pACKInG HAppIneSSAdam Blaney 06092109[Re_Map]

contentS

Preface

Optimised selection process

Optimised selection

Flow diagram

Selecting sites

Site

Form generation solar envelope

Solar envelope process

Shade [in]tolerent areas

Solar envelope process vertical limit

Super graphic

Initial massing model

Defining attributes

Programme ratio

Programme analysis

Programme location

Fractal units

The grid

Optimally packing optimum forms

Solar envelope packing

Packing potentials

Solar envelope packing density

Automated packing

Planning logic

Swarm growth

Sceneraio development

Material ecology

Spatial development

Facade generation

Facade prototype

Balloon packing

Automating packing

Printing panels

Panel production

Acoustic control

Fractal landscape

Initial plans & sections

Fractal development

Scenario development

Landscape model

Panel prototype

Finalising the scenerio

Analogue packing

The discourse of this project looks to develop a vertically high density social housing scheme which is centred on optimising happiness. Vertical high density reduces the eco-logical and physical footprint of the intended scheme. This generates more land to regenerate the urban condition of the area being explored. The programme selection will be based on ratios to produce scenarios that yield varying happiness results.

Mapping methodologies and initial proposals were carried out in the previous project fractal happiness. The trajectory of this research will look to establish an architectural system that optimises happiness. A system will be explored because of its inherent flex-ible qualities and the feedback loops it generates. These feedback loops are essential as the proposed architectural system will aim to constantly improve state of happiness defined within each LSOA in Fractal happiness. To attain a flexible system multiple pro-cess will have to be identified, computational design methodologies will facilitate this flex-ible system approach, this results in an end solution that can be applied to any context and maintain contextual specificity. Computational means of design will allows for multi-ple scenarios to be generated each with its own repercussion on the LSOA happiness system. The computational processes will provide the generative design system which will create the architectural construct. Regeneration of the urban context will be dependent on the scenarios developed within the generative design process.

Prototypes will be developed throughout the discourse of this project to establish viable means of design and fabrication to produce an architectural solution that can meet varying demands of each user. Material ecologies will be explored to refine these prototypes to establish an architectural solution that is based on optimised pro-gramme ratios as well as material efficiencies. The end result of this scheme will be the development of one scenario out of a potential limitless amount at an instance in time.

PRefAce

In the previous portfolio as site was selected based on its proximity to the least happy LSOA. This sustains a singular develop-ment. A classification of sites is needed to define areas required for the generative architectural process. All of the sites below are devoid of happiness within the urban context explored [they provide no value to the happiness system]. It is neces-sary to utilise these sites for the generative process as they do not add anything positive into the ‘happiness system’. If all of the sites are developed then areas of containing the lowest happiness value are targeted for regeneration. The cellular grid aids this selection for regeneration as it is a comparative system within the LSOA. The cellular grid can then provide the most appropriate are for a user to live according to their specified happiness attribute selection.

Sites devoid of happiness

Major transport axis

Arbitrary cell selected. Actual cell would be selected based on users criteria as previously explained

SelectIng SIteS

An optimum area is defined based on a users attribute selection. Defining this higherachy of attributes eliminates cells that do not meet these requirements. The cells are eliminated based on existing programme / conditions specific to that cell. The cell dimensions used here are 200 meters x 200 meters, this size is arbitrary and may alter due to other factors that inform it.

An optimum area has been defined based on the users requirements. The next step requires potential areas for [re]generation. This involves highlighting sites in close proximity devoid of happiness / have no happiness value.

Optimum area defined based on the selected criteria of the most valued attributes (food, exersion and low crime rates)

Cells die if they do not meet criteria more effectively then others (exersion and food)

Refining cell selection based on exersion and food

Existing urban condition

LSOAs are grided in order to define area selection, comparative processing of cells attributes

Predominant programme / attributes identified

OptImISed SelectIon

INTERFACE

List preferences in decreasing value (1 = highest 13 = lowest)

Basic human needs

Food

Exersion

Sex

Shelter

Security of body

Health

Excess human needs

Employment rate

Education

Green space

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Apply selection

Run

2

3

1

2

4

1

5

7

6

8

1

3

9

This process resembles that of the first cellular grid to compare happiness, the output in this case is to define the most appropriate area based on the attributes assigned as previously explained. In terms of computation data processing is carried out for each cell and compared to each other, those that don’t meet the criteria die.

This is only representing the process of defining the optimum site based on the user’s criteria. Only 3 attributes have been chosen, the actual model would process all of the data for each attribute.

Scale 1 : 10000

Bad Good

OptImISed SelectIon PRoceSS

- 1.5 - 4.8

- 5.5- 4.2

- 3.7 - 2.9

8.0 7.3

5.05.8

3.8 2.9

3.3 8.8

7.15.0

3.1 6.7

9.8 11.3

6.66.6

3.2 6.7

Security of body (crime rate scores)

Exertion (gym access scores)

Again a gradient key is used to graphically represent the data

Food (allotment access scores)

Final scores processed to highlight site based on criteria

Area defined Scale 1 : 2500 Area defined needs to be evaluated to see if there is a site devoid of happiness for generating architec-ture. If no sites devoid of happiness regeneration strategies are applied

(all scores added potential score out of 20)

This site was chosen as it is the closest to the least happy LSOA area which is devoid of happiness. The happiness state of the LSOA was derived in the previous happy mapping exercise carried out in Fractal happiness. This site also has good trans-port links as it is located just off one of the main transport axis Victoria Road. This facilitates access to the site and increases the happiness of the whole LSOA system based on commuting times to access the implemented programme.

Physical site model - This topography of the site was generated digitally and the physically produced using a CNC machine. This will aid site access and appropriate level changes.

SIte

Industrial units

The site panoramic highlights low level industrial units surrounding the whole site apart from the east. The site topography generally flat and vehicular access routes are already existing from the surrounding industrial units.

Housing typology

Site limits and existing programme

Residential

Industrial

Commercial

Least happy LSOA

Panoramic view

A generative process is required for producing the architectural form within the system, this is because there are multiple sites as previously highlighted. A generic process that can be applied to each site generates architectural formations that all have the same trajectory. The sites devoid of happiness need a contextual optimised form generation process. The work of Dr Craig Martin and his work with synergy crystal outlines a process in which an optimised solar envelope is generated specific to the site being developed. The formal generation of the solar envelope is a series of Boolean intersections into a volume located on the site [images A - C are taken from Dr Craig Martins synergy crystal research]. This process is further outlined in later pages. The significance of this process is that it is procedural and can therefore be automated. Images D -F are taken from the research paper Evo Devo by Sean Ahlquist and Moritz Fleischmann, a genetic algorithm is implemented resulting in the final forms E & F being produced, again these forms are a production of the same process of multiple Boolean intersections. Automating this process generates a potential optimised system in which the urban context can be regenerated by computationally generative process to achieve a context which is optimised to obtain solar gains.

A

B

C D E

FoRm GeneRAtIon - SolAR envelope

A - Solar forms for Equinox collated, Boolean interested, and evaluated on a pyramidal grid relating to hourly and seasonal periods of solar and shade access.B - Winter shade niche de-contextualised within hourly periods of access.C- Winter shade zones and Solar Envelopes aligned.(images A, B & C taken from SYNBIOCITY: SELF-PERPETUATING SOLAR NICHE WITHIN THE FIRST SHOCK CITY by Dr Craig Martin)D - Procedural process in which form production is automated, a genetic sequence is established producing infinate possibi-lites that are optimised to the condtions.E - Tower form produced from above methodolgyF - Multiple forms created based on grid manipulation of an apartment(D,E & F Material and space, Synthesis strategies based on evolutionary development biology. S. Ahlquist & M. Fleischmann. 2008)

Below is the process applied to develop an optimum solar envelope specific to the sites solar conditions. Angles for altitude and azimuth were used of set times of day (09:00, 12:00 & 15:00) for winter, equinox and summer solstice. These angles were projected from the surrounding context to produce the inflicted shaded areas, these were then Boolean intersected with the architectural volume.

Shade tolerentSiteShade intolerent

Summer solstice

Equinox

Winter solstice

Scale 1 : 8000

SolAR envelope pRoceSS

Summer shadow study

09:00

12:00

15:00

Equinox shadow study

09:00

12:00

15:00

Winter shadow study

09:00

12:00

15:00

12:00

15:00

09:00 09:00

12:00

15:00

Volume removed by shadows footprint taken for multiple times of day and season

Solar study of shadows inflicted on the site throughout the day at seasonal periods.

09:00

12:00

15:00

Below are the areas that have been highlighted as shade tolerant or intolerant. This informs the vertical limits of the solar envelope with respect to the suns altitude at certain times of day in specific seasonal periods. Residential, green space and allotment areas have been defined as shade intolerant areas. Industrial and commercial areas have been defined as shade tolerant areas. The shade intolerant areas will be the factor that controls the vertical limits of the envelope.

SHAde [In}toleRent AReAS

Shade intolerent areas Shade tolerent areas Optimised hybrid form solar implications for all solar times mapped

Summer 09:00 Summer 12:00 Summer 15:00

Equniox 09:00 Equniox 12:00 Equniox 15:00

Winter 09:00 Winter 12:00 Winter 15:00

SolAR envelope pRoceSS veRtICAl lImIt

The verticle limit process is outlined below. Angles for altitude and azimuth were used of set times of day (09:00, 12:00 & 15:00) for winter, equinox and summer solstice. These angles were projected from the surrounding shade intolerent urban context to produce a vertical limit. These angles fromed planes to intersect with the archtiecural volume.

A hybrid solar envelope can be produced from each solar season, an amalgamation of all forms and Boolean intersecting these forms with one another will produce the hybrid.

Summer 15:00Summer 12:00Summer 09:00

Equniox 15:00Equniox 12:00Equniox 09:00

Winter 15:00Winter 12:00Winter 09:00

All forms combined and Boolena intersected to produce hybrid optimised solar envelope

Boolean intersecting all forms with one another has produce the below hybrid form. This is the optimised solar envelope, specific to the site. This envelope is the maximum volume which can then be populated by individual programme volumes. This volume will also need top down planning ideologies applied in order to ensure happiness is maximised.

Summer form justification scale 1 : 12000

12:00 noon

15:00 noon

09:00 noon

Equinox form justification scale 1 : 12000

12:00 noon

15:00 noon

09:00 noon

Winter form justification scale 1 : 12000

12:00 noon

15:00 noon

09:00 noon

An initial massing model was fabricated to address issues of scale within its context. The model was digitally fabricated. The digital hybrid form was scaled and sectioned into 3mm segments using the ‘Contour’ command in Rhino and each section was numbered for reference when fabricating. The sectioned pieces were then laser cut and laminated together. The resolution of this model depends on the segment thickness and the resultant material it is to be fabricated from. The shadows produced represent afternoon shadows during the equinox season.

This elevation receives constant solar exposure due to its south facing orientation. This yields potentials to incorporate a solar facade to generate renewable zero carbon electricity.

South facing view reveals scale of the proposed development.

North facing view reveals scale of the proposed development.

Segment pieces referenced for ease of fabrication.

North facing overview South facing overview

mASSIng model

Existing urban programmes within the LSOA and the cellular model defines the happiness state of the area. For clarity the existing programme and non physical data will be defined as to which attribute it impacts, if the attribute is effected by proxim-ity this will also be stated.

Basic human needs

Allotments, Grocery shops

Gym

Underage pregnancy

Homeless popoulation

Crime rate

Health

Excess human needs

Un / employment rate

Prosperity, house prices

School statistics, qualification %

Green space

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Existing programme or data Proximity or data

Basic human needs

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Data specific to area

Data specific to area

Data specific to area

Data specific to area

Excess human needs

Data specific to area

Data specific to area

Data specific to area

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme

DefInIng AttRIButeS

The programme selected is based on basic human needs, the various programmes selected address eash factor of basic human needs. An optimised ration for the programme needs to be derived. A ratio can be flexible and can be specific to its occupants.

PRogRAmme SelectIon

Basic human needs

Food

Exersion

Sex

Shelter

Security of body

Health

Excess human needs

Employment

Income

Education

Green space

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Attribute

Allotments

Apartments

Planning policy

GP practice

Green space

Food

Basic human needs Programme

Shelter

Security of body

Sex

Exertion

Health

HAPPIneSS RAtIO

Programe selection is based on the basic human needs and what programme and factors / ratios generate the greatest possible happiness yield.

A programme was generated that maximally met basic human needs requirements, as excess needs are not seen to be necessary according to Freudian criteria. The generative process addresses basic human needs while in the greater system / regenerative process can accommodate for excess human needs and programmes.

SexHealth clinic

Security of body

[Planning policy]

FoodAllotments

ShelterSocial housing

ExertionGreen space

221 : : :5.0m 40 or 20m 0.002 2 2550 : : :2750m 22000m 1

Minimum area per family

[An area of 100m would sustain a families food r e q u i r m e n t s produced from an allotment][20 standard

(300 sq. yd) plots per 1,000 households . N S A L G r e c o m e n d s ]

25.0m

Average allotment area

2250m 21 . 5

Minimum area per house hold

or

40m2 of open space per household, divided between parks, sports areas, green corridors, semi-natural space and civic space.

20m2 per household of informal play / recreation space and equipped play areas.

[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/55971/0015781.pdf]

240m220m

A v e r a g e family size

Apartment area is based on constituent parts. This internal furnishings plus the circulation space around these inform the room dimensions. The total room dimensions plus corridors inform the total apartment area. This process allows for an optimised area for each user and does not require an average flat size. The catalogue for constituent parts is recorded in later pages.

4.23.01.82.32.8

Pakistani IndianBlackWhiteAverage

2 2 2 2 2 2 26

1 1

GPs per 10,000 population001 002 003 004 005 006 007

5.63.61.69.58.5dnalgnE 6.5 .583517851936149614271PG rep stneitaP 538 538

Average daily contact 36 to 4510 minutes per consultationAverage 44.4 hours per week

102 - 127

152 - 178

203 - 229

254 -304

Planting depths [mm]

2

SHADe [In]toleRAnt SPecIeS

ReQuIRementS

Species / programme

Bi products key

Requirements key

Hierachyintolerant tolerantShade [in]tolerant

MoistureWild lifeFoodBiohazard

Fertilizer Artificial Light Day light Tools Water Ventilation

Smell Noise

Energy

Heat

Heat

Bi products

A study of programmes that are shade [in]tolerant generates a hierarchy and informs the spatial arrangement within the solar envelope. The main programme study is represented below for the shade tolerance study, secondary programme such as plant rooms bin rooms will all be classified as shade tolerant. These programmes can function without natural lighting.

Strategies will have to be implemented to meet the requirements for each programme, these requirements will have to be attained via mechanical means or passive / natural means. The proposed scheme will try to maximise and utilise passive means to regulate the schemes climate as much as possible. Potentials to integrate a solar facade have already been addressed due to the south facing orientation of the scheme, thermal mass may also be used to moderate temperature control.

Now that an optimised solar form has been derived and areas that become shaded have been mapped, this can be combined with the programme shade tolerance study to make initial spatial organisation steps. Below is a physical model that makes initial strategies at spatial organisation of programme and form. Again the solar envelope was digitally fabricated using a laser cutter and stacked together. The envelope form has been further refined to allow vehicular access and house poten-tial programme on the ground floor where the envelope is excavated.

Overview of shade tolerant programme location

A series of close up images highlight scale of individual programme blocks with regards to the surrounding industrial context

Solar envelope location in which apartment units are to be organised

PRogRAmme LocAtIon

Solar envelope 1 Solar envelope 2Bins Service cores

Plant rooms ReceptionGP clinic

A catalogue of constituent parts that make up a single room dimensions have been recorded. The number of rooms required which its dimensions are based on its constituent parts plus corridor area makes the total apartment area. This approach produces efficiency in apartment requirements for individual users. A minimum and maximum dimension is provided for each user demographic and the user can then select an area and a height within these minimum and maximum dimensions. Below is a catalogue for an able body user, the dimensions were based on lifetimes homes and primary research.

Generating the overall apartment volumes will be automed, these unique volumes based on users and programatic require-ments are then ‘packed’ optimally into the solar envelope. (please refer to packing process for more information)

2.8 meters

10 meters

12 meters

Automated unit Users final desired unit

Area 120m

Volume 336m

3.1 meters

17 meters

19 meters

Area 323 m

Volume 1001.3 m3

2

3

2

FRActAl UnItS

trap tneutitsnoC Dimensions (mm)Number Min M eciohCxa

Kitechen 1052 x 073 x 0541kniS 650 x 600 x 330 540 x 430 x 300

Work top 2 450 x 2100 700 x 3400Work top a 600 x 2500Work top b 600 x 1400Cupboard / s 7 300 x 450 x 320 650 x 800 x 650Cupboard a 300 x 550 x 400Cupboard b 650 x 550 x 400Cupboard c 300 x 650 x 550Cupboard d 650 x 650 x 550Cupboard e 650 x 800 x 550Cupboard f 650 x 800 x 550Cupboard g 650 x 800 x 550

004 x 005 x 0051nevO 1100 x 900 x 600 900 x 800 x 5501boH 250 x 320 800 x 650 700 x 550

0031 x 004 x 0061rezeerf egdirF 700 x 900 x 2000 750 x 600 x 1700006 x 004 x 0041elbaT 1500 x 700 x 750 1000 x 600 x 650

m 4.01 aera detsegguS²m 3.5muminim aerA ² Selected area 10.5 m²

m 9.21mumixam aerA ² Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 mUtility 1

008 x 055 x 0551enihcam gnihsaW 650 x 650 x 850 600 x 600 x 800005 x retemaid 0041relioB 600 diameter x 1200 600 x 1200

0072 x 005 x 008egarotS 1000 x 1000 x 3000 800 x 800 x 2800m 4.1 aera detsegguS ²m 4.1muminim aerA ² Selected area 1.8 m²

Area maximum 2.5 m² Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 m1moor gniviL

008 x 005 x 00111afoS 2000 x 650 x 1200 1700 x 600 x 1100084 x 003 x 0030riahC 700 x 700 x 500055 x 003 x 0041elbat effoC 1200 x 600 x 600 900 x 500 x 550004 x 003 x 0061dnats VT 1500 x 500 x 600 1000 x 400 x 400

m 8.7 aera detsegguS²m 5.5muminim aerA ² Selected area 8.1 m²

²m 2.9mumixam aerA Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 m1ynoclaB

m 8.1 aera detsegguS²m 5.1muminim aerA ² Selected area 2.3m²

Area maximum 2.4 m² Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 m1moorhtaB

054 x 0041 x 0061htaB 900 x 1900 x 600 750 x 1800 x 6000002 x 005 x 0060rewohS 800 x 800 x 2000

021 x 053 x 0941kniS 600 x 500 x 250 500 x 500 x 200003 x 005 x 0631telioT 380 x 580 x 400 380 x 550 x 320

006 x 06 x 0041reyrd lewoT 650 x 80 x 1500 600 x 80 x 1500Shelf 1 300 x 550 x 470 500 x 1000 x 600 400 x 750 x 550

004 x 003 x 0031teksab gnihsaW 550 x 550 x 600 420 x 350 x 500m 7.4 aera detsegguS²m 3.3muminim aerA ² Selected area 4.9m²

m 3.5mumixam aerA ² Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 m0moorteW

0002 x 005 x 0051rewohS 800 x 800 x 2000021 x 053 x 0941kniS 600 x 500 x 250053 x 005 x 0631telioT 380 x 580 x 400

m 3.1 aera detsegguS²m 3.1muminim aerA ²

Area maximum 2.3 m² Suggested height 2.7 m1moordeB

03 x 0091 x 0091deB 1600 x 2000 x 700 1600 x 2000 x 7000081 x 005 x 0541ebordraW 1300 x 700 x 2000 1300 x 600 x 2000

086 x 006 x 0041kseD 600 x 1700 x 720 1100 x 500 x 700 054 x 001 x 081elbat ediS 220 x 250 x 550 170 x 170 x 500

m 01 aera detsegguS²m 3.6muminim aerA ² Selected area 10 m²

m 7.01mumixam aerA ² Suggested height 2.7 m Selected height 2.8 mCorridor Width 1000 2000 Selected width 1300

Overall minimum area 34.4 m² Overall maximum area 81.6 m²

Each apartment typology is broken down by its constituent parts as catalogued in fractal units. A minimum and maximum dimension is taken for all of these constituent parts specific to the defined occupant’s able body, Disabled and OAP. This is combined with circulation space required and a minimum and maximum unit dimension is produced in which users can define their own apartment dimensions. Each unit is based in a 200mm x 200mm grid which informs its overall dimensions and the apartments are therefore in integers of 200mm. This modularisation allows for mass customisation whilst maintaining efficiency with regards to both production and scalability. In essence this is a fractal system. The reason for a 200mm integer is based on the thickest internal wall dimensions.

200mm x 200mm grid which dictates the units dimensions. An optimum orientation can be defined with further development with regards to solar access when required. I.e. 08:00 - 09:00 solar access to bedrooms, 12:00 - 18:00 solar access to living room etc.

The dimensions for both an able bodied user and OAP user are identical, the able bodied user must have a duplex as they are more mobile, this reduces the footprint size and increases density.

Minimum apartment area

Maximum apartment area

Proposed apart-ment area

Note - Initial proposal above generated un-uniformed footprints, this has a detrimental effect on construction efficiency, further developments will retain uniform box apartments.

Kitchen

Bedroom

Wetroom

Bathroom

Utilityroom

Livingroom

A disabled user has a single story unit, the circula-tion space around constituent parts is much greater allowing ease of access, this results in a greater footprint.

THe GRID

OAP aparment unit

Able bodied aparment unit

Disabled aparment unit

A process need to be developed in which the apartment units can be organised within the optimised solar envelope. A process needs to be defined as there is the potential to apply this to multiple sites, this develops an architectural system with the potential to automate the solar form generation and the automation of filling it with the apartment units. Packing is a compu-tational process that can achieve this flexibility when planning multiple scenarios. A computational process can then generate infinite scenarios with no extra work. Packing is an operation described by Aranda and Lasch in tooling (among many others). It automates spatial arrangement based on simple rules to generate an optimally packed volume. Below are the individual sized units based on the user and programmatic requirements to be packed into a solar volume.

Apartment units Solar volume

Automated packing processes, Algorithmic architecture by Kostas Terzidis. Randomised location of each cube, number of cubes and size of cubes can be controlled, this method of packing address density and user requirements and is more sensitive then the Packrat process.

Pack rat developed for grasshopper. These both automate packing cubes into a defined region. The density of packing can’t be controlled in Packrat, this therefore limits solar access to the adjacent apartments.

Above opposite right objects are overlapping this is not correct, opposite right all objects do not overlap this is correct. The packing operation will continue to pack as many objects until it cannot pack any more into the defined volume or area.

Recipe for packing

1. Create a shape of random size2. Pick a random point3. a) If the shape is inside another shape, or overlaps another shape, throw it away and go back to step 1. b) If not, place it, Go to step 1.[Taken from Aranda and Lasch Tooling pamphlet]

optImAlly packIng optImum foRmS

Log cabin is a speculative project by Aranda and Lasch. The packing operation makes up the facade based on radom sized circels.

Precedent analysis below reveals the potentials in automating a packing process. Automating processes by utilising a computers assets enables emergent potentials to design solutions. A computer processes information based on set param-eters to generate a solution. Multiple parameters can be added, as a result this increases the sensitivity of the model but increases processing time. Once the computational system / framework is generated infinite design solutions can be produced by altering the parameters, this process of design results in no extra effort from the designers behalf to generate multiple design solutions. It simply redefines what needs to by designed.

The above script is a definition used to produce the circles below within Grasshop-per. Grasshopper is a parametric design plugin in for Rhino.

0 - 14 Tower in Dubai utilises a circle packing strategy to generate a punctuated concrete exo-skeleton. This exo-skeleton frees up the internal configuration as no structural columns are required. The varying apertures also control solar access to the internal spaces.

0 - 14 tower and the above script only address packing potentials within a 2d plane, in order to address packing potentials of a 3d solar volume a process has to be defined which meets this requirement. Sky village is a research project by MVRDV enabled by computational design processes. A computational methodology is facilitated by the data collection. The data collection form the parameters of the system in which design scenarios are then generated. This produces a feedback loop within the system as a cause and effect is produced. A 3d form is generated via the packing of standardised units within a defined volume.

Infinite random circle packing arrangement possibilities. 0 -14 tower by Reiser + Umemoto

Sky Village - MVRDV

Aggregate - Aranda and Lasch

Aggregate by Aranda and Lasch is an automated design formation which is then digitally fabricated. This control in scale, orientation and tilling reveal the potentials to control the internal configuration of materials makeup. Molecular control optimises a design strategy at all levels, producing homogenous materials that can meet multiple demands. This is a current research agenda being explored by Neri Oxman and her Material ecology explorations.

PACkInG PotentIAlS

Ensuring there is enough green space, each apartment block is allocated a minimum amount of at least 20m. This amount is a variable itself and was defined in the programme analysis. The process below looks to automate this assignment of green space and how this spatial organisation may also be automated.

Solar envelopes to be packed

SolAR envelope PACkInG

Apartment unit with assigned green space area assigned

Apartment

Total volume offset for packing

Neighbourhood between service cores and every floor, a neighbourhood is defined to ensure the green space is easily accessible for all occupants, A data processing loop would have to carried out in the syntax to count the number of apart-ments and resultant green space required in the far right volume.

Total solar envelope with volume between service cores highlighted

Volume split into floors

Volume of single floor to get count of units packed into this volume

Numerber of units in neighbourhood multiply X the amount of assigned green space

Re pack units into neighbour hood volume. Aparment squares + new total green space area

Green space allocated 20m - 40 m 2 2

20m - 40m2 2

Total green space assigned

to neighbourhood

Apartment

Allotment

Defining how the apartment blocksare packed relative to one another’s position, neighbouring apartment ensures there is no over lapping. Again defining this packing process looks to automate the spatial organisation. This has significance as the density of packing can be performance driven in terms of how much solar gains are attained, this performance criteria there-fore effects the density of the packed solar envelope and informs the amount of sun available to allotment areas.

A manual packing process was carried out to explore the potentials in solar access and eventual formations. It address previous massing issues of scale as the volume is populated by multiple apartments, the envelope will not been read as a solid mass. The packing process also generates passive ventilation and cooling gains for the apartment units.

Solar envelope vacuum formed in which blocks will be packed manually. The manual packing process will help to inform the finalised automated process with regards to neighbouring packing vicinity.

AnAlogue PACkInG

The finalised packed volume highlighted circulation issues. The next stage to develop this process will be to pack the apart-ment units around circulation cores and planes to address accessibility issues for OAP and disabled users.

The packing density of the apartment units will be informed by three factors, solar access, public and private access / site lines. The distance x between apartment units informs the amount of light accessible to the apartment units below, this in turn informs the apartments internal configuration based on a hierarchy system of how much light a programme needs at certain times of day.

The shadow study [right] address the resultant shadows produced by apartments, this study informs a minimum packing distance which grants solar access to surrounding apartments. The resultant shadows produced are created by apartment units of 3 meters in height as this is the maximum height of the apartments. A ratio will be defined between the minimum height of 2.7 meters to 3 meters based on 100mm increments.

The ratio defined below is based on the shadows produced at 09:00 and 15:00 in winter months as these times produce the greatest shadow lengths. The resultant shadows cast can inflict up to 1.5 meters on a neighbouring apartments facade.

Further development into this spatial configuration can be centred around light access to specific rooms at certain times of day, i.e. 08:00 to 09:00 light accesses a bedroom. This increase in detail based on an internal hierarchy of programme and programme orientation based on solar needs of the apartments themselves will result in greater packing efficiency, if the later can be incorporated into a computational design process, then a performance driven packing solution will be produced.

1500mm 1500mm16584mm 20464mm 20464mm

100mm2700mm 3000mm

Summer 09:0012:0015:00

Equinox09:0012:0015:00

Winter09:0012:0015:00

Shadow length [mm]348619253050

709540555983

411471243841147

Summer Equinox Winter

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Distance xSolar access

PACkInG DenSItY

AutomAtIng PAckIng PRoceSS

PAcking ScenARIoS

The packing process was carried out in Max script, this is the scripting interface for 3ds max. This process of design is computational and automates the design task, it generates possible digital formations based on the variables sated in the syntax. The script itself essentially generates a number of boxes that have 1 of 4 potential states. These states are;

1 Able body2 Disable3 OAP4 Green space

Depending on which state the box is determines the dimension of the boxes. The dimensions of these boxes are randomised between a range of minimum and maximum values, the range is in integers of 200mm as previously explained. The Able body boxes range from length 5400 to 7000 width 5400 to 7000 height 5600 to 6000, Disable range from length 9000 to 10000 width 8400 to 11000 height 2700 to 3000, OAP range from length 5400 to 8600 width 5400 8600 to height 2700 to 3000 and green space from length 4500 to 10000 width 4500 to 10000 height 3000, [note the height will be reduced to 500 but for the packing process it is 3000 to ensure solar and user access]. In order to control the position of the boxes a negative of the solar volume is generate. This informs where the boxes can be placed, if the apartment boxes intersect with any of the negative space geometries it cannot be placed there. The script them places a box randomly within a set of defined 3d co-ordinates, if it intersects with any other apartment of negative geometry it is omitted, if it does not intersect with anything it is placed and another box then has the chance to be added.

Negative space, omits boxes that intersect with it

Negative space volumes made transpar-ent for graphic representation clarity

Solar volume is populated by various apartment and green space units.

The variables that have been defined above are the volume the apartments can occupy, the dimensions of the apartments, and the apartment typologies to be packed. Altering these variables generates an infinite number of potential scenarios with not extra effort as the packing process is now automated. This process can then become ‘fitness’ based, each scenario can be evaluated to a set of criteria, the fittest scenario out of x number is then chosen for further development. If the generative process is combined with the ‘fitness criteria’ then this computational design process is a genetic sequence, multiple design are produced. Each design solution is a generation, as the generation number increases its fitness also increase, each generation evolves to become fitter according to the criteria. This is further explained in Paul Coates Programming Architec-ture. Below are multiple scenarios, generating multiple scenarios would have only been possible by incorporating computational processes, this methodology opens up potentials to planning policy, housing typologies and design strategies among othersA viedo of this process is attached on the CD.

For the purpose of the thesis a hybrid scenario of all units is selected for further development. This process addresses the issues of generating multiple solutions for all of the areas previously mapped that are devoid of happiness.

Only able body apartments units packed 35

Only disable apartments units packed 29

Only OAP body apartments units packed 38

Only apartments units units packed 34

32 units packed 35 units packed 38 units packed 40 units packed 40 units packed 43 units packed

A planning logic must be applied to apartment typologies that can meet specific demands of the user. Below are the demo-graphics which the scheme cators for. These users impose unique demands on their own apartment, this is catered for by allowing them to select their own apartment sizes. This also has ramifications on the spatial organisation. Rules must be imposed to govern this planning logic.

Defining a solar hierarchy within the apartment themselves informs the orientation of the apartment within the whole system, this ensures maximal access to solar gains is ensured for each apartment within the whole system. Defining these peram-eters informs the above planning scenario.

Hypothetical apartment organisation based on solar access. Format will vary based on solar access

Living room60%

Bedroom30%

Bedroom30%

Bathroom20%

Corridor5%

Kitchen40%

Solar hierarchy

Variables

Priority 1 - 6

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Percentage access 0 - 60%

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Rules

OAP apartments on the same level as circulation routesDisabled apartments on the same level as circulation routesGreen space on the same level as circulation routesAble body apartments can be any where between planes[This process is animated on the attached CD]

PLAnnInG LoGIC

SolAR HIeRARCHY

Able bodied / Bachelor

Duplex

Disabled

Single floor

OAP

Single floor

Living room

Kitchen

Bedroom / s

Bathroom / s

Corridor

Utility

Bathroom15%

Utility0%

As all of the generative topics explored are procedural then there is the possibility to automate these processes. Swarm growth looks at self generation on a targeted site devoid of happiness. Swarm intelligence may be a possible mediator to facilitate this idea, this is explored in the below project Swarm Urbanism by Kokkugia. Swarm intelligence can act as an unbiased intelligence system based on defined parameters. An architectural system that is physically responsive or can self generate [assemble and dissemble [logic matter by Skylar Tibbets] based on growth system such as crystal growth patterns can generate an architectural environment that is in physical flux. This physically responsive attribute produces an urban condition that is only physical when required. A swarm intelligence system may govern this with emergent properties. This maintains an optimised urban context with regards to material efficiencies and an agenda, in this case happiness can always be optimised due to a fluctuating context informed by an alternating programme and its physical requirements.

Sites highlighted that are devoid of happiness

Speculative development looking at the emergent properties of swarm intelligence. [De]attractors determine the swarm migra-tion, de-attractors may be sites devoid of happiness, the aim is therefore to alter them into significant nodes of attraction.

Site selected for inital [re]generation

Existing site condition Optimal solar form specific to site contains growth

Units containing specific programme generates with solar envelope constraints

Solar form is maxed out, next site is targeted for [re]generation

As the units generate, the happiness ratio is maintained, the growth is dependent on population number ie increase population increase units / growth.

SwARm gRowtH

Site v

iew

SPATIAL DeveLOPmenT

Inital 3d organisations performed from the packing alogrithm are represented below, further development is required to spatially organise each unit. The images represent a solar study of the resultant packed solar volume. The density of the packing of the apartment units allows for solar access to all units. Further development is required to inform internal configu-rations of each apartment. This will in turn inform the overall organisation and puncture the circulation plates to allow greater solar access.

The perforated skeletal structure reduces the sense of mass as the proposed scheme is not a solid object, this contextual-ises the proposal with regards to the low level industrial units surrounding the site and the housing estate south of the site.

A series of internal images highlight the internal spatial qualities generated by the packed units, further development for public space and void areas need to be defined for increased solar access. The images adopt the graphical stylings of archigram, this is to instil a sense of utopia within the images. Archigram proposed a new technocratic future which is identified within their architectural proposals and illustrations. The generative processes and material ecologies proposed within this scheme highlight a potential reprocessing of architectural potentials.

ScenARIo development 0.1

A scenario has now been chosen for further development. Top down planning strategies will now be implemented on the chosen scenario to further refine its architectural formation. The initial stages of this will address planning strategies and orientation. Developments with regards to an apartments and auxiliary programme material selection need to be explored. The ground floor needs further development to implement an environment for the public domain, this will look to induce an environment that is conducive to generating a community spirit for reasons previously outlined. Initial developments to the scenario are schematic plans and sections that will then be further developed to address the later points of material and public domain.

Ground floor plan scale 1 : 500

1 - Reception / deli2 - Security office3 - Public land scape4 - Service cores5 - Storage6 - Outdoor cinema7 - Projection booth8 - Female public toilets

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9 - Plant room10 - Bins11 - Male public toilets12 - Bins13 -Badmington Courts14 - Basket Ball area15 -Plant room16 - Female changing room

17 - Male changing room18 -GP waiting area19 - GP reception20 - GP toilets21 - GP clinics22 - Tennis court

A A

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ScenARIo development 0.1 This plan indicates the above structure and the seating arrangement of the outdoor cinema.

Ground floor plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 First floor car park scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Basement car park scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 First floor scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 First floor roof plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Second floor plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Second floor roof plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Third floor plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Third floor roof plan scale 1 : 500

ScenARIo development 0.1 Roof plan scale 1 : 500

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ScenARIo development 0.1 Section AA 1 : 500

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ScenARIo development 0.1 Section BB 1 : 500

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ScenARIo development 0.1 Elevation A 1 : 500

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The south facing elevation of the building incorporates a solar facade to generated carbon free energy for its occupants. The solar cones are based on the research of CASE. The solar facade is a series of actuated cones. The cones can alter their pitch can the row of cones can alter their orientation. This ensures maximal solar gains for energy production. The cones themselves are transparent allowing solar access to the building.

A A

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The apartment unit’s material manifestation will explore potentials in developing novel materials that are centred around material ecologies. Material ecology is a research topic that is explored by Neri Oxman. The purpose is to generate synthetic homogenous materials that mimic biological constructs. The analytical break down of biological constructs informs the production of homogenous synthetic materials that can meet multiple requirements. Material ecologies again this is of significant interest as novel processes are developed to generate these novel materials. A biological construct is self organ-ised at molecular levels to generate an optimised form. To replicate this efficiency with synthetic fabrication novel processes must be developed to attain molecular efficiencies. Currently this cannot be explored but highlights avenues of exploiting internal material compositions to attain an optimised final material.

Components that make up the apartment such as its skin and internal walls will look to attain these material ecology proper-ties. This will optimised a component that is specific to the apartment location within the scheme and meet the users require-ments. Again a process is required that allows infinite variation to meet specific demands required. Explorations into computa-tional process and digital fabrication will be identified to physically produce novel homogenous materials. Establishing this system will yield a material plate that has varying qualities. The apartment skin has already been explored with the digital fabrication and casting of the voronoi prototype in Fractal happiness. The varying depths of the skin can regulate solar access. An internal wall now needs to be generated that does not negate the material properties of the skin. Further proto-types will be generated utilising computational means and digital fabrication techniques to attain this. These investigations will then be documented and physically produced. These prototypes will then be depicted in more detailed drawings and montages to generate a spatial quality feeling for the proposed scheme.

1 - Nano structure of an egg shell membrane. Its fibrous structure provides protection to the contained embryo, it is also porous allowing for gaseous exchange and it also insulates the contained embryo. 2 - Voronoi screen developed previously in Fractal happiness. Its varying depths and the translucent qualities of the resin regulate the solar access that the apartment would receive.

3 - Monocoque 2 by Neri Oxman explores structural efficiencies. “Monocoque stands for a construction technique that supports structural load using an object's external skin.” Further development with the initial voronoi skin prototype devel-oped in Fractal happiness has the potential to produce an apartment structure that doesn’t require any extra structural members apart from the skin.

[http://web.media.mit.edu/~neri/site/projects/monocoque2/monocoque2.html]

1 2 3

mAteRIAl ecology

The casting study of the voronoi screen revealed potentials of a facade system being integrated from this approach. The facade with its varying depths of each cell and aperture control would regulate solar access. This would passively control the internal climate of each apartment. This process allows for an optimised facade configuration with regards to its location within the whole scheme. Below explains how the facade formations are controlled. [The below definition is generated in grasshopper a parametric plug-in for rhino]. This computational process can generate multiple facade formations without requiring additional work.

Default screen for comparision

Control of the cells apertures results in structural thickness control. The offset bottom slider in this case was reduced resulting in thinner structural connec-tions between neighbouring cells.

The offset bottom slider was increased in this example, this resulted in thicker and therefore more robust structural members being produced between neighbouring cells.

A boundary is defined[facade dimensions required]

All components are the selected to ‘bake’ to digitally produce the intended screen in rhino. Further manipulation may then occur in rhino such as the varying depths of each cell.

Random series of points densify. This results in greater structural rigidity at these points. Point position is manually controlled

5 points added within defined boundary, this results in a sparsely populated form. Adding fewer points and control-ling the lower aperture [offset bottom slider] results in less structure being produced. This allows greater amounts of solar access.

12 points added. This results in more structure being produced between neighbouring cells. As a result it is structurally more robust but limits solar access.

A series of points are defined[Number of apertures required]

Controls the radius between each cells structure.

Controls the size of the top aperture, if this is combined with the offset bottom slider the angle at which the cells form is controlled.

Controls the thickness of the screen [nb these slider values can be altered within the programme]

FAcAde GeneRAtIon

VeRnACULAR DeveLOPmenT

The apartment units themselves are bespoke and unique to the occupant. Various vernaculars are proposed that can accommodate individual taste but are centred around material ecologies and the work explored by Neri Oxman. Facades components support their own weight, control light access and internal thermal climates.

The voronoi cast experiment revealed potentails to apply it as an architectural skin for each apartment. Below are a series of images highlighting the material qualities of the voronoi skin system. The process in how this component was manufactured is recorded in Fractal happiness. The properties of resin though would have to be refined as it is a toxic substance if sanded or melted. New resin compounds that address this are explored in the link - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110113082625.htm. A composite would be generated to provide more struc-tural robustness, structural robustness is an aspect that has been explored by the Monocoque 2 project by Neri Oxman.

FAcAde PRototype

BAlloon PAckIng

Foam Wall by AMO is a material development that explores a perforated surface. The initial explorations were analogue innature and eventually digitised. The wall is based on sphere packing into a defined volume, these volumes generate negativespace in which a casting material can material is poured. It may also be produced by 5 axis CNC milling. The wall propertiesexplores an optimised condition between solid and void. The sphere size and intersections generating void spaces controllight access.

An internal wall substance to the apartments based on these perforated parameters will facilitate the voronoi skin develop-ment to allow solar access. For these reasons individual explorations will look to produce a perforated surface. The perfo-rations can also dampen acoustic reverberation.

Automating the balloon casting experiment will generate a material and process that is highly flexible with regards to produc-tion and uniqueness [the former will be discussed later]. By automating the balloon casting process more control is gener-ated to the user by controlling sphere size, number of spheres, sphere densification and overall wall dimensions. Automating this process therefore generates infinite possibilities without any extra work, each user can alter these parameters to produce a wall that is optimised for their requirements. Grasshopper a parametric plug-in for rhino has been utilised to automate the sphere packing processes.

AutomAtIng pAckIng

The dimensions of the wall can vary to the users requirements.

Number of spheres that populate the wall impacts on the walls transparency

Size of the sphere that populate the wall again impacts on the walls transparency

Control of minimum sphere and maximum sphere radius and Number of sphere to have a random radius between these values.

Resultant sphers

Box / required wall dimensions

Boolean difference between spheres and box

Sphere number control in X, Y and Z direction [The position of the spheres is randomised]

Point attractors set to control sphere densification. Sphere sizes can be increased or reduced in size when within a set vicinity of these attractor points.

A physical prototype of one of infinite sphere panel arrangements was 3d printed, this addressed the limitations on physically producing the sphere panels. The below left image is the computer generated model that was finally produced, the image on the right highlights the limitations as to how many and the size of the spheres that populate the panels before the panels lose structural integrity, this addresses the limitations between solar access and structural integrity.

PRInIntIng pAnelS 0.1

A physical prototype of the sphere panes was produce to reveal lighting qualities. The multiple random radiuses of spheres that generated voids within the box result in varying thicknesses. These varying thicknesses result in the materials opacity varying from completely opaque to translucent.

PRInIntIng pAnelS 0.2

Now that the generative process has been defined using computational processes, integration of digital production technolo-gies highlights potentials of further revealing material properties. Gramazio and Kholer explore digital production technolo-gies by utilising a robotic arm as a tool to fabricate. The arm is limited by its axis parameters but may be used for multiple applications from reductive to additive. Reductive processes are dependent on the existing material qualities being excavated. Additive processes such as stereolithography reveal potentials in controlling a materials internal composition, this is limited by the resolution the printing process can physically produce.

Both the additive and reductive process can automated, reductive process though allow for a variation in material palate. Once the generative and digital fabrication system is defined any material can by processed to produce the digital form.

Experiments producing the sphere panels using a 3 axis cnc machine have been carried out to explore its limitations. The 3 axis cnc machine can only move parallel to its confined x, y and z axis, because of this the spheres that perforate the material cannot surpass its centre point to penetrate the surface, the material can then the flipped over and machined again in order to achieve intersecting spheres.

Additive processes reveal internal composition control of a materials makeup, this control would generate overall materials that are optimised at all scales to meet multiple requirements. Internal compositions can be controlled via tilling systems to generate internal lattice structures. Multiple parameters can then be applied to the lattice system.

Subterrain by Neri Oxman engages with a materials makeup and composite properties in order to accommodate / endure greater imposed loads, this production exploration has produced a structurally optimised material. The method of produc-tion utilised was a cnc milling process.

Subterrain Subterrain Moth wing Fresh snow

pAneL PRoductIon

A fractal system for a public landscape generates a scalable system that can mediate and induce a community spirit within the occupants. Again this system will be computationally explored, this process will generate an multiple solution to a specific requirement. This process further facilitates the development of an architectural system to optimise happiness.

Scalable units populate a landscape informing programme. The scale of a singular unit must be defined by its requirements, the fractal system cannot be infinite in a range of scales for this reason, specific dimensions will optimally meet the required programme demands. The system will produce tessellation of a catalogue of fractal units to optimally meet the demands imposed by its inhabitants.

Landscaped areas / Event areas

Proposed events

Outdoor market produce from allotments and local farmers

Winter garden / daily social area

Outdoor cinema screenings

Fractal pool - Aranda and Lasch, this is a theoretical landscpe proposal, the fractal system is scalable and can meet multiple demands imposed on the landscape by increasing the units dimensions when required.

FRActAl LAnDSCApe

FRActAl DeveLOPMenT

The ground floor landscape development is based on a fractal system. This allows for an expandable system within the defined areas to accomo-date or develop desired scenarious. Shown below are the three units within the fractal system and the resoloution of there corresponding plan;

The 400mm x 400mm [left] units are designed for single seating, the 800mm x 800mm units [middle] are designed for couple seating and the 1200mm x 1200mm units are grassed and designed for group seating [right]. The units do not act in isolation, they are in a neighbourhood of units and the total number within that neighbourhood can be altered based on social requirements. The landscape acts to mediate between different social groups whilst providing individual space. The varying heights of the units are a set 100mm intervals from - 300 mm to 1000mm, this is randomised to generate a synthetic topography. Control of the neighbourhood is generated by utilising a cellular automata system, this computational process analyses the number cell typologies within a defined neighbourhood [typologies are a - individual seating b - couple seating c – group seating]. A criteria can then be defined as to how many typologies are within that neighbourhood. This is a flexible process and can generate multiple scenarios. Below are images representing a predominantly green space scenario.

Designated landscape area

Resoloution of 800 x 800 grid Resoloution of 1200 x 1200 grid

Resoloution of 400 x 400 grid

ScenARIo development 0.2 Ground floor landscape 1 : 500

LAndScApe VISuAlS

A series of images below highlight the artificial topography generated by the process explained previously. The tactile landscape controls and mediates social interaction between the various demographics that reside within the scheme. It looks to catalyse and instil a community spirit within the scheme. This is one instance of a possible infinite solutions, this is possible because flexible computational processes.

lAndScApe model

A single plate from the digital landscape model was physically produced using a CNC machine. The model is at 1 : 100, this is so the resolution was not lost in production. Montages represent the socail activies taht may occur within the public green space areas, the negative space between each unit form the cicurlation routes.

PAnel PRototype

1 : 1 prototypes of the sphere panels were produced to investigate the robustness of the material when excavated. These models were produced by using a hot wire and excavating blue foam, the prototypes maintained their structural robustness but this process addresses issues of finishing. The end product maintains the same lighting qualities as the 3d printed model but the finishing is at a lower standard. Further finishing work will have to be carried out to produce a final prototype. This may be bypassed by maintain digital fabrication processes to produce a highly finished prototype.

The varying depths excavated using the hot wire has revealed varying light qualities of the opaque foam, manual control renders it impossible to control the depth of excavation and therefore it is impossible to control the resultant light qualities. The Experiment with this material has established it is still possible to achieve various lighting qualities. With the integration of digital design and fabrication process and optimised panel can be produced based on solar access.

Final panel prototype at 1 : 1, the perforations produced via the manual process are to great but it has still generated a tactile material that has surpassed its original state with regards to material properties gained from the above process.

OAP ApARtment plAn Scale 1 : 50

OAP ApARtment SectIon Scale 1 : 50

ApARtment Axo

A final model was produced to convey the spatial complexity of the finalised scenario, it conveyed at a diagrammatic scale the proposed spatial qualities of the scheme. The production of the final model utilised digital fabrication technologies to ensure accuracy and quality. A laser cutter was used to cut and etch the floor plates, this referenced each apartment and green space for ease of construction. 3d printing technology produced the programme blocks, service cores and green spaces. This technology allowed for great detail that could not have been achieved by hand at this scale.

FInAl model

The graphic style of the images resembles Archigrams proposals from the 1960s / 70s with the ideology of a utopian urban context. The art work of Syd Mead proposes a science fiction utopia, again the images can not reflect this motif as they are not set within a futuristic context. The images below refrain from Archigrams proposals of a technocentric future, technologi-cal advancements in day to day life are not at the fore front of this scheme and are therefore not included. For this reason the people selected are from the 1960s /70s due to the community spirit of this generation. The technological advancements in post war Britain did not generate this communal spirit, it was the social housing schemes and the policies implemented before the right to buy scheme. The scheme proposed looks to instil a community spirit by generating a hybrid of public and private facilities and how these private spaces are organised. A series of images have been produced to resemble a utopian development along with ones that highlight the spatial qualities generated by the architectural processes explored through-out this portfolio.

Community

Spatial

VISuAlISAtIonS

I would like to thank all of the staff involved at the MSA for 5 years studying. In particular I would like to thank Nick Dunn, Richard Brook, Vikram Kaushal and Danny Richards for their help and support throughout the course of the BArch programme. I would also like to thank all of my student piers in particular the [Re_Map] unit and Ka Yin Man.

I would also like to thank Jim Backhouse for his continuous help to fabricate all of the prototypes developed.

I would like to thank my family and friends for all of their help and support throughout my life. Finally I would like to dedicate this body work to my grandmother who passed earlier this year.

AcknowledgementS