PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: GROWING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: GROWING DIVIDE OR RALLYING CRY?DIVIDE OR RALLYING CRY?

Russell L. Carson – Louisiana State University

Amy Woods – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Brian Mosier – University of West Georgia

Brian Culp – Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis

Doris Watson – University of Nevada Las Vegas

Linda Shoendstedt – Xavier University

TWO TOPICS OF INTEREST TWO TOPICS OF INTEREST

Understanding of current communitiesUnderstanding of current communities Preparation of PETE programs for social justice and civic Preparation of PETE programs for social justice and civic

engagementengagement

COMMUNITY DISCOURSECOMMUNITY DISCOURSE The settings of our recent focus have become more The settings of our recent focus have become more

diversediverse Sensitivity to CLD groups’ experiences with -health care providers and Sensitivity to CLD groups’ experiences with -health care providers and

researchers ¹researchers ¹ Higher education, well-intended, but potentially exploitive²Higher education, well-intended, but potentially exploitive² Context , ethical behavior and environmental awareness³Context , ethical behavior and environmental awareness³ Utilitarian needs vs. metaphysical needs⁴Utilitarian needs vs. metaphysical needs⁴

Knowledge, is a dynamic entityKnowledge, is a dynamic entity Perceived vs. real cultural differences and values⁶Perceived vs. real cultural differences and values⁶ Fundamental knowledge of health is not consistently applied⁷ Fundamental knowledge of health is not consistently applied⁷ A multicultural society needs a multifaceted lens⁸A multicultural society needs a multifaceted lens⁸ Seeing is believing and the value in new lines of inquiry⁹Seeing is believing and the value in new lines of inquiry⁹

Freimuth, V.S. et al. (2001). African Americans’ Views on Research and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Freimuth, V.S. et al. (2001). African Americans’ Views on Research and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Social Science and Medicine, 52Social Science and Medicine, 52, 797-808.¹, 797-808.¹ Harkavy, I. (2000). Service-Learning, Academically Based Community Service, and the Historic Mission of the American Urban Research Harkavy, I. (2000). Service-Learning, Academically Based Community Service, and the Historic Mission of the American Urban Research

University. In I. Harkavy, and B.M. Donovan, (Eds) University. In I. Harkavy, and B.M. Donovan, (Eds) Connecting Past and Present: Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in History American Connecting Past and Present: Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in History American Association for Higher EducationAssociation for Higher Education, Washington, D.C., page 32. ², Washington, D.C., page 32. ²

Pelham, A., Sills, E.(2009). Pelham, A., Sills, E.(2009). Promoting Health and Wellness in Underserved Communities: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Through Service-Learning. Promoting Health and Wellness in Underserved Communities: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Through Service-Learning. SterlingSterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.³, VA: Stylus Publishing.³

Miller, M. P., & Nendel, J. D. (2011). SeMiller, M. P., & Nendel, J. D. (2011). Service-learning in physical education and related professions: A global perspectivervice-learning in physical education and related professions: A global perspective. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones . Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.⁴and Bartlett Publishers.⁴

Okseon, L., & Martinek, T. (2009). Navigating Two Cultures: An Investigation of CuItures of a Responsibility-Based Physical Activity Program and Okseon, L., & Martinek, T. (2009). Navigating Two Cultures: An Investigation of CuItures of a Responsibility-Based Physical Activity Program and School. School. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 80(2Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 80(2), 230-240. ⁶), 230-240. ⁶

Keating, X., Li, C., Jianmin, G., Harrison Jr., L., & Dauenhauer, B. (2009). Urban Minority Ninth-Grade Students' Health-Related Fitness Knowledge. Keating, X., Li, C., Jianmin, G., Harrison Jr., L., & Dauenhauer, B. (2009). Urban Minority Ninth-Grade Students' Health-Related Fitness Knowledge. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 80Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 80(4), 747-755. ⁷(4), 747-755. ⁷

Kulinna, P., McCaughtry, N., Martin, J., & Cothran, D. (2011). Effects of Continuing Professional Development on Urban Elementary Students' Kulinna, P., McCaughtry, N., Martin, J., & Cothran, D. (2011). Effects of Continuing Professional Development on Urban Elementary Students' Knowledge. Knowledge. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 82(Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 82(3), 580-584. ⁷3), 580-584. ⁷

McKenzie, T. L. (2010). 2009 C. H. McCloy Lecture Seeing Is Believing: Observing Physical Activity and Its Contexts. McKenzie, T. L. (2010). 2009 C. H. McCloy Lecture Seeing Is Believing: Observing Physical Activity and Its Contexts. Research Quarterly For Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 81Exercise & Sport, 81(2), 113-122. ⁸(2), 113-122. ⁸

Rovegno, I. (2008). Learning and Instruction in Social, Cultural Environments: Promising Research Agendas. Rovegno, I. (2008). Learning and Instruction in Social, Cultural Environments: Promising Research Agendas. Quest (00336297), 60Quest (00336297), 60(1), 84-104. ⁹(1), 84-104. ⁹

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENTSOCIAL JUSTICE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT Understanding what social justice entailsUnderstanding what social justice entails

Equality as a demand and expectation ¹Equality as a demand and expectation ¹ Preparing PETE programs to be culturally competent²Preparing PETE programs to be culturally competent² Service-learning as a method of teaching, to a point³Service-learning as a method of teaching, to a point³ What is our focus and do we have a seat at the front?⁴What is our focus and do we have a seat at the front?⁴

Civic engagement and CSPAPCivic engagement and CSPAP Worthy⁵Worthy⁵ Transforming students, defining civic behavior⁶ Transforming students, defining civic behavior⁶ Civically intended or civic activists?⁶Civically intended or civic activists?⁶ Rewarding scholarship and reinforcing our purpose in public health⁷Rewarding scholarship and reinforcing our purpose in public health⁷

Stoll, S. (2011). Social Justice: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective. Stoll, S. (2011). Social Justice: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective. The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 82The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 82(8), 36-39. ¹(8), 36-39. ¹ Columna, L., Foley, J. T., & Lytle, R. K. (2010). Physical Education Teachers' and Teacher Candidates' Attitudes Toward Cultural Pluralism. Columna, L., Foley, J. T., & Lytle, R. K. (2010). Physical Education Teachers' and Teacher Candidates' Attitudes Toward Cultural Pluralism. Journal Of Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education, 29(Teaching In Physical Education, 29(3), 295-311. ¹3), 295-311. ¹Harrison Jr., L., Carson, R. L., & Burden Jr., J. (2010). Physical Education Teachers' Cultural Competency. Harrison Jr., L., Carson, R. L., & Burden Jr., J. (2010). Physical Education Teachers' Cultural Competency. Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education, Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education, 2929(2), 184-198. ¹(2), 184-198. ¹Domangue, E., & Carson, R. (2008). Preparing Culturally Competent Teachers: Service-Learning and Physical Education Teacher Education. Domangue, E., & Carson, R. (2008). Preparing Culturally Competent Teachers: Service-Learning and Physical Education Teacher Education. Journal Of Journal Of Teaching In Physical Education, 27Teaching In Physical Education, 27(3), 347-367. ³(3), 347-367. ³Burden Jr., J. W., Hodge, S. R., O'Bryant, C. P., & Harrison, J. L. (2004). From colorblindness to intercultural sensitivity: infusing diversity training in PETE Burden Jr., J. W., Hodge, S. R., O'Bryant, C. P., & Harrison, J. L. (2004). From colorblindness to intercultural sensitivity: infusing diversity training in PETE programs. programs. Quest (00336297), 56Quest (00336297), 56(2), 173-189. ⁴(2), 173-189. ⁴Doolittle, S., Beale, A., & Demarzo, J. (2009). A Collaboration for Health and Physical Education in High-Need Schools and Communities. Doolittle, S., Beale, A., & Demarzo, J. (2009). A Collaboration for Health and Physical Education in High-Need Schools and Communities. The Journal Of The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 80Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 80(7), 29-35. ⁵(7), 29-35. ⁵Beighle, A., Castelli, D., Erwin, H., & Ernst, M. (2009). Preparing Physical Educators for the Role of Physical Activity Director. Beighle, A., Castelli, D., Erwin, H., & Ernst, M. (2009). Preparing Physical Educators for the Role of Physical Activity Director. The Journal Of Physical The Journal Of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 80Education, Recreation & Dance, 80(4), 24-29. ⁵(4), 24-29. ⁵ Russell, J., & Buchanan, A. (2011). Addressing diverse populations through service learning. In M. Miller & J. Nendel (Eds.), Russell, J., & Buchanan, A. (2011). Addressing diverse populations through service learning. In M. Miller & J. Nendel (Eds.), Service-learning in physical Service-learning in physical education and related professions: A global perspectiveeducation and related professions: A global perspective (pp. 151 – 168). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC.⁶ (pp. 151 – 168). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC.⁶Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Beets, M. W., Beighle, A., Erwin, H., & Lee, S. (2012). Physical Education's Role in Public Health: Steps Forward and Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Beets, M. W., Beighle, A., Erwin, H., & Lee, S. (2012). Physical Education's Role in Public Health: Steps Forward and Backward Over 20 Years and HOPE for the Future. Backward Over 20 Years and HOPE for the Future. Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 83Research Quarterly For Exercise & Sport, 83(2), 125-135. ⁷(2), 125-135. ⁷

PE’S ROLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH:

Increasing PA is more important than improving fitness

Health-related physical education programs are needed

Physical education must pursue a public health goal

Physical education should prepare children for a lifetime of PA

Despite no known negative side effects on academics, PE has seen less time and emphasis due to standardized testing

No general consensus on which PE programs/models should be adopted

Lack of data supporting evidence-based PE practices

Sallis & McKenzie (1991)Sallis, McKenzie et al.,

(2012)

F AS IN FAT: HOW OBESITY THREATENS AMERICA'S FUTURE

Current Trajectory for 2030:

•Obesity rates for adults could reach or exceed 44 percent in every state and exceed 60 percent in 13 states

•The number of new cases of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke, hypertension and arthritis could increase 10 times between 2010 and 2020 — and then double again by 2030

•Obesity-related health care costs could increase by more than 10 percent in 43 states and by more than 20 percent in nine states.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

The association between school based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance (CDC, 2010)

Cognitive benefits (Grieco et al., 2009; Hillman et al., 2009; Mahar et al., 2006)

Readiness to learn (Mahar, 2011; Kamijo et al., 2011)

Randomized clinical trials: FIT Kids: PA after school – higher scores on memory tasks

(Castelli et al., 2011) Better standardized test scores:(Castelli et al.,

2011;Donnelly & Lombourne, 2011) Brain structure and function is

different! (Hillman et al., 2012)

Fit ChildrenSedentary Children

NASPE survey: (2011)Elementary (16%)

Middle school (13%)High schools (6%)

See Rink, J. (Ed.). (2012). Role of Directors of CSPAPs [Special Issue]. JOPERD.

HOPESallis, McKenzie, et al.

2012

Physical Education

Physical Activity