PAC TRAINING - 2019

WATER TREATMENT TRAINING

CHRISTINE MUCHEMI

SUMMARY;1. Introduction to Water Treatment

2. Filtration - Particle, Micro, Ultra, Nano & Hyper

3. ION Exchange Resins

4. Disinfection

5. Genesys Chemical

6. Special Resins

7. Domestic Units

8. Waste Water treatment

9. Containerized Units

BASIC WT ACRONYMS• WT – Water Treatment UV- Ultraviolet

• TDS – Total Dissolved Salts MMF – Multimedia Filter

• TSS – Total Susspended Solids IX- Ion Exchange

• RO – Reverse Osmosis ORP – Oxygen Retention Potential

• UF – Ultrafitration EC – Electrical Conductivity

• BWT – Boiler Water Treatment Demin – Demineralisation

• CWT – Cooling Water Treatment

• SDI – Silt Density Index

• AC – Activated Carbon

• AA – Activated Alumina

• MemChem – Membrane Chemicals

• WWTP – Waste Water Treatment plant (STP/ETP/Biodigester)

GLOBAL WATER CHALLENGES

Availability

Quality

Energy

Environmental

• Growing population and industry

• Climate change and draught

• Deteriorating water quality

• Increased industrial pollution

• Energy to increase ~30% by 2030

• Demand for water to increase ~40%

• Stricter regulation on discharge/withdrawal

• Water reuse incentives and mandates

Growing water scarcity and

impairment

Global Water Cycle

COMMON CONTAMINANTS

Surface Water - bacteria, colour, sediment, odor.

Shallow Well water - bacteria, nitrates, sewage infiltration.

Borehole/Ground Water.

Iron & Manganese – turbidity and colour

Fluoride – weak bones, discoloured teeth

Calcium Carbonate Hardness – deposition of scale on

boilers, cooling towers etc.

Sea Water – Saline (High in Sodium and Chlorides)

REQUIREMENTS WHEN DESIGNING A

WT SYSTEM

• Source of water

Rain water – Pure

Surface water – Silted, bacteria

Sea - Saline water (high chlorides & sodium)

Ground water – Quality depends on rock around aquifer

• Daily water requirement

• Hours of operation

• Intended use of the water

• Water analysis

• Site location

• Budget

PROPER WATER ANALYSIS REPORTS Required in order to determine suitable treatment method

PhysicalTurbidity

Colour, pH, TSS

Chemical analysis

Dissolved minerals/salts/solids

Hardness/Saline

Bacteriological analysisAll water for human consumption must be sterilized

WATER ANALYSIS REPORT

PRINCIPAL TREATMENT STAGES

Primary Treatment

Collection – intake structures, pumping

Screening

Secondary treatment

Chemical injection

Sedimentation/Clarification

Filtration (Sand, Special media, UF, RO)

Tertiary treatment Sterilization by Chlorine, UV, Ozone

Potable

Water

Well

Water

Surface

Water

Suspended

Solids/Organics

Removal, Colour

Microbial

Contamination

Filtration

Dual Media Filters

Sand Filters

Bag filtration

Ultrafiltration

Cartridge Filter

Disinfection

UV treatment

Chlorine

Ozone

PRINCIPAL UNIT OPERATIONS

Borehole

Water

Dissolved Minerals

Hard Water

Iron/ManganeseFluoride

Dissolved Minerals

Others

Special Resins

Softening

Birm Filtration

Activated Alumina

Reverse Osmosis

pH Adjustment

Iron/Manganese

Chemical injection

Acid/Alkali

Flocculant

Antiscalant

Pressure driven membrane processes

PARTICLE FILTRATION (GLASS/SAND MEDIA FILTERS)

Post

Chlorination

unit

Clean water

tank

Raw

water

tank

Sand filter

Back Wash

Pump

Booster

set

Filtration Process Flow

DAYLIFF CX & CXD;

• Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)

• Standard & High Pressure (<3Bar)

• Non-corroding Construction

• Auto-air bleeding

• Multiport valves

• Special media

• Mild Steel

• Standard & Deep Bed

• S/S on special order

• Higher pressure (5.5Bar)

• Special media

• Manual control valve

DAYLIFF FC RANGE

PENTAIR PXD INDUSTRIAL FILTERS

• Automated Operation (Pentair Electric Control).

• Deep Bed configuration (Specialized media).

• Fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP)

• Higher pressure (10Bar)

• High efficiency internal flow arrangement for

even filtration and effective backwash.

HYDRA SELF CLEANING FILTERS

To Plant

To Waste

WG/WP PROCESS FLOW

Raw water

tank

WP500

pH

adjustmentFlocculant

dosing

Chlorination

unit

Booster

pump

1ST Stage

Sand filter

Clean water

tank

2nd Stage

Sand filter

WG & WP

( SURFACE WATER TREATMENT)

DAYLIFF WP PLANT 10,000L/HR

WG PLANT 500L/HR

LARGE WP PLANTS KWAT 25/50

• Designed in

Collaboration with

Kenya Red Cross

• Suitable For Disaster response, communities, small towns

• Largest capacity so far

50m3/hr (1million liters a day)

MICROFILTRATION (MF)

• Removes contaminants by passage through a microporous

membrane.

• Pore size range is 0.1 to 10 microns (µm)

• A low −pressure membrane separation system, the membrane

acts as a “sieve” using “mesopores” for particulate removal

• Applied pressure: 0.1−2.0 bar

ULTRAFILTRATION

(MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY)

Ultrafiltration Fundamentals

UF: membrane process based on size exclusion (physical sieving). Reject particles, colloids, SS, oxidized Fe/Mn, microorganisms...

What UF cannot reject: DOM, Non-Oxidized Fe/Mn,Hardness, Salts, dissolved matter in general.

DOW™ UF – Product Specs

SCHEMATIC LAYOUT

WAVE SIMULATION SAMPLE REPORT

DOW IntegraPac™ Concept

Our Customers’ needs…

Reduce engineering and installation complexity

Reduce delivery time

Reduce transport and handling cost

Compact solutions where there is space constraints

Reduce capacity expansion costs

More cost effective

DOW IntegraPac™ Concept

Advantges:

Lower footprint (single stage process)

Higher and more consistent filtrate quality,

independently of the feed water quality

Rejects pathogens resistant to chlorination

Lower chemical use (coagulant, pH

adjustment,…)

Easier maintenance (highly automated

operation)

Easier expandability

Supports shipment by container

Minimized Fittings & Materials

Dayliff Ultrafiltration Range

Can treat murky surface

water Suitable for

treating water at

POUSuitable for remote

areas with no

power

Githunguri Dairy (Fresha) 30m3/hr - Processing

AQUASENTRY MANUAL UF

• Removes particles, bacteria, cysts etc

• Uses hollow fibre membrane

• Based on simple gravity principle

• Standalone or in parallel connection

• Low cost, no power, no chemicals

• 10,000litres per day

TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

PENTAIR LINEGUARD UNITSystem based on ultrafiltration (UF – Inside/out)

Benefits;

• Pore SIZE 20nm( 0,02 µ)

• High flow rate (60LPM)

• Programmable Controller

• Advanced Backwash cycles

• No pump required in pressurized lines (4Bar)

• Low energy consumption, < 0.015 kWh/m3

• TSS < 0.1 mg/l

• Turbidity < 0.3 NTU

35

Malachite LTD– Bateleur Brewery

REVERSE OSMOSIS

(& PRETREATMENT)

Water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane (0.001 micron/µ) at very high pressure = High energy costs

Reduction of salinity and removal of fluoride

Very high quality ‘permeate’water has < 96.5% of the original inlet mineral salt content.

The ‘concentrate’ reject water will carry many times the original inlet mineral salt content.

REVERSE OSMOSIS

RO FEED WATER QUALITY GUIDELINE

Parameter Typical Limits

Turbidity Prefer < 0.2 NTU, 1.0 Max

SDI15 Prefer < 3, Up to 5 accepted

Iron < 0.05 ppm

Manganese < 0.05 ppm

Aluminum < 0.1 ppm

TOC < 3 ppm

Silica <40 ppm

pH TFC (5.0 – 9.0)

Temperature 55-85F (12.7 – 30C)

LSI Use appropriate antiscalant

Barium Use appropriate antiscalant

Strontium Use appropriate antiscalant

Phosphate Use appropriate antiscalant

Different types of Water

WHY USE PRE-TREATMENT?

RO is designed to filter out dissolved solids not

suspended solids.

Pre-treating the feed water will increase the life

and recovery of the membranes.

In the long run – you will SAVE money if you

pre-treat.

GOOD PRE-TREATMENT = GOOD RO

PERFORMANCE

WHY PRETREAT THE WATER• Scaling

– Precipitation of solutes onto membrane surface

– Occurs at tail end

– Heavy metals, H2S, Silica, Hardness etc

• Fouling

– Growth of bacteria on membrane surface forming slime layer

– Occurs throughout membrane

– COD & BOD

• Clogging

– Deposits of silt in membrane

– Throughout membrane but most common at front.

– Metal Oxides, TSS (colloids, clays, silts, etc.)

• Membrane Degradation

– Chlorine damages RO membranes

MM4 SAMPLE REPORT

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

FEED PERMEATE

CONCENTRATE

Streams in a cross-flow filtration: feed,

permeate, and concentrate/retentate/brine

Basic definitions describing the performance1) Flux is a measure of membrane productivity, or how

much volume of permeate can be prepared per unit

of membrane surface area.

The units of flux are: l/m2/hour (lmh)

2) Rejection The percentage of solids that do not pass

through a membrane.Rejection = (1- (Permeate Quality / Feed Quality)) x 100%

3) System Recovery Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow

of an entire membrane system

(71.5 lpm / 178.75 lpm) x 100% = 40% recovery

178.5 lpm

Feed Permeate

71.5 lpm

Concentrate107.25 lpm

TYPICAL RECOVERIES

• Recovery = Permeate Flow / Feed Flow

• % Recovery = (Permeate Rate / Feed

Rate) x 100

RO 65-85%

SWRO 35-45%

NF 80-90%

UF 80-95%

MEMBRANE ARRAY

• The designed arrangement of membrane

housings

• The number of housings placed in

parallel and in series depending on the

application

Schematic figure of a membrane

MULTI STAGE SYSTEM

• 2 stages can give up to 75% recovery, 3 give

higher recoveries. (6 membranes per stage),

DAYLIFF DRO8 SPECIFICATIONS

REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT

Post

Chlorination

unit

Clean water

tank

Borehole

Activated Carbon

filter

pH

Adjustment

unit

Anti scalant

Dosing unit

Raw

water

tank

Booster

set

RO 8m3/hr

Sand filter

Self cleaning

filter

Booster

set

Chlorination

unit

WAVE SIMULATION REPORT

NANO-FILTRATION

(MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY)

NF DESIGN

A membrane liquid separation between RO and UF.

Removes molecules in the 0.001µ range.

Used where the high salt rejection of RO is not necessary, F

Removal of hardness elements such as Ca or Mg.

Operates on lower pressure than RO,

Low Energy consumption

St. Francis Community Hospital UF & NF

ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

Activated Alumina Process layout

Chlorination

unitPh minus

AdjusterPh plus

Adjuster

To storage

tank

Borehole

Raw water

tank

Booster set

Sand filter Activated Alumina

filter

Regenerat

ion

chemical

tank Regeneration

pump

WATER SOFTENERS

• Hardness:• Ca & Mg Ions

• Scaling in Kettles & Boilers

• No Foam with Soap

• Softening• Removal of Hardness

Ions by Ion Exchange

• Ion Exchange Resin

• Regeneration with salt

Atlas Filtri Softeners

• 30AVL & 70AVL

• 1.8m3/hr & 3m

3/hr

• Includes; Resin & brine

tanks, Autotrol valve

Sterilization • Microorganisms are killed (harmful & harmless)

• Microorganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and reproduction.

• Chlorination – the most common method

• Chlorine available as Chlorine 65 powder

• Has a residual effect ↑

• Introduces smell and taste to water ↓

• UV sterilization

• used for clear, micro-filtered water

• UV has no residual effect

DISINFECTION

CHEMICAL DOSING PUMPS

Seko AMM/AML

Standard unit

Dosing Range 5-lit/hr

Grundfos Alldos

Higher Flow Rates

Grundfos Quality & Reliability

Dosing Range 6 to 115-lit/hr

CHEMICAL TANKS & ELECTRIC MIXERS

• Provide chemical concentrate

consistency.

• Low Speed 200rpm.

• Suitable for low and medium

viscosity liquids.

• Mixers available with 150mm

and 220mm paddle diameter.

UV STERILIZATION

UV SYSTEMS

Model

Flowrate

l/hr

UV 403AL 600

UV 405AL 1200

UV 440LCD 3600

UV 550LCD 6000

UV 80/2RACK 8000

UV 80/3RACK 20000

KLORMAN INLINE

10,000lt per cartridge at 50ppm

KLORMAN 2000

• 17kg tablets Can disinfect

16million liters of water at

1ppm

• Suitable for commercial

application e.g. WSPs

• Versatile

• Trouble Free- No moving

parts

KLORMAN APPLICATIONS• Food processing facilities

• Shelf life enhancement

• Potable water disinfection

• Environmental hygine

• Pre and post harvest

• Medical facilities

• Animal kennels

BUCCANEER INLINE

One charge of 6 refill

cartridges will dose 8,000

m3 to 1 ppm free chlorine

BUCCANEER APPLICATIONS

• Potable water disinfection (Municipal/Private)

• Sewerage effluent treatment

• Shelf life enhancement of food

• Bio fouling control

• Irrigation water dissinfection

• Pre and post harvest disinfection

• Fruit & Vegetable washing

DOSATRON

Proportional Dosing Pump Powered Only by Water Pressure

Dosing rate proportional to flow rate

Sizing by flow rate on line

and percentage of the dosage required

GENESYS CHEMICALS

• Genefloc GPF Flocculant - Improved performance of RO Equipment;

• Genesol 38 - RO Low pH Membrane Cleaning;

• Genesol 704 - RO High pH Membrane Cleaning;

• Genesol 30 - RO Biocide for Pre-Treatment and Cleaning;

• Genesys LF - RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;

• Genesys SI - RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;

• Genesys RC – RO Anti Scalant Pre-Treatment;

• Activated Carbon Reduces:

• color and odor

• Organic chemicals

• Birm speeds up reaction between DO and Iron/Manganese.

• Aqualite removes heavy metals and can filter down to 2mic

• Activated Alumina Fluoride content by adsorption

• DMI 65

SPECIAL RESINS

DOMESTIC PURIFIERS

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

(SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT)

STAGES OF WWTP1st Stage – Stabilization Chamber

• Raw waste flows into this chamber.

• Settling of large particles and grit occurs.

• Introduction of Enzyme Bacteria.

2nd Stage - Aeration Chamber

• Aeration pump installed to provide aerobic conditions for breakdown of

decomposable wastes.

3rd Stage – Sedimentation Chamber

• Final settlement occurs here.

• Submersible pump is installed to recycle sludge back to the Stabilization chamber.

4th Stage – Clarification Chamber

• Clean/clarified water collects .

• Filter pump installed here to pump clarified water through the CXD filter.

5th Stage - Chlorination

• Chlorine dosing is done to sanitize clarified water.

• Suitable quality for irrigation purposes or discharge to storm drains.

• Treated water meets NEMA standards.

BIOROCK

• A revolutionary compact

WWTP system.

• No need for power.

• No moving parts.

• Silent operation.

• Minimal maintenance.

• Ease of handling and

installation

• Suitable for domestic

applications

SEQUENCE BATCH REACTOR (SBR)

• Provides full Carbon and Nitrogen removal - high quality effluent.

• Easy to retrofit to existing septic tanks

• Suitable for re-use – irrigation & toilet flushing.

• Suitable for discharged into sensitive water courses.

• 100PE, 150PE, 200PE, 350PE, 500PE, 650PE, 800PE & 1000PE

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SBR MINI

• 10PE, 20PE, 40PE, 60PE & 80PE

• Suitable for sites with failing septic tanks &

sites that exhaust sewer

BIOPURE• Highly Stable Fixed Film

Technology

• Incredibly Versatile but also Simple

• Excellent process control

• Robust Process –Survives difficult conditions e.g. power cuts, flooding, toxic shock, poor design

• Low sludge wasting frequencies

• Quick delivery times - 1 month

• Modular configuration

• Customizable design

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BIOFUTURE

• BFL Septa Clean 500g/1l – Septic Tanks.

• BFL 4000SU – Start up/reseeding

• Resort Blend – Hotels/Lodges

• BFL Grease clean – Fats, Oils, greases

• BFL Toilet Clean – Toilets & Urinals

• BFL Odour Clean – Odour Control

CONTAINERISED UNITS