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NAME: __________________________ DATE: ____________________
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Pablo Muñoz Amira Presto Superintendent of Schools Mathematics Instructional Chair Summer Math Assignment: The Passaic High School Mathematics Department requests all students tocomplete the summer assignment. Students must show work on whitelined paper and return the assignment to their math teacher by MondaySeptember 11, 2017. Assessment on the summer assignment will beadministered the first week of school. Thank you and have a great summer.
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DIRECTIONS:Thisworksheetconsistsof9parts.ItisabriefreviewofconceptsthatarecriticaltounderstandingAlgebra1nextyear.ItistobecompletedduringthesummerBEFOREthefirstdayofschool2017.TurnthisassignmentintoyourAlgebrateacheronthefirstdayofschool.
PART1:VARIABLESANDEXPRESSIONSYoucanrepresentmathematicalphrasesandreal-worldrelationshipsusingsymbolsandoperations.Thisiscalledanalgebraicexpression.
Forexample,thephrase3plusanumberncanbeexpressedusingsymbolsandoperationsas3+n.
Whatisthephrase5minusanumberdasanalgebraicexpression?
Thephrase5minusanumberd,rewrittenasanalgebraicexpression,is5—d.Theleftsideofthetablebelowgivessomecommonphrasesusedtoexpressmathematicalrelationships,andtherightsideofthetablegivestherelatedsymbol.
Exercises:Writeanalgebraicexpressionforeachwordphrase.
1.5plusanumberd 2.theproductof5andg
3.11fewerthananumberf 4.17lessthanh
5.thequotientof20andt 6.thesumof12and4
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Writeawordphraseforeachalgebraicexpression.
7.h+6 8.m–5 9.q×10
10.35r
11.h+m 12.5n
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NOTE:Multipleoperationscanbecombinedintoasinglephrase.
Thephrase11minustheproductof3andanumberd,rewrittenasanalgebraicexpression,is11–3d.
Exercises
Writeanalgebraicexpressionforeachphrase.
13. 12lessthanthequotientof12andanumberz
14. 5greaterthantheproductof3andanumberq
15. thequotientof5+handn+3
16. thedifferenceof17and22t
Writeanalgebraicexpressionorequationtomodeltherelationshipexpressedineachsituationbelow.
17. Marielaisbuildingamodelboat.Everyinchonhermodelisequivalentto3.5feetontherealboathermodelisbasedon.Whatwouldbethemathematicalruletoexpresstherelationshipbetweenthelengthofthemodel,m,andthelengthoftheboat,b?
18. Javierisputtingawaysavingsforhiscollegeeducation.EverytimeJavierputsmoneyinhisfund,hisparentsputin$2.WhatistheexpressionfortheamountgoingintoLyn’sfundifLynputsinLdollars?
Whatisthephrase11minustheproductof3anddasanalgebraicexpression?
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PART2:ORDEROFOPERATIONSANDEVALUATINGEXPRESSIONS
Exponentsareusedtorepresentrepeatedmultiplicationofthesamenumber.Forexample,4×4×4×4×4=45.Thenumberbeingmultipliedbyitselfiscalledthebase;inthiscase,thebaseis4.Thenumberthatshowshowmanytimesthebaseappearsintheproductiscalledtheexponent;inthiscase,theexponentis5.45isreadfourtothefifthpower.
Howis6×6×6×6×6×6×6writtenusinganexponent?
Thenumber6ismultipliedbyitself7times.Thismeansthatthebaseis6andtheexponentis7.6×6×6×6×6×6×6writtenusinganexponentis67.
Exercises
Writeeachrepeatedmultiplicationusinganexponent.
1.4×4×4×4×4 2.2×2×2
3.1.1×1.1×1.1×1.1×1.1 4.3.4×3.4×3.4×3.4×3.4×3.4
5.(–7)×(–7)×(–7)×(–7) 6.11×11×11
Writeeachexpressionasrepeatedmultiplication.
7.43 8.54
9.1.5210.
427
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
11.x7 12.(5n)5
13.Vanessawantstodeterminethevolumeofacubewithsidesoflengths.Writeanexpressionthatrepresentsthevolumeofthecube.
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NOTE:Theorderofoperationsisasetofguidelinesthatmakeitpossibletobesurethattwopeoplewillgetthesameresultwhenevaluatinganexpression.Withoutthisstandardorderofoperations,twopeoplemightevaluateanexpressiondifferentlyandarriveatdifferentvalues.Forexample,withouttheorderofoperations,someonemightevaluateallexpressionsfromlefttoright,whileanotherpersonperformsalladditionsandsubtractionsbeforeallmultiplicationsanddivisions.
YoucanusetheacronymP.E.M.A.(Parentheses,Exponents,MultiplicationandDivision,andAdditionandSubtraction)tohelpyouremembertheorderofoperations.
Howdoyouevaluatetheexpression3+4×2-10÷5?
3+8–10÷5=3+8–2
Therearenoparenthesesorexponents,sofirst,doanymultiplicationordivisionfromlefttoright.
=11–2=9
Doanyadditionorsubtractionfromlefttoright.
Exercises
Simplifyeachexpression.14.(5+3)2 15.(8–5)(14–6)
16.(15–3)÷4 17. 22 35+⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
18.40–15÷3 19.20+12÷2–5
20.(42+52)2 21.4×5–32×2÷6
Writeandsimplifyanexpressiontomodeltherelationshipexpressedinthesituationbelow.
22.Manuelahastwoboxes.Thelargerofthetwoboxeshasdimensionsof15cmby25cmby20cm.Thesmallerofthetwoboxesisacubewithsidesthatare10cmlong.Ifsheweretoputthesmallerboxinsidethelarger,whatwouldbetheremainingvolumeofthelargerbox?
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PART3:REALNUMBERSANDTHENUMBERLINE
Anumberthatistheproductofsomeothernumberwithitself,oranumbertothesecondpower,suchas9=3×3=32,iscalledaperfectsquare.Thenumberthatisraisedtothesecondpoweriscalledthesquarerootoftheproduct.Inthiscase,3isthesquarerootof9.Thisiswritteninsymbolsas Sometimessquarerootsarewholenumbers,butinothercases,theycanbeestimated.
Whatisanestimateforthesquarerootof150?
Thereisnowholenumberthatcanbemultipliedbyitselftogivetheproductof150.
10×10=10011×11=12112×12=14413×13=169Youcannotfindtheexactvalueof 150 ,butyoucanestimateitbycomparing150toperfectsquaresthatarecloseto150.
150isbetween144and169,so 150 isbetween 144 and 169 .
144 150 169< <
12 150 13< <
Thesquarerootof150isbetween12and13.Because150iscloserto144thanitisto169,wecanestimatethatthesquarerootof150isslightlygreaterthan12.
Exercises
Findthesquarerootofeachnumber.Ifthenumberisnotaperfectsquare,estimatethesquareroottothenearestinteger.
1.100 2.49 3.9
4.25 5.81 6.169
7.15 8.24 9.40
10.Asquaremathasanareaof225cm2.Whatisthelengthofeachsideofthemat?
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PART4:PROPERTIESOFREALNUMBERS
CertainpropertiesofrealnumbersleadtothecreationofEQUALexpressions.
CommutativeProperties
Thecommutativepropertiesofadditionandmultiplication:changingtheorderofthenumbersinanadditionormultiplicationproblemdoesnotchangetheanswer
Addition:a+b=b+a Multiplication:a·b=b·a
Dothefollowingequationsillustratecommutativeproperties?a.3+4=4+3 b.(5×3)×2=5×(3×2) c.1–3=3–1
A:3+4and4+3bothsimplifyto7,sothetwosidesoftheequationinpart(a)areequal.Sincebothsideshavethesametwoaddendsbutinadifferentorder,thisequationillustratestheCommutativePropertyofAddition.
B:Theexpressiononeachsideoftheequationinpart(b)simplifiesto30.Bothsidescontainthesame3factors.However,thisequationdoesnotillustratetheCommutativePropertybecausethetermsareinthesameorderoneachsideoftheequation.
C:1–3and3–1donothavethesamevalue,sotheequationinpart(c)isnottrue.ThereisNOTacommutativepropertyforsubtractionORdivision.
AssociativePropertiesTheassociativepropertiesofadditionandmultiplication:changingthegroupingofnumbersinanadditionormultiplicationproblemdoesnotchangetheanswer
Addition:(a+b)+c=a+(b+c) Multiplication:(a·b)·c=a·(b·c)
Dothefollowingequationsillustrateassociativeproperties?
a. (1+5)+4=1+(5+4)b. 4×(2×7)=4×(7×2)
(1+5)+4and1+(5+4)bothsimplifyto10,sothetwosidesoftheequationinpart(a)areequal.Sincebothsideshavethesame#sinthesameorderbutgroupeddifferently,thisequationillustratestheAssociativePropertyofAddition.
Theexpressiononeachsideoftheequationinpart(b)simplifiesto56.Bothsidescontainthesame3factors.However,thesamefactorsthatweregroupedtogetherontheleftsidehavebeengroupedtogetherontherightside;onlytheorderhaschanged.ThisequationdoesNOTillustrate
Commutative = commute = to MOVE EX: Your teacher COMMUTES to work from Jersey City
Associative = associate = to talk to EX: You ASSOCIATE with your group of friends
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theAssociativePropertyofMultiplication.
Otherpropertiesofrealnumbersinclude:a.Identitypropertyofaddition: a+0=0 12+0=12b.Identitypropertyofmultiplication: a·1=a 32·1=32c.Zeropropertyofmultiplication: a·0=0 6·0=0d.Multiplicativepropertyofnegativeone: –1·a=–a –1·7=–7
Exercises
Whatpropertyisillustratedbyeachstatement?
1.(m+7.3)+4.1=m+(7.3+4.1) 2.5p·1=5p
3.12x+4y+0=12x+4y 4.(3r)(2s)=(2s)(3r)
5.17+(–2)=(–2)+17 6.–(–3)=3
PART5:ADDINGANDSUBTRACTINGREALNUMBERS
Youcanaddrealnumbersusinganumberlineorusingthefollowingrules.
Rule1:Toaddtwonumberswiththesamesign,addtheirabsolutevalues.Thesumhasthesamesignastheaddends.
Whatisthesumof–7and–4?
Useanumberline.
Thesumis-11
Usetherule.
–7+(–4) Theaddendsarebothnegative.
|–7|+|–4| Addtheabsolutevaluesoftheaddends.
7+4=11 |–7|=7and|–4|=4.
Start at zero. Move 7 spaces to the left to represent -7. Move another 4 spaces to the left to represent -4.
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–7+(–4)=–11 Thesumhasthesamesignastheaddends.
Rule2:Toaddtwonumberswithdifferentsigns,subtracttheirabsolutevalues.Thesumhasthesamesignastheaddendwiththegreaterabsolutevalue.
Whatisthesumof–6and9?
Usetherule.9+(–6) Theaddendshavedifferentsigns.
|9|–|–6| Subtracttheabsolutevaluesoftheaddends.
9–6=3 |9|=9and|–6|=6.
9+(–6)=3 Thepositiveaddendhasthegreaterabsolutevalue.
Findeachsum. 1.–4+–12 2.–3+15 3.–9+1
4.13+(–7) 5.8+(–14) 6.–11+(–5)
7.4.5+(–1.1) 8.–5.1+8.3 9.6.4+9.8
NOTE:Additionandsubtractionareinverseoperations.Tosubtractarealnumber,additsopposite.
Whatisthedifference–5–(–8)?
–5–(–8)=–5+8 Theoppositeof–8is8.
=3 UseRule2.
Thedifference–5–(–8)is3.
Exercises
Findeachdifference.
10.8–20 11.6–(–12) 12.–4–9
13.–8–(–14) 14.–11–(–4) 15.17–25
16.3.6–(–2.4) 17.–1.5–(–1.5) 18.–1.7–5.4
Problem
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19. Thetemperaturewas50C.Fivehourslater,thetemperaturehaddropped100C.Whatisthenewtemperature?
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PART6:MULTIPLYINGANDDIVIDINGREALNUMBERS
Youneedtoremembertwosimpleruleswhenmultiplyingordividingrealnumbers.
1. Theproductorquotientoftwonumberswiththesamesignispositive.
2. Theproductorquotientoftwonumberswithdifferentsignsisnegative.
Whatistheproduct–6(–30)?
–6(–30)=180 –6and–30havethesamesignsotheproductispositive.
Whatisthequotient72÷(–6)?
72÷(–6)=–12 72and–6havedifferentsignssothequotientisnegative.
Exercises:Findeachproductorquotient(refertotheexampleproblemsonthepreviouspage!)1.–5(–6) 2.7(–20) 3.–3×22
4.44÷2 5.81÷(–9) 6.–55÷(–11)
7.–62÷2 8.25·(–4) 9.(–6)2
10.–9.9÷3 11.–7.7÷(–11) 12.–1.4(–2)
13. 1 12 3
− × 14. 2 33 5⎛ ⎞
− −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ 15. 3 1.
4 3⎛ ⎞−⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
16.Thetemperaturedropped2°Feachhourfor6hours.Whatwasthetotalchangeintemperature?
17.ReasoningSince52=25and(–5)2=25,whatarethetwovaluesforthesquarerootof25?
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DividingFractions:Theproductof7and17is1.Twonumberswhoseproductis1are
calledreciprocals.Todivideanumberbyafraction,multiplybyitsreciprocal.
Whatisthequotient2 5 ?3 7
⎛ ⎞÷ −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2 5 2 73 7 3 5
1415
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞÷ − = × −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= −
Todividebyafraction,multiplybyitsreciprocal.Thesignsaredifferentsotheanswerisnegative.
Exercises:Findeachquotient.
18 1 12 3÷ 19. 26
3− ÷ 20. 2 2
5 3⎛ ⎞
− ÷ −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
21. 1 12 4
⎛ ⎞÷ −⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
22. 5 17 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞− ÷ −⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
23. 2 13 4
− ÷
24.WritingAnotherwayofwritingabisa÷bExplainhowyoucouldevaluate
1216
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PART7:THEDISTRIBUTIVEPROPERTY
TheDistributivePropertystatesthattheproductofasumandanotherfactorcanberewrittenasthesumoftwoproducts,eachterminthesummultipliedbytheotherfactor.Forexample,theDistributivePropertycanbeusedtorewritetheproduct3(x+y)asthesum3x+3y.Eachterminthesumx+yismultipliedby3;thenthenewproductsareadded.
Whatisthesimplifiedformofeachexpression?
a.4(x+5)=4(x)+4(5)DistributiveProperty=4x+20Simplify.
b.(2x–3)(–3)=2x(–3)–3(–3)DistributiveProperty=–6x+9Simplify.
TheDistributivePropertycanbeusedwhetherthefactorbeingmultipliedbyasumordifferenceisontheleftorright.
TheDistributivePropertyissometimesreferredtoastheDistributivePropertyofMultiplicationoverAddition.Itmaybehelpfultothinkofthislongernamefortheproperty,asitmayremindyouofthewayinwhichtheoperationsofmultiplicationandadditionarerelatedbytheproperty.
Exercises
UsetheDistributivePropertytosimplifyeachexpression.
1.6(z+4)2.2(–2–k) 3.(5x+1)4 4.(7–11n)10
5.(3–8w)4.56.(4p+5)2.6 7.4(y+4) 8.6(q–2)
Writeeachfractionasasumordifference.
9. 2 59m − 10. 8 7
11z+ 11. 24 15
9f + 12. 12 16
6d −
Simplifyeachexpression.
13.–(6+j) 14.–(–9h–4) 15.–(–n+11) 16.–(6–8f)
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ThepreviousproblemsshowedhowtowriteaproductasasumusingtheDistributiveProperty.Thepropertycanalsobeusedtogointheotherorder,toconvertasumintoaproduct.
Howcanthesumofliketerms15x+6xbesimplifiedusingtheDistributiveProperty?
Eachtermof15x+6xhasafactorofx.Rewrite15x+6xas15(x)+6(x).NowusetheDistributivePropertyinreversetowrite15(x)+6(x)as(15+6)x,whichsimplifiesto21x.
Exercises
Simplifyeachexpressionbycombiningliketerms.
17.16x+12x 18.25n–17n 19.–4p+6p
20.–15a–9a 21.–9k2–5k2 22.12t2–20t2
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Bythinkingoforrewritingnumbersassumsordifferencesofothernumbersthatareeasiertouseinmultiplication,theDistributivePropertycanbeusedtomakecalculationseasier.
Howcanyoumultiply78by101usingtheDistributivePropertyandmentalmath?78×101 Writetheproduct.78×(100+1) Rewrite101assumoftwonumbersthatareeasytousein
multiplication.78(100)+78(1) UsetheDistributivePropertytowritetheproductasasum.7800+78 Multiply.
7878 Simplify.
Exercises
Usementalmathtofindeachproduct.
23.5.1×7 24.24.9×4 25.999×11 26.12×95
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PART8:INTRODUCTIONTOEQUATIONS
Anequationisamathematicalsentencewithanequalsign.Anequationcanbetrue,false,oropen.Anequationistrueiftheexpressionsonbothsidesoftheequalsignareequal,forexample2+5=4+3.Anequationisfalseiftheexpressionsonbothsidesoftheequalsignarenotequal,forexample2+5=4+2.
Anequationisconsideredopenifitcontainsoneormorevariables,forexamplex+2=8.Whenavalueissubstitutedforthevariable,youcanthendecidewhethertheequationistrueorfalseforthatparticularvalue.Ifanopensentenceistrueforavalueofthevariable,thatvalueiscalledasolutionoftheequation.Forx+2=8,6isasolutionbecausewhen6issubstitutedintheequationforx,theequationistrue:6+2=8.
Istheequationtrue,false,oropen?Explain.a.15+21=30+6 Theequationistrue,becausebothexpressionsequal36.b.24÷8=2·2 Theequationisfalse,because24÷8=3and2·2=4;3≠4.c.2n+4=12 Theequationisopen,becausethereisavariableinthe
expression ontheleftside.
Tellwhethereachequationistrue,false,oropen.Explain.
1.2(12)–3(6)–12 2.3x+12=–19 3.14–19=–5
4.2(–8)+4=12 5.7–9+3=x 6.(28+12)÷–2=–20
7.14–(–8)–14=8 8.(13–16)÷3=1 9.42÷7+3=9
Isx=–3asolutionoftheequation4x+5=–7?
4x+5=–7
4(–3)+5=–7 Substitute–3forx.–7=–7 Simplify.
Since–7=–7,–3isasolutionoftheequation4x+5=–7.
Tellwhetherthegivennumberisasolutionofeachequation.
10.4x–1=–27;–7 11.18–2n=14;2 12.21=3p–5;9
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13.k=(–6)(–8)–14;–62 14.20v+36=–156;–6 15.8y+13=21;1
16.–24–17t=–58;217.
126 5; 73m− = + − 18.
1 38 ;384 2g − =
Writeanequationforeachsentence.
19. 13timesthesumofanumberand5is91.
20. Negative8timesanumberminus15isequalto30.
21. Jaredreceives$23foreachlawnhemows.WhatisanequationthatrelatesthenumberoflawnswthatJaredmowsandhispayp?
22. Shariffhasbeenworkingforacompany2yearslongerthanPatsy.WhatisanequationthatrelatestheyearsofemploymentofShariffSandtheyearsofemploymentofPatsyP?
Usementalmathtofindthesolutionofeachequation.
23.h+6=13 24.–11=n+2 25.6–k=14 26.5=–8+t
27. 25z= −
28 126j=
−
29.8c=–48 30.–15a=–45
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PART9:PATTERNS,EQUATIONSANDGRAPHS
Tables,equations,andgraphsaresomeofthewaysthatarelationshipbetweentwoquantitiescanberepresented.Youcanusetheinformationprovidedbyonerepresentationtoproduceoneoftheotherrepresentations;forexample,youcanusedatafromatabletoproduceagraph.Youcanalsouseanyoftherepresentationstodrawconclusionsabouttherelationship.
Are(2,11)and(5,3)solutionsoftheequationy=3x+5?
Foreachorderedpair,youcansubstitutethex-andy-coordinatesintotheequationforxandyandthensimplifytoseeifthevaluessatisfytheequation.For(2,11): For(5,3):11=3(2)+5 Substituteforxand
y.3=3(5)+5
11=11 Multiplyandthenadd.
3≠20
Sincebothsidesoftheequationhavethesamevalue,theorderedpair(2,11)isasolutionoftheequationy=3x+5.Sincethetwosidesoftheequationhavedifferentvalues,theorderedpair(5,3)isnotasolutionoftheequationy=3x+5.
ThetableshowstherelationshipbetweenthenumberofhoursKayaworksatherjobandtheamountofpayshereceives.Extendthepattern.HowmuchmoneywouldKayaearnifsheworked40hours?
Method1:Writeanequation.
y=12.50x Kayaearns$12.50perhour.
=12.50(40) Substitute40forx.=500 Simplify.
Shewouldearn$500in40hours.
Method2:Drawagraph.
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Shewouldearn$500in40hours.
Exercises
Tellwhethertheequationhasthegivenorderedpairasasolution.
1.y=x–7;(2,–5) 2.y=x+6;(–5,11) 3.y=–x+1;(–1,0)
4.y=–5x;(–3,–15) 5.y=x–8;(7,–1)6.
y = x+ 3
4;(−1,−
14
)
Useatable,anequation,andagraphtorepresenteachrelationship.
7.Ticketstothefaircost$17. 8.Brianis5yearsolderthanSam.
Usethetabletodrawagraphandanswerthequestion.
9.ThetableshowsJake’searningsforthenumberofcakeshebaked.Whatarehisearningsforbaking75cakes?
Usethetabletowriteanequationandanswerthequestion.10.ThetableshowsthenumberofmilesthatKaterunsonaweeklybasiswhiletrainingforarace.Howmanytotalmileswillshehaverunafter15weeks?
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