P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

MgB2 – One Year Later

Paul M. GrantScience Fellow

Electric Power Research InstitutePalo Alto, California USA

Wire Development Already Well Underway!Wire Development Already Well Underway!

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

OPW’s

• Tomsic (HyperTech)• Sargent (Diboride)• Grasso (INFM-Genova)• Caplin (Imperial College)• Larbalestier (UW/ASC)• Christen (ORNL)• Suenaga (BNL)• Canfield (Ames)

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Nature, 1 March 2001How was it ever missed!

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Maybe It Wasn’t Missed!

MgB2 Specific HeatR. M. Swift and D. White,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3641 (1957)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

10 20 30 40 50 60

T (K)

Mo

lal C

P (

ca

l/K)

?39

?32

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Wither Beyond MgB2?

• MgB2 appears to be the quintessential electron-phonon coupling superconductor

• A “tepid temperature” compound

• So far, one of a kind…end of the road?

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Nature, 31 May 2001

4.2 K 25 K

JC @ 1 T

(A/cm2)

150,000 35,000

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

PowerDevice Req’mts

T (K) H (T) Jc (A/cm2)

Motors/Generators

30 4 100,000

Transformers 30 2 80,000

Current Limiters

30 2 80,000

Cables 77 0.5 70,000

Dick Blaugher, NREL

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Is LN2 Necessary?

How far to Lq N2

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Temperature

Ho

w f

ar

to L

q N

2 f

rom

Lq

He

Energy Consumption normalised at 4K

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

0 10 20 30 40

Temp (K)

EC

Series1

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

ORNL: JC vs H

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

ORNL: H vs T

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

ORNL: Anisotropy in

HC2

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

MgBMgB22: : JJcc at at 20K20K

ICSTM Centre for High Temperature Superconductivity

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1 10B / Tesla

Jc A/cm2

virgin

Irrad.

ORNL thin film

Dresden bulk (nanoXtal)

Imperial bulk A

Imperial bulk B

USEFUL

USEFULATTAINABLE??

ATTAINABLE??

“B”

“A”

ORNL

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Imperial Imperial CollegeCollege

MgBMgB2 2 progressprogress• Additive A (by scaleable route)

enhances Jc to levels comparable with micro-crystalline samples, and that that are useful for applications at 20Kare useful for applications at 20K.

• Additive B (by scaleable route) improves field dependence of Jc(B). NB, because of sample porosity, only a lower bound for magnitude of Jc.

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Wire Actors• Institutions

– INFM-Genova– UniGe– Ames– IRL (NZ)– NIMS (Japan)

• Companies– HyperTech (USA)– Diboride Conductors (UK)– Pirelli (?)– AMSC (?)– IGC-SP (????)– Japan (?)

No HTS wire Companies presentlyHave “visible” MgB2

Development programsUnderway

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Tape dimensions: 3.5 mm x 0.35 mmFilling factor 20%Treated at 900°C for 2 hours in Ar

INFM-Genova, G. Grasso, A. Malagoli, V. Braccini, S. Roncallo, and A.S. Siri, Italy

INFM-GenovaNi-Sheathed MgB2 Tape

Ex-Situ Sintered

0 2 4 6 8 10 121

10

100

1000

Htape

H//tape

I c at 4

.2 K

Magnetic Field [T]1.0x104 1.5x104 2.0x104 2.5x104 3.0x104

10

100

1000

Htape

Transport 4.2K

Cri

tica

l cu

rre

nt [

A]

Magnetic Field (Gauss)

Inductive 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K

4.2 K

4103

4104

4105

A/cm2

Asc = 2.510-3 cm2

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Critical CurrentDensity, A/mm²

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Applied Field, T

Nb3AlNb-Ti

2212

2223

At 4.2 K UnlessOtherwise Stated

2212

YBCO

MgB2

Film

YBCO75 K H||a-b

YBCO75 K H||c

1.8 K Nb-Ti-Ta

PbSnMo6S8

1.8 K Nb-Ti

Nb3Sn Tape from (Nb,Ta)6Sn5

Nb-TiHT

Nb-TiAPC

Nb3SnBronze Low Field

Nb3SnBronze High Field

Nb3SnHigh Sn

Critical CurrentDensity, A/mm²

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Applied Field, T

Nb3AlNb-Ti

2212

2223

At 4.2 K UnlessOtherwise Stated

2212

YBCO

MgB2

Film

YBCO75 K H||a-b

YBCO75 K H||c

1.8 K Nb-Ti-Ta

PbSnMo6S8

1.8 K Nb-Ti

Nb3Sn Tape from (Nb,Ta)6Sn5

Nb-TiHT

Nb-TiAPC

Nb3SnBronze Low Field

Nb3SnBronze High Field

Nb3SnHigh Sn

YBCO75 K H||a-b

YBCO75 K H||c

1.8 K Nb-Ti-Ta

PbSnMo6S8PbSnMo6S8

1.8 K Nb-Ti

Nb3Sn Tape from (Nb,Ta)6Sn5

Nb-TiHT

Nb-TiAPC

Nb3SnBronze Low Field

Nb3SnBronze High Field

Nb3SnHigh Sn

Peter Lee’s Cosmic Plot (UW/ASC)MA/cm2

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

Power Apps30 – 77 K

HEPGenoa25 K

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

HyperTech CTFFfor MgB2

CONTINUOUS TUBE FORMING AND FILLING (CTFF)

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

HyperTechRepresentative JC’s

Temperature, K 4K 4K 4KField, T 0-0.2 1 3Jc -kA/mm2 7.5* 3* 0.2

Temperature, K 30K 30K Field, T 0-0.2 1 Jc -kA/mm2 0.32 0.1 (over 300 amps) (over 100 amps) * by extrapolation due to flux jump and lack of stabilization

A/cm2 750,000 300,000 20,000

A/cm2 32,000 10,000

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

HyperTech MgB2 Wire

60 meters, 1.2 mm Mono MgB2 CTFF Iron in Monel

Multi-filament

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

WireCost Issues

Merit Factor for Superconducting Wire:C/P = $/kAmp × meters

Wire C/P Cost Driver

NbTi (4.2 K, 2 T) 0.90Materials

(Nb)

Nb3Sn (4.2 K, 10 T) 10Materials

(Nb)

Bi-2223 (25 K, 1 T) 20 Materials (Ag)

Y-123 (25 K, 1 T) 4 Capital Plant

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

MgB2 Wire C/P

Assumptions/Givens:• JC = 100,000 A/cm2

• IC = 2000 A/wire (Area = 2 mm2)

• Non-Materials C/P = 0.11 $/kA•m (NbTi)

Alfa Aesar MgB2 Price Quote (10 kg)• 750 $/kg (0.75 $/gm)

MgB2 Wire C/P• 2.03 $/kA•m @ 25 K, 1 T

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

Critical Wire Issues

20 – 30 K1 – 3 T

JC, Hirr Length

BSCCO/OPIT

YBCO CC

MgB2 ac Losses ?

++++ ++++

++++++

++++++++++

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

MgB2 Opportunities

20 – 30 K, 0 – 3 T

• Transformers

• Rotating Machinery

• Cables (?)

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

1967 SC Cable !

100 GW dc, 1000 km !

P. M. Grant

MgB2 – One Year Later

P.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002

ftp://ftpuser:ftpuser1@ftp.epri.com/outgoing/pgrant/SuperCity

SupermarketSchool Home

Family Car

DNA-to-order.com

Nuclearplant

H2

H2

MgB2

“SuperCity”