padua in the exploration of the universe cesare barbieri department of astronomy university of padua...

Paduain the Exploration of the Universe

Cesare Barbieri

Department of Astronomy

University of Padua

23 September 1999

Conference held on the occasion of the 31-st Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society

Introduction

The aim of this conference is to provide a short history of the astronomical studies in Padua, and a brief (and necessarily incomplete) account of the present situation and foreseeable developments. I wish to thank the many colleagues who helped with the documentation.

Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Index A brief history up to 1950 The modern epoch: Giuseppe Colombo,

Leonida Rosino , Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins ESA and ESO Observations, theories, space missions Cerenkov light, gravitational waves A panoramic on the future Conclusions To know more


Padua:

City University, Astronomical

Observatory, Research Institutes Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599)

Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti

Bishops, Colleges …...


Old Padua XVII Century

A Brief History - 1

Pietro d’Abano (c. 1250 - c.1315)teaching of the ptolemaic system

Giovanni Dondi dall’Orologio (1318 - 1389)

the astrarium: a mechanical model of the ptolemaic system


A Brief History - 2 Galileo Galilei in Padua

(1592 - 1610)


A Brief History - 3 L’Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599)

(Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti)

Geminiano Montanari (1633 - 1687)

Comet Halley

St. Gregorio Barbarigo (1625 - 1697)

the professors

the Specola of the Seminario

the printing house

the laboratory of physics


A Brief History - 4

Giuseppe Toaldo (1719 -1797)the Specola (decree of the Republic of Venice, 1761), meteorology, (extra-solar planets)

Giovanni Santini (1787 - 1877)cometary orbits, Cataloghi Padovani of stellar

positions, Lezioni of Astronomy and Optics

Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843 - 1914)astronomical photometry and spectroscopy, geodesy


The Specola of Padua (1767)


A Brief History - 5 The Mathematicians

Gregorio Ricci Curbastro (1853 - 1925)

Tullio Levi Civita (1873 - 1941)

Tensor Calculus and General Relativity

Mechanics


A Brief History - 6 Bruno Rossi (1905 - 1993)Antonio Rostagni (1904-1988)

The Institute of Physics (1938)

The East - West asymmetry of cosmic rays

Cosmic rays observations using balloons


A Brief History - 7Giovanni Silva (1882 - 1957)The Astrophysical Observatory of Asiago (1942)


A Brief History - 8Geodetic Astronomy

the polar motion and the International Latitude Service

the contribution to the Carloforte station (founded in 1899): Ciscato, Bianchi

Soler, Boaga, Tomelleri


E. Soler,Rector

G. Ciscato

The Modern Epoch Giuseppe Colombo Leonida Rosino Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins the European Space Agency and

the European Southern Observatory The space telescopes, the Center for

Space Activities (CISAS) Cerenkov light and gravitational Waves


Giuseppe Colombo(1920 - 1984)

Celestial Mechanics, rotation of Mercury, space navigation

the GIOTTO mission and the InterAgency Consultative Group

space geodesy


Leonida Rosino (1915 - 1997) The Schmidt telescopes and the Cima

Ekar Observatory variable stars, Novae and Supernovae open and globular clusters diffuse and planetary nebulae the Corso di Laurea in Astronomy


Nicolo’ Dallaporta

Evolution of the Solar System, Stars and Galaxies

General Relativity Theoretical Cosmology The Anthropic Principle Science, Metaphysics, Faith


Telescopes and their Instrumentation, Observations, Theories and Models,

Space Missions


The Observing Station L. Rosino at Cima Ekar


The 3.5 m National Telescope Galileo (TNG): Active Optics


The TNG - Adaptive Optics


Speckle mode

K-band, FWHM = 0”.35

Detectors, Instrumentation,Controls, Data Archives

Image Intensifiers, photon counters, solid state devices, …

OIG (the visual camera for the TNG), SARG (the high resolution spectrograph for the TNG)

Data archives: Guide Star Catalogue II, ...


From the first CCD for the 182 cm (1984) to the OIG TNG (1998)

SARG and a first comparison spectrum

Solar System - 1 Meteorites Lunar Sodium Asteroids and Comets


Searching for meteorites in Antarctica

Iron meteorite

H2O+ in Kohoutek cometAcqueous Alterationin the spectra of asteroids

Solar System - 2

Sodium in the Giovian system and in comets

Pluto


Na tail in comet Hale-Bopp

Na cloud around Io

Pluto - Astrometry and HST-FOC image

Solar System - 3 Formationmodels of planetesimal accumulation and

formation of planetary embryos in the terrestrial region


at 105 years

at 106 years

Extra-solar Planets, Low Mass Stars


Gliese 623 - HST FOC

formation of planets around binary stars

dynamical modelof extra- solar planets on close orbits

Stellar Evolution - 1

The final destiny of stars depends on the initial mass of the central core

Abscissa: central temperature Ordinate: density

White Dwarfs Supernovae


Stellar Evolution - 2 Open Clusters


Evolution of the stars in an opencluster including the so-called overshooting process; the cluster turns out to be older than in previous theories.

Globular Clusters - 1

NGC 6397: the cluster with the smallest distance modulus


The proper motions measured with HST permit to isolate the sequence of stars down to masses smaller than 0.1 Mo , namely down to the limit of the hydrogen burning reactions.

Globular Clusters - 2

Pal 1: the youngest globular cluster in the Milky Way (about 8 billion years)


Globular Clusters - 3The Bulge-halo Connexion


An H-R diagram in the near IR of the galactic bulge, down to stars of mass 0.15 Mo

The ages of the bulge and of the halo,both very old systems

Planetary Nebulae


M 57 with OIG at the TNG

3D Tomography in different spectral lines

H O III N II

Variable Stars Flare stars, binaries Cataclismic variables, evolution

and connexion with solar actvity Simbiotic stars


M57 - TNG

Flare in the Pleiades

Simbiotic stars

Solar starsin nova GK Persei

Novae

In the Milky Way In M31 and in M33

Recurrent Nova RS Oph


FH Ser 1970 25 yearsafter the explosion

Novae as extra-galactic distance indicators: absolute magnitude as function of the decline rate. Dashed line: theoretical track as function of the mass of the White Dwarf.

Supernovae -1

Discovery and classification


SN 19991 - The discovery with OIG-TNG

The VST, almost hidden among the 4 VLT, for the discovery of SNsThe light-curve of SN-I


Supernovae - 2 Search of SNs Associated to Gamma Bursts

Supernova 1998bw associated to the Gamma Burst GRB 980425

The discovery, the light curve, the spectum

Supernovae - 3 The High Redshift SNs

Hubble diagram for nearby and distant SNs

Distant SNs and the structure ofthe Universe, almost surely of low density, and in perennialexpansion probably with a

positive acceleration


Discovery and spectum of a high redshift SN

Relativistic Astrophysics - 1SS 433 Pulsar in the Crab


Pulsar in the Crab

Relativistic Astrophysics - 2 The Structure of a Black Hole


NGC 4261

from ground from HST relativistic model of an

accretion disc

Galaxies - 1

Morphology, rotation curves, dark mass

Theoretical models of elliptical galaxies

Growth of the apparent dimensions of M87 from 1932 to 1969 thanks to the improvements

in image acquisition and analysis


Tidal Effect of a dark halo

Galaxies - 2

Elliptical galaxies: halos, anisotropies, triaxiality

Counter-rotation between gas and stars


NGC 5128

Stellar Populations in the Galaxies of the Local Group


Phoenix, a nearby galaxy resolved in stars: the blue ones are young stars overimposed to an older population

H-R diagram of a dwarf galaxy formed by stars of successive generations, of ages varying from 108 to 1.3x1010 years

Theoretical Synthesis of Spectra of Normal Galaxies

Ellipticals Spirals Sa Spirals Sc

Comparison between observations (upper lines) and theory (lower lines)


Active Galaxies: the Nuclear Region

ESO -NTT

HSTcompact emission at 0”.3

Optical jet of the Radiogalaxy (also a BL Lac)

Pks 0521-365 from ground and space

a) jet plus galaxy

b) only jet


NGC 6240: An Active Galaxy with Violent Star Formation


Interaction among two galaxies. The HST image shows two nuclei resolved in a series of structures hosting an intense and rapid stellar formation.

HST-FOC 4m Mayall

Two Clusters of Galaxies at an Intermediate Redshift


Calibration of the extragalactic distance scalefrom the surface brightness of the clusters of galaxies

Quasars

Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999The Ly-alpha forest

Optical variability of 3C 345

The luminosity function of bright QSOs

The Formation of Cosmic Structures

Numerical Simulation of a large cluster of galaxies having a mass of 1015 Mo/H and a scale of 6 Megaparsec, made with a parallel supercomputer Cray T3E


The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect and the Hubble Constant H0

Comparison among the S-Z isophotes and the X-ray surface brightness

Direct measurement of the distance scale in the Universe


Hubble diagram for a series of clusters of galaxies from the comparison of X-ray data and measures of the S-Z effect


The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Background in the Far InfraRed

The background radiation between 10 and 1000 micron is dominated by a population of galaxies strongly evolving with the cosmic time. Therefore the vision in the optical band of the primordial Universe is severely limited.

The European Giotto Mission

The Halley Multicolour Camera

The nucleus of Halley’s comet


The European Hipparcos Mission: Astrometry at the Milliarcsec level


The preparatory colloquia The scientific results: calibration

of the RR Lyrae magnitudes

UVCS on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory


The instrument

The solar corona

HASI: the Instrument for Titan’s Atmospheric Structure

In flight on the Huygens probe of the Cassini spacecraft toward Saturn and Titan


Cerenkov Light and Gravitational Waves


Cosmic Rays, CLUE and future expansions

Gravitational Waves

CLUE (Roque)

Auriga (Legnaro)

Projects for the Future Wide field prime focus for the telescopes VST, LBT

and TNG The European missions Rosetta, Mars Express,

FIRST/Planck Earth Surveys from space

and (hopefully): astronomical instruments on the International

Space Station Missions to Mars e Mercury The European Astrometry Mission Gaia Astrobiology The UltraLarge Telescopes


The Prime Focus for the Large Binocular Telescope


The optical design

The mechanical structure

The Near-IR Prime Focus of the TNG


Spectral range from 1.0 to 2.5 micrometres with a HgCdTe sensor

The European Mission Rosetta


Wide Angle Camera

(2003-2013)

Encounters with the asteroids Otawara and Siwa, and orbit around Comet P/Wirtanen

The European Mission Mars Express (2003)

The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the study of the atmosphere and of the soil of Mars


The European MissionFIRST/Planck (2007)


from COBE

to Planck

GAIA - The Future Mission for Microarcsec Astrometry


Spectroscopy in the near-IR

in preparation of the mission

Public Outreach

Catch the Stars in the Net!

www.pd.astro.it/stelle.html Voyage in the Cosmos

(the exibition of 1997, in the Internet and a CD-Rom)

Impacts (in the Internet since 1999)


Exhibitions Halley and Giotto (1985 - 1986) From Galileo to GALILEO (1996) That Night on the Moon (1999)


Conclusions

High visibility in the world-wide community

Possible future expansions: - the new frame of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)

- consolidation of the structure of Space Activities


To Know More

www.pd.astro.it cisas.unipd.it www.dei.unipd.it www.infn.it


padua in the exploration of the universe cesare barbieri department of astronomy university of padua...

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