PACKAGINGCourse: Shipping Transportation Management

(DSM 2315)

Farm

Packing Materials

Packhouse

Transport &Refrigeration

Load Port

Shipping

Dis. Port

Transport to consignee

Packaging Supply ChainTimber and Paper

CartonsPallets

Other materials

Packaging means receptacle and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment function.

Packages means the complete product of the packing operation, consisting of the packaging and its contents as prepared for transport.

Unit load means a number of packages that are:

1)placed or stacked on and secured by strapping, shrink-wrapping or other suitable means to a load board such as a pallet

2)placed in a protective outer enclosure such as a pallet box

3)permanently secured together in a sling.

• Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.

• Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use.

• Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells.

• In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use.

1. Physical protection – The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanical shock, vibration, electrostatic discharge, compression, temperature, etc.

2. Barrier protection – A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Permeation is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or oxygen absorbers to help extend shelf life. 

• A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials, prior to end use is required, as in case of special paints, glues, medical fluids etc.

• At consumer end, the packaging barrier is broken or measured amounts of material removed for mixing and subsequent end use.

3. Containment or agglomeration – Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency.

4. Information transmission – Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product.

• Information are required by governments.• Some packages and labels also are used

for track and trace purposes. • Most items include their serial and lot

numbers on the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains an expiry/best-before date, usually in a shorthand form.

• Packages may indicate their material with a symbol.

5. Convenience – Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, dispensing, reuse, recycling, and ease of disposal.

6. Marketing – The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product.

• Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity.

7. Security – Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment.

• Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering.

• Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage or the theft and resale of products

8. Portion control – Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households.

• It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: "primary", "secondary", etc.

• Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.

• Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, perhaps used to group primary packages together.

• Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.

• Goods should be kept together in form of a transport unit adapted to all present vehicles and handling equipment.

•The unit should be formed as early as possible and be broken as late as possible in the material flow.

•Preferably should be formed at the consignor ’s, ad broken at the consignee ’s.

•Unit loads are parts of a shipment that can be treated as a single unit during cargo handling and transportation.

•The size or dimensions of the unit load can vary according to requirements and to the means of transport and packaging container available.

•To optimize the cargo handling, transport and storage processes, standardization of unit loads is desirable.

•The most common unit loads are pallets and components with bases that resemble pallets, such as pallet, etc.

• The most important properties of a unit load are that it can be loaded to ensure a tight fit, its modularity and its stability, the last of which ensures that it can be stowed safely and will not be damaged by load securing measures.

• Large as possible

• Formed as early as possible

• Broken as late as possible

• Be stable and rough

• Be able to be handled by all equipment in the transport chain

• Simpler, faster and cheaper trans-shipments between transport modes

• Reduced terminal times for vehicles leading to better resource utilisation

• Less goods damage and costs for wrapping

• Easier to choose load unit type

• Easier document handling

• Need for technical adaptation

• Need for larger and more costly transhipment equipment

• Economies of scale cause less flexibility

• Extra costs for unit loads, empty positioning and returning

Unitizing is the assembly of one or more items into a compact load.

secured together and provided with skids and cleats for ease of handling.

Provide water damage protection by using plastic shrink wrap or stretch wrap on individual items, before assembly into unit load, or on entire load.

simple operationslow entry barrier

more difficult operations

consolidation in terminalsrequires a network

large economies of scalespeed is essential

Container Container capacities are stated in terms of twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU).

Swap body

Semi-trailer

Roll-on frame

The modular design of the pallet system

in terminal on the road on railways at the sea

semi-trailer

swap-body

container

The ratio a/hs, whether the unit has been scotched or not, shall be equal to or higher than 0.6 longitudinally and the ratio b/hs shall be equal to or higher than 0.5 transversely.

If the load is subjected to wind (loading on a flat), the ratio b/hs shall be equal to or higher than 0.7.

• There are Hazmat Labels, Placards, and Markings Infographic

• Labels, placards, and markings are indispensable compliance products.

• adhere to stringent regulatory standards

• Labels are standard hazmat identifiers, designed to meet regulations. Hazard class labels and handling labels are placed on hazardous material packaging such as UN certified packaging, or over packs.

• Shippers are responsible for choosing the correct labels for their shipments. Labeling a material incorrectly can result in costly shipping delays, fines, and injuries. 

• To communicate universally - labels relate information about the hazards of a chemical inside a package internationally, regardless of language.

• To offer special handling instructions - labels clarify handling requirements for a package, making shipping and handling dangerous goods a safer process.

• To help employers communicate hazards - employers use hazard labels to alert employees of potential hazards of materials.

• To help carriers decide where to place packages - hazmat labels help carriers determine stowage and segregation onboard planes, trucks and vessels.

• To inform emergency responders - emergency responders use hazard labels for accident clean-up and potential evacuations.

• It depends on the hazard - there are 9 different classes of hazardous materials. The labels for each class are a different color. These labels must be a specific size, shape and color.

• They stand out - labels must have contrasting background and a dotted line border should be used if the label is not distinguishable from the package. The symbols and text on the labels must be either black or white.

Designation

Symbol

Explanation

Keep dry

Cargoes bearing this symbol must be protected from excessive humidity and must accordingly be stored under cover. If particularly large or bulky packages cannot be stored in warehouses or sheds, they must be carefully covered with tarpaulins.

Use no hooks

Any other kind of point load should also be avoided with cargoes marked with this symbol. The symbol does not automatically prohibit the use of the plate hooks used for handling bagged cargo.

Keep away from heat (solar radiation)

Compliance with the symbol is best achieved if the cargo is kept under the coolest possible conditions It must be kept away from additional sources of heat. This label should also be used for goods, such as butter and chocolate, which anybody knows should not be exposed to heat, in order to prevent losses.

There are three making of packages to be using that is:

• RFID the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.

• The tags contain electronically stored information.

• Some tags are powered by and read at short ranges (a few meters) via magnetic fields (electromagnetic induction).

• Others use a local power source such as a battery or not

• Act as a passive transponder to emit microwaves (i.e., electromagnetic radiation at high frequencies). Battery powered tags may operate at hundreds of meters.

• Unlike a barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader, and may be embedded in the tracked object.

• Pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses. Livestock and pets may have tags injected, allowing positive identification of the animal.

• RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, everyday possessions, or even implanted within people