

\≠PÆ, ˆ£ı∏ÕıuıµÆ ûıh∫£ı⁄ ¬¡µ[P“

˜\P∂USÆ PÕ®£o¯Ø A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ

£Sv∞¿ ˆ\¥ØƒÆ.

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AªS XII : £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k

£ıhÆ 12

Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k


1. ©ın¡∫ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”P“ Gfl”¯«UP®£kÆ

ˆ\Ø¿ ¨¯”P¯ÕU Pÿ”æÆ ˆ©a_uæÆ.

2. ©ın¡∫ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•kPŒ¿

S‘®£ıP CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯© ˆ\¥¡x

£ÿ‘Ø ]ª ¨¯”P¯Õ Pÿ÷z ˆuŒu¿.

Cfl¯”Ø B¥ƒPŒ¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄a

\ı∫¢x ¡«UQº∏USÆ ©v®•k ¨¯”PŒ¿ Cµsk

ˆ∏[QØ AqS¨¯”P“ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ £Øfl£kzu®

£kQfl”⁄. A¯¡P“ :

1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 1. Av˜¡P FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Rapid Rural Appraisal -RRA)::::: Cx 1980&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘ ¬¯µ¡ıP® £µ¬Øx.

Cv¿ FµP ˜©Æ£ımi¯⁄ ©v®§hz ˜u¯¡Øı⁄

uP¡¿P“ EØ∫©mhzv¿ ˆ¡Œ£∫ PÕı¿ ˜\P∂UP®

£kQfl”⁄. ˜\P∂UP®£mhz uP¡¿PŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿

FµP[PŒfl ˜u¯¡P“ ©v®§h® £kQfl”⁄.

2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” 2. £[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” (Participatory RuralAppraisal) ::::: CxƒÆ 1990&BÆ Bsk ˜uıfl‘

Av˜¡P©ıP® £µ¬Øx. Cv¿ E“—∫ ©UP˜Õ £[˜Pÿ÷

A¡∫uÆ P∏zxUP¯Õ® £∂©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥x ˆPısk

©v®•k ˆ\¥Qfl”⁄∫.

£[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞¿ u[PÕx Qµı©zvfl ¡Õ ©ÿ÷Æ

`«¿ ˜©Æ£ımk |¯ª∞¯⁄ B¥ƒ ˆ\¥x u[PŒfl

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A›£¡Æ, A‘ƒ BQØ¡ÿ¯”® £Q∫¢x ˆPısk

Qµı©z¯u ˜©Æ£kzuz vmh[P“ wmhƒÆ, ˆ\Ø¿

£kzuƒÆ, PsPıoUPƒÆ, ©v®§hƒÆ AUQµı©

©UP˜Õ ¡»¡SUQfl”⁄∫. £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl Ai®

£¯hØı⁄x Qµı© ©UPŒfl Afl”ıha ˆ\Ø¿PŒfl

¡«UQ¿ ˜uıfl‘Øx.

£[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k ¨¯” ≠fl÷ ˜ıUP[P¯Õ

Ai®£¯hØıPU ˆPısk ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”x. A¯¡

Øı¡⁄ :

1. BvUPÆ ˆ\æzuı©¿ Eu¬ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˆ¡Œ£∂fl

©⁄®£ıfl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ hz¯u.

2. AqS ¨¯”P“ ©¯”¨Pzvº∏¢x ˆ¡Œ®

£¯hØıPƒÆ, u¤£∂º∏¢x S ¡ıPƒÆ,

G zx ≠ª©ıP C∏®£vº∏¢x ˜∂¯hØıPU

Pıs£x ≠ª©ıPƒÆ, AÕ¬k¡vº∏¢x

J®§ku¿ ¡¯µ∞æÆ ©ıÿ”Æ A¯h¢x“Õx.

3. Tmk”ƒhfl uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ, A›£¡[

P¯Õ≤Æ, Enƒ ©ÿ÷Æ £∞ÿ]P¯Õ≤Æ E“—∫

©UPŒh¨Æ ˆ¡Œ£∂h¨Æ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯©®¶

P–US C¯h∞æÆ £Q∫¢x ˆPı“–u¿.

£[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®•k ¨¯”≤Æ ≠fl÷ ˜ıUP[P¯ÕU

ˆPıshx. A¯¡P“:

1. J∏ u¯ª®§¯⁄ B¥¢x Bµı¥a]∞¯⁄ ˜©ÿ

ˆPı“¡x.

2. E“—∫¡ı]P–USÆ, ˆ¡Œ£∫P–USÆ J∏[

Q¯n¢u £∞ÿ] AŒ®£x.

3. ©v®•mk ¨¯”∞¿ Bµı¥¢x, vmh™mk

ˆ\Ø¿£kzv, PsPıozx ©v®§ha ˆ\¥≤Æ

v”¯⁄≤Æ, \Uv¯Ø≤Æ ¡«[Su¿. £[˜Pÿ¶

¨¯”PŒ⁄ı¿ CØÿ¯P ¡Õ[P¯Õ ˜©ªıs¯©

ˆ\¥¡xhfl, ˆ£sP“, H¯«P“, ˜¡Õıs¯©,

ª¡ıÃƒ ©ÿ÷Æ Enƒ®£ıxPı®¶ ˜£ıfl”

ˆ\Ø¿P¯Õ≤Æ ˜©Æ£kzu ï≤Æ. C¢u ¨¯”P“

™PƒÆ ©v®¶ ¡ı¥¢u uıPƒÆ Æ£Pzufl¯©

ˆPıshuıPƒÆ C∏®£uıP ¬¯ÕƒPŒfl

\ıfl÷P“ E÷v®£kzxQfl”⁄.

C¢u® £ıhÆ ˜u¤ ©ı¡mhÆ, PÆ£Æ £“ÕzuıUQ¿

E“Õ ]ª©µzx®£mi Gfl” Qµı©zv¿ hzu®ˆ£ÿ”

Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯” B¥¬fl Ai®£¯h∞¿

ûıSUP®£mk“Õx. C¢u B¥ƒ ˆ¡Œımi⁄∫

J∏¡µı¿ usp∫ ¬|˜ØıPÆ, _PıuıµÆ ©ÿ÷Æ

ª¡ıÃƒ £ÿ‘ hzu® ˆ£ÿ”x. ©ÿ÷Æ C¢u® £ıhzv¿

ˆPıkUP®£mk E“Õ G¿ªı GkzxUPımkP–Æ C¢u

B¥¬fl Ai® £¯h∞¿ G u®£mh¯¡ØıSÆ.

£[÷PØ£Áº (P»¢xöPõÒ£Áº) £õºzx AÔÁx

£[˜Pÿ£¡∫ £ı∫zx A‘¡x Gfl£x PÕ®£o

B¥¬fl J∏ S‘®§mh ¡i¡©ıSÆ. Cv¿ B¥¡ıÕ∫

uıÆ hzvØ B¥ƒ |PÃƒPŒfl K∫ ıØP⁄ıP®

£[˜PÿQ”ı∫. ¡i¡¯©U P®£hıu (unstructured) Po®§¿

Q¯hUSÆ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ CØÿ¯P ©ÿ÷Æ \≠PU

PıµoPŒfl £s§¯⁄® ¶∂¢x ˆPı“ÕƒÆ

A¡ÿ‘ÿQ¯h∞¿ A¯©¢x“Õ ûıh∫§¯⁄ A‘¢x

ˆPı“ÕƒÆ Eu¬ØıP C∏UQfl”⁄. usp∏USÆ

_Pıuıµ PıµoP–USÆ C¯h∞ªı⁄ ˆ\Øÿ£ıkP–US,

\≠Pa \mhvmh[P“ ÜQØ©ı⁄ Pıµn©ıSÆ. §”S

£ı∫zx A‘¡v¿ E“Õ S«®£[P¯Õ

A‘¨P®£kzuªıÆ. £[˜Pÿ £¡∫ £ı∫zxA‘¡v⁄ı¿

FµP ©UPŒfl \≠P& Pªıa\ıµ ¡ıÃ¬¯⁄ flS ¶∂¢x

ˆPı“Õ CØæÆ.

£ı∫zx A‘¢x, QµQUSÆ ¨¯”∞⁄ı¿ usp∫

¬|˜ØıPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ _ÿ÷®¶” _Pıuıµ ¡\vP¯Õ ©mkÆ

Cfl‘ ©US Gv¿ B∫¡Æ E“Õ˜uı Au¯⁄≤Æ

A‘ØªıÆ. Bµı¥a]ØıÕ∫ Bµı¥a] ï≤Æ ¡¯µ Qµı©

©UPÕx ¡ıÃU¯P≤hfl Jfl‘ A¡∫PŒfl A›£¡[

P¯Õ≤Æ, Afl”ıh §µv£º®¶P¯Õ≤Æ u©x ¯h∂∞¿

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S¯”P¯Õ UQ C÷vØı⁄ ¬⁄ızuı“ A¯⁄zx ¡¯P

¬⁄ıUP–hfl ˆ¡Œ∞h®£h ˜¡skÆ.

C¢u® £ıhzvfl ≠ªÆ Av˜¡P ©ÿ÷Æ £[˜Pÿ¶

©v®•k J∏ \Uv¡ı¥¢u B¥ƒ ¨¯”PŒfl ûıS®£ıP

A‘¨P®£kzu®£mhx. ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ¬¯µ¡ıPa

˜\P∂UP®£k¡uı¿ Cx Av˜¡P©ı⁄x BSÆ. Gfl”ıæÆ

A¯⁄zx uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ x∂u©ıPa ˜\P∂UP ˜¡skÆ

Gfl£x PmhıØÆ C¿¯ª. Cx J∏ £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”,

Hˆ⁄fl”ı¿ A¯⁄zx ¨¯”P–Æ ¬¡ıvUP®£kQfl”⁄.

©UPŒfl £[˜Pÿ¶Æ, Pª¢x ˆPı“¡xÆ ÜQØ©ı⁄z

˜u¯¡ØıSÆ. £[˜Pÿ¶ E“Õuı¿ ¶“Œ¬¡µ[P“

Pıµn¨¯hØuıPƒÆ, Jzx¡µU TiØuıPƒÆ E“Õ⁄.

£[˜Pÿ¶ FµP ©v®•k Gfl£x G®ˆ£ı xÆ Qµı©

©v®•m¯h ©mk˜© T÷¡x A¿ª. P∫®¶”[PŒæÆ

Th £Øfl£kÆ.


1. ¶¬∞Ø¿ B¥¬¿ Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl

£Øfl£ık £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬¯⁄ ©ın¡∫P“

ˆ£÷Qfl”⁄∫.

2. Av˜¡P £[˜Pÿ¶ ¨¯”∞fl £¿˜¡÷ ¨¯”P¯Õ®

£ÿ‘≤Æ ©ın¡∫P“ flS A‘¢x ˆPı“Qfl”⁄∫.

_Ø ©v®•k


1. ˆQÃƒz ufl¯©≤hfl TiØ, £i®£iØı⁄ ûıh∫¢u

¡i¡¯©zu¿

A. AÕƒ\ı∫¢ux B. uµÆ \ı∫¢ux

(Quantitative) (Qualitative)C. Av˜¡P©ı⁄x D. £[˜PÿPUTiØx

(Rapid) (Participatory)

2. G¿¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ |ª¡¯µ®£hzv¯⁄ Øı∫ ™PƒÆ

\ı∫¢x“Õı∫P“.

A. B¥¡ıÕ∫P“ B. Eu¬ØıÕ∫P“

C. £[˜Pÿ£ıÕ∫P“ D. ˆ¡ŒØıÕ∫P“

3. ˜∫UPın¿ CuÿˆPı∏ ¡ı¥®£ı¥ A¯©Qfl”x

A. §µa]¯⁄P“ B. ¨fl›∂¯©P“

C. £ıxPı®¶ D. C¯¡ ≠fl÷Æ

4. £h[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡¯µ£h[P“ BQØ⁄ FUS¬USÆ

_ª£U P∏¬ØıP® £Øfl£k¡x.

A. ˆ¡Œ®£ık (Expression) B. ûıh∫¶ (Communication)

C. ¡\⁄Æ D. ©v®§h¿

5. ©v®•k ˆ\¥¡uÿS uªzvÿSa ˆ\¿æÆ ˆ£ı x

ÜQØ©ıPz ˜u¯¡®£k¡x.

A. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u B. ˜∫UPın¿

C. S÷US ¯h (Transect) D. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜∫UPın¿


1. _______ ¬⁄ıUP“ E∏¡ıP, £[˜Pÿ£¡∫

Eÿ÷˜ıUP¿ (Participant Observation) ™PƒÆ Eu¬ØıP

E“Õx.

2. \≠P ¡¯µ£h[P“ _______ Bµı¥a]¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ

¿ª J∏ ûıhUP©ıSÆ.

3. §µa\¯⁄P–US (Problem situations) ¨fl⁄˜µı,

§fl⁄˜µı T”®£kÆ P¯uP“ _______

4. ¨¯”\ıµı ˜∫UPınº¿ _______ G⁄®£k¡x

ufl¤a¯\ Øı⁄ ¬ÕUP©ıSÆ.

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1. £[˜Pÿ¶ Eÿ÷˜ıUP¿ &&- ¬⁄ıUP¯Õ E∏¡ıUP

2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ® £h[P“ && Qµı© ©UP–hfl ûıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ

3. S÷US ¯h && £ıº⁄zûıh∫¯£®

¶∂¢xˆPı“–u¿

4. ¨¯”\ı∫¶ ˜∫UPın¿ && \≠PU Pªıa\ıµ ∑v∞¿

5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u && S÷US ¯hUS AizuÕÆ


1. Av˜¡PU P∏zx T”º¿ "Av˜¡PÆ' Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

2. \≠P |ª¡¯µ®£h[P“ Gfl”ı¿ Gfl⁄?

3. S÷US ¯h®£Ønzvfl ˜ıUPÆ Gfl⁄?

4. £ıv&¡i¡¯©UP®£mh ˜∫UPınºfl \ıuP©ı⁄

fl¯©P“ Øı¯¡?

5. Hfl ¬⁄ı®£miØ¿P“ Bµı¥a]US® £Øfl£kzu®

£kQfl”⁄.

V. ¬∂¡ı⁄ ¬¯h u∏P

1. £[˜Pÿ¶ ©v®§hº¿ £Øfl£kÆ ˜∫UPınæUPı⁄

¬⁄ıUP¯Õz û∂¢ûkUSÆ EzvP“ Øı¯¡?

2. ¬⁄ıUPŒfl Ai®£¯h∞¿ ¯hˆ£÷Æ \∫˜¡UPŒ¿

SkÆ£zu¯ª¡∫ Gfl£ufl A∫zuÆ Gfl⁄?

3. Qµı© £[˜Pÿ¶U P∏zxUT”¿ Gfl£x Tmhı⁄

¨¯”P“ & Pıµnzxhfl ¬¡∂.

4. £[˜Pÿ¶ ¶“Œ ¬¡µ[P“ ˜\P∂®§¿ S÷US ¯h

G∆¡ı÷ ÜQØzx¡Æ ˆ£÷Qfl”x?

5. C¯hˆ¡ŒU P¯u & C®¶x¯©Øı⁄ ¶“Œ ¬¡µa

˜\P∂®¶ ¨¯”¯Ø ¬ÕUSP.

VI. ˆ\¥¨¯”® £∞ÿ]P“

1. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zv¿, ¡÷¯© |¯ª £ÿ‘Ø

£[˜Pÿ¶U P∏zxUT”æUS C[S ¬¡ıvUP®£mh

H˜u›Æ Cµsk ¨¯”P¯Õz ˜u∫¢ûkUPƒÆ.

2. A∏Pı¯©∞¿ E“Õ Qµı©zvfl _Pıuıµ |¯ª¯Ø®

£ÿ‘Ø ¬¡µ[P¯Õ A‘¡uÿPı⁄ ˜P“¬z

ûıS®§¯⁄ ¡iƒ A¯©UP B]∂Ø∫P“

©ın¡∫P–US Eu¬ØıP C∏®£x.

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