page keeley science how far have humans traveled?...

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Chapter 17

SCIENCEPROBES

PAGE KEELEY

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Chapter 17

SCIENCEPROBES

PAGE KEELEY

How far have humans traveled?

In 1969, the Apollo 11 astronauts were the first humans to land on the Moon. More than 50 years later, astronauts continue to travel in space. What do you think is the farthest distance humans have traveled from Earth since astronauts landed on the Moon in 1969?

A. About 350 km above Earth

B. About halfway to the Moon (191,250 km)

C. To the Moon (about 382,500 km)

D. About 10,000 km past the Moon

E. Halfway to Mars (about 28,000,000 km)

F. To Mars (about 56,000,000 km)

G. Beyond Mars

Explain your thinking. What helped you decide how far humans have traveled in space?

NASA

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Teacher Notes

The best answer is C. To the Moon (about 382,500 km). Since the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, there have been several other trips to the Moon. Apollo 17 was the sixth and final moon landing. The Apollo 17 astronauts reached the Moon in 1972. Although space probes without crews have traveled far beyond the Moon, humans have not traveled beyond the Moon for almost four decades. The big idea is that humans have not ventured to the Moon or beyond for several decades.

Many students have misconceptions about how far humans have traveled in space. Many of their misconceptions are due to a poor understanding of the vast distances in space. While many students today are familiar with humans traveling in the Space Shuttle and living in space on the International Space Station (ISS), some students believe the shuttle travels far out into space and that the ISS is very far away. In reality, the shuttle orbits just above Earth’s atmosphere, and the ISS is about 350 km from Earth—a relatively short distance compared to the journey of the Apollo astronauts. Students’ conceptions about space travel also are influenced by movies and science fiction stories.

Students’ explanations will reveal whether their misconceptions are related to misunderstandings about distances in space, the influence of science fiction media, or misinterpretations from the news media. Their answers and explanations will

alert you to the need to make sure instruction builds a bridge between the students’ initial preconceptions about human space exploration and the distances astronauts actually have traveled.

(Note: The distances in distracters B, C, E, and F are based on the objects’ nearest average proximity to Earth during its orbit, but shouldn’t affect students’ responses.)

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Name Date Class

How do humans observeand explore space?

1 The Practice of Science2 The Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge3 The Role of Theories, Laws, Hypotheses, and Models5 Earth in Space and Time

THINKABOUT

IT!

Note-taking Chapter 17

Before You Read

Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about space and how humans observe and explore it. Record your ideas in the first column. Pair with a partner, and discuss his or her thoughts. Write those thoughts in the second column. Then record what you both would like to share with the class in the third column.

Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3

NEWelectromagnetic

spectrumrefracting telescopereflecting telescoperadio telescope

NEW rocketsatellitespace probelunarProject Apollospace shuttle

NEW extraterrestrial lifeastrobiology

REVIEW dwarf planet

ACADEMIC option

Chapter Vocabulary

Think Pair Share

Exploring Space 549

A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files.


Exploring Space 549


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panies, Inc.Lesson 1 Observing the Universe

Define each term in the organizer below.

Term Definition

EarthOne of eight

SunOne of billions of

in the galaxy

Milky WayOne of billions

in the

Relate wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum to types of stars.

Type of Wave Wavelength Energy Temperatureof Star

Gamma rays shortest highest

X-rays

Visible light

Infrared waves

Radio waves lowest coolest

Describe what scientists learn about stars using the electromagnetic spectrum.

Observing the SkyI found this on page .

Electromagnetic WavesI found this on page .

I found this on page .

LA.6.2.2.3, MA.6.A.3.6, SC.7.N.1.3, SC.7.N.1.5, SC.7.N.1.6, SC.8.E.5.1, SC.8.E.5.10, SC.8.E.5.11, SC.8.N.1.1

Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate.

550 Exploring Space

planets revolving

around the Sun

stars

Milky Way

of galaxies

universe

hottest

medium

high

medium

coolest

Sample answer: We can learn about stars’ ages,

temperature ranges, and distances from Earth.

short

long

longest

medium

low

hottest

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.Lesson 1 | Observing the Universe (continued)

Earth-Based TelescopesI found this on page .

Categorize and describe Earth-based telescopes.

uses to

uses

to

Earth-Based

Telescopes

: gathervisible light

: collect

and some microwaves

uses a convex lens to

Evaluate the placement of most Earth-based telescopes.

Type Placement Reason

mountain

desert

Differentiate the collection of electromagnetic radiation.

Can be collected by telescopes on Earth’s surface

Cannot be collected by telescopes on Earth’s surface

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

Space TelescopesI found this on page .


Exploring Space 551

concentrate

light from a

distant object

concentrate

light from a

distant object

collect radio

waves

refracting reflecting

opticalradio

radio waves

optical

radio

The thin atmosphere produces

less distortion of light.

The dry environment

produces less distortion from

atmospheric moisture.

visible light most infrared light

some microwaves most ultraviolet light

radio waves X-rays

a curved

mirror

large radio

antennae, often

in arrays,

624

625

626


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panies, Inc.Lesson 1 | Observing the Universe (continued)

Contrast the quality of optical telescopes that are Earth-based with those that are in space.

Location Image Quality Explanation

Space

can be distorted

Differentiate space telescopes.

Hubble Spitzer James Webb

Wav

elen

gth

Obs

erve

dLa

unch

Dat

eO

rbit

Size

M

irror

(1/50× Webb’s) (7× Hubble’s)



Synthesize It Explain how scientists conclude the ages and distances of stars by observing their electromagnetic energy.

552 Exploring Space

visible light

clearer

The sky is darker and there is

no weather because there are

no atmospheric gases.

Gases of Earth’s atmosphere

distort images.

infrared

radiation

infrared

radiation

1990 2003scheduled

for 2013

Earth Sun Sun

2.4 m.34 m 16.8 m

Accept reasonable responses. Sample answer: All electromagnetic waves travel at

the speed of light. Astronomers can use that information to determine the amount of

time light has been traveling from the star and thus the star’s distance from Earth.

Stars also cool as they get older; the dominant type of radiation emitted by the star

reveals it’s temperature range.

Earth-

based

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.Lesson 2 Early History of Space Exploration

LA.6.2.2.3, SC.6.N.2.1, SC.6.N.2.2, SC.7.N.1.3, SC.8.E.5.10, SC.8.N.1.1


Contrast how rockets and jet engines get oxygen to burn fuel.

rock

et

Thrust from exhaust forces the engine forward.

jet

Characterize artificial satellites.

Uses of Artificial

Satellites

Monitoring Transmission

Differentiate space probes. Give an examp le of each.

Orbiter Lander Flyby

Distinguish lunar from planetary probes.

RocketsI found this on page .

Artificial Satellites I found this on page .

Early Exploration of

the Solar SystemI found this on page .


Exploring Space 553

carries oxygen as part of its

fuel supply

draws in oxygen from

surrounding air

telephone

televisionweather

military

Navigation

hiking

planes

cars

military

boats

Reaches its

destination and

slows down

enough to be

captured in a

planet’s orbit;

Pioneer orbited

Venus.

Touches down

and can release

rovers on

surfaces;

Phoenix landed

on Mars.

Continues past

observed

objects,

eventually

leaving the solar

system; Voyager 1 explored

Jupiter and

Saturn and

continues on.

Lunar probes land on the Moon’s surface.

631

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633

633


Exploring Space 553


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panies, Inc.Lesson 2 | Early History of Space Exploration (continued)

Human SpaceflightI found this on page .

Contrast the differences among three programs that involved putting people in space.

Space programs that involve humans in space

Project Apollo STS ISS

Relate technology developed for the space program to applications in everyday life on Earth.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Spacesuit material

1.

1.

2.

3.

1.

Other technologies with medical applications

Parachute fiber

Ceramics

Space TechnologyI found this on page .

Analyze It Imagine that you are a scientist planning a space mission. What factors must you consider when deciding whether to send humans or robots on the mission?

554 Exploring Space

swim-racing suits

firefighting gear

running shoes

sports clothing

radial tires

braces (orthodontic)

artificial limbs

ear thermometers

robotic surgery

Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Missions involving human space

travelers are very hazardous and can only occur relatively close to Earth and for

short durations of time. Missions of spacecraft without human passengers can travel

for years and years and even exit the solar system and never return.

Project Apollo

was a series of

space missions

designed to

send people to

the Moon.

STS is the

system that

uses space

shuttles to

carry people to

and from

Earth’s orbit.

ISS is an Earth-

orbiting

research lab

continually

occupied by

astronauts

since 2000.

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.Lesson 3 Recent and Future Space Missions

LA.6.2.2.3, SC.6.N.1.4, SC.6.N.2.1, SC.7.N.1.3, SC.8.N.3.1


State the goal of future space exploration.

Explain the purposes of the types of probes.

Solar Lunar

Identify the 4 inner planets.

1. 3.

2. 4.

Express what scientists hope to learn from probes sent to study the inner planets.

1.

2.

3.

Detail the inner planetary missions described in the lesson by adding information to the timeline.

1964

1975

2003

2004

2008

2011

Missions to the Sun

and the MoonI found this on page .


Missions to the

Inner PlanetsI found this on page .



Exploring Space 555

to expand human space travel within the solar system

help scientists understand

the hazards of solar

radiation

help scientists collect data

to determine the best

location for a future lunar

outpost

Mercury

Earth

Venus

Mars

how they formed

what geologic forces are active on them

whether they could support life

The first flyby reached Mars.

Mariner 10 flew by Mercury.

Spirit and Opportunity explored Martian surface.

Messenger is launched.

Messenger flew first pass by Mercury.

Messenger will enter Mercury’s orbit.

Sample answers are

shown.

639

639

640

640

640


Exploring Space 555


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Identify the 4 outer planets.

1. 3.

2. 4.

Identify the outer planetary missions discussed in the lesson by adding details to the timelin e.

1997

2004

2006

2015

2029

Differentiate between the human lunar landings of Project Apollo and the next human visits to the Moon.

Apollo lunar

landings

Future lunar

missions

Define extraterrestrial life.

State the definition of astrobiology.

Missions to the Outer

Planets and BeyondI found this on page .


Human Space MissionsI found this on page .

The Search for LifeI found this on page .

556 Exploring Space

Jupiter

Uranus

Saturn

Neptune

Cassini was launched.

Cassini entered Saturn’s orbit.

New Horizons will reach Pluto.

New Horizons was launched.

New Horizons will leave the solar system.

brief visits

People will live there and do research in

lunar outposts.

life that originates outside Earth

Sample answers are

shown.

the study of life in the universe, including life on Earth and

the possibility of extraterrestrial life

641

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643


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.Lesson 3 | Recent and Future Space Missions (continued)

Characterize 3 basic needs of all life on Earth.

1. 3.2.

State three insights scientists have gained about Earth by studying information gathered in space.

1.

2.

3.

Contrast Earth with the planets that astronomers have detected outside the solar system.

Explain how Earth-orbiting satellites help scientists study our planet.

Earth-orbiting satellites

1.

2.



Connect It Explain why scientists search for water in the solar system.


Underst anding Earth

by Exploring SpaceI found this on page .

Exploring Space 557

Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Because water is a basic need of

all life on Earth, scientists assume that life on other objects in space would also have

this need.

Most of the more than 300 planets are much larger than

Earth and probably could not support liquid water or life.

how bodies in the solar system influence Earth

how Earth formed

how Earth supports life

liquid water organic

molecules

source of

energy

provide large-scale images of Earth’s surface

help scientists understand Earth’s climate and weather

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Exploring Space 557


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Lab

Exploring Space

Chapter Wrap-Up

Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned.

Use this checklist to help you study.

Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.

Study this chapter in your Notebook.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.

Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.

Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.

THINKABOUT

IT! Summarize It Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts. Consider why it continues to be a goal of humans to learn about space and to travel into space, either in person or with probes and satellites.

Challenge Read the report of the 2009 Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee. Make a poster to summarize the major concerns and challenges considered by the committee and the recommendations that they made. Display the poster in your class.

558 Exploring Space

Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: The two “big questions”

addressed by space exploration are: “Is there other life out there?” and “Is there

anywhere else in the universe where we could survive?” All of the technology

practiced to this point demonstrates small steps required to continue exploring

these questions.


558 Exploring Space


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Lab strategies and teacher tips for this Florida Big Idea Inquiry Lab are available in your Teacher Edition.

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SC.6.N.1.4, LA.6.2.2.3

Name Date Class

5 Earth in Space and Time

Design and Construct a Moon Habitat No one has visited the Moon since 1972. NASA plans to send astronauts back tothe Moon as early as 2020. You might be one of the lucky ones who will be sent to find a suitable location for a lunar outpost. To get a head start, your task is to design and build a model of a moon habitat where people can live and work for months at a time. You can use any materials provided or other materials approved by your teacher. Before you begin, think about some of the things people will need in order to survive on the Moon.

Ask a Question

Think about what humans need on a daily basis. Your question should include considerations about how to meet people’s needs in a place very unlike Earth.

Materials

newspaper bubble wrap aluminum foil plastic wrapfoam cups cardboard domed drink lids

Also needed: ruler, paper clips, glue, tape, stapler, scissors, craft sticks, drinking straws

Safety

Make Observations

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Think about construction. Consider the function each material might represent in a moon habitat. The materials will have to be transported from Earth to the Moon before any construction can begin.

3. Draw plans for your moon habitat. Be sure to include an airlock, a small room that separates an outer door from an inner door. Label the materials you will use and what each represents.

Exploring Space 559


Exploring Space 559


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Name Date Class

Big Idea Lab continued

4. Complete the table below by listing each material you plan to use, its purpose or function, and why you chose it.

Materials for a Moon Habitat

Material Function Why I Chose the Material

Lab Tips

• Before you begin, make a list of conditions on the Moon that are much different from those on Earth.

• If you can think of any materials not listed that you would like to use, ask your teacher’s permission to use them.

Form a Hypothesis

5. Form a hypothesis about the overall purpose of the habitat itself. Keep in mind your original question.

Test Your Hypothesis

6. Build your moon habitat. When you are finished, check to see that your habitat satisfies the conditions in your original question. If not, revise your habitat or make a note about how you would improve it.

7. In addition to meeting people’s needs in space, the habitat should be easy to construct in the harsh environments of space. Remember that the materials should be easy to transport from Earth to the Moon.

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8. Some things might not go as planned as you construct your model, or you might get new ideas as you proceed with building. As you go along, you can adapt your structure to improve the final product. Record any changes you make to your design or materials.

Analyze and Conclude

9. Explain in detail why you chose the materials and the design that you did.

10. Evaluate Which materials or designs did not work as expected? Explain.

11. Compare and Contrast What differences between the lunar environment and Earth’s environment did you consider in your design?

12. The Big Idea What requirements must be met for humans to live, work, and be healthy on the Moon?

Communicate Your Results

Imagine that your design is part of a NASA competition to find the best lunar habitat. Write and give a 2–3 minute presentation convincing NASA to use your model for its moon habitat.

Extension

Compare your moon habitat to the habitats of at least three other groups. Discuss how you might combine your ideas to build a bigger and better moon habitat.

Big Idea Lab continued

Remember to use scientificmethods.

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis


Communicate Results

Make Observations

Exploring Space 561



9. Answers will vary depending on students’ choices of materials. However, students’ explanations should show some understandingthat the materials suggested for this lab were chosen because they are lightweight, flexible, and easy towork with to build the structure.

10. Answers will vary depending on material choices. For example, students may have experienced that while the craft sticks and toothpicks provide good support, they are not a flexible as the plastic drinking straws. Some students may also have had problems designing an airlock that was sealed off from the inside and the outside. Address this issue, if necessary.

11. The Moon’s smaller gravitational force, its lack of an atmosphere, and its lack of substantial deposits of water are three major obstacles to building and inhabiting a lunar-based structure.

12. The basic requirements for humans are water, oxygen, food, and shelter (including comfortable temperatures

and pressures). Beyond that, to be healthy, humans require companionship, means to move/exercise, work, entertainment, places to relax, and so on. A well-designed habitat should take all these—and other conditions students might mention—into consideration.

Communicate Your Results Allow each student 2–3 minutes to present his or her design. If this lab was done in groups, allow each group 4–5 minutes to present and make sure each group member contributes to the presentation in some way. If time allows, let the audience ask constructive, pertinent questions about others’ designs.

Extension If possible, allow time for students to combine numerous structures. Remind them of the necessity to include airlocks to join the structures.

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Benchmark Practice


Note-taking

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Study Guide

Use VocabularyUse the vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the sentences below.

1. All radiation is classified by wavelength in the .

2. Two types of telescopes that collect visible light are and .

3. The space mission that sent the first humans to the Moon was .

4. An example of a human space transportation system is a(n) .

5. An uncrewed spacecraft is a(n) .

6. The discipline that investigates life in the universe is .

7. The best place to find is on solar system bodies containing water.

Link Vocabulary and Key ConceptsUse vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below.

To observe the universe

11.

9. 10.

and

Earth-based telescopes, including

and space telescopes.

To explore the solar system

8.

scientists use the

which includes wavelengths collected by 13. 14.

and

12.

scientists use

and humans, via space transportation systems like the

to launch

15.

A future goal is to develop a

17.

and search for

16.

outpost

Exploring Space 563


Use Vocabulary

1. electromagnetic spectrum

2. reflecting telescopes, refracting telescopes

3. Project Apollo

4. space shuttle

5. space probe

6. astrobiology

7. extraterrestrial life

Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts

8. electromagnetic spectrum

9.–11. refracting telescopesreflecting telescopesradio telescopes

12. rockets

13.–14. satellitesspace probes

15. space shuttle

16. lunar

17. extraterrestrial life

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Chapter 17 Review

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1. Which type of telescope is shown in the figure below?

Light

Secondary

mirrorPrimary

mirror

Light

A. infrared telescopeB. radio telescopeC. reflecting telescopeD. refracting telescope

2. In which wavelength would you expect the hottest stars to emit most of their energy?A. gamma raysB. microwavesC. radio wavesD. visible light

3. Which best describes Hubble?A. infrared telescopeB. radio telescopeC. refracting telescopeD. space telescope

4. What is special about the Kepler mission? A. Kepler can detect objects at all

wavelengths.B. Kepler has found the most distant

objects in the universe.C. Kepler is dedicated to finding Earthlike

planets.D. Kepler is the first telescope to orbit

the Sun.

5. Where is the International Space Station?A. on MarsB. on the MoonC. orbiting EarthD. orbiting the Sun

6. Which mission sent people to the Moon?A. ApolloB. ExplorerC. GalileoD. Pioneer

7. Which are most likely to have liquid water?A. Mars and EuropaB. Mars and VenusC. the Moon and EuropaD. the Moon and Mars

8. The images on page 650 in your textbook were taken by a rover as it moved along a rocky body in the inner solar system in 2004. Which body is it?A. EuropaB. MarsC. TitanD. Venus

9. Which is NOT a satellite?A. a flybyB. a moonC. an orbiterD. space telescope

Understand Key Concepts Circle the correct answer below.

Chapter 17 Review

564 Exploring Space


Understand Key Concepts

1. C. reflecting telescope

2. A. gamma rays

3. D. space telescope

4. C. Kepler is dedicated to finding Earthlike planets.

5. C. orbiting Earth

6. A. Apollo

7. A. Mars and Europa

8. B. Mars

9. A. flyby

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Benchmark Practice

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Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.

10. Contrast waves in the electromagnetic spectrum with water waves in the ocean.

11. Differentiate If you wanted to study new stars forming inside a huge dust cloud, which wavelength might you use? Explain.

12. Deduce Why do optical telescopes only work at night, while radio telescopes work all day and all night long?

13. Analyze Why it is more challenging to send space probes to the outer solar system than to the inner solar system?

Exploring Space 565


Critical Thinking

10. Water waves transfer energy through water. Electromagnetic waves transfer radiant energy through empty space.

11. Sample answer: Infrared light can penetrate gas and dust.

12. An optical telescope could view certain objects, such as the Moon, during the day, but light from the Sun would interfere with telescope reception of light from objects that are either dim or distant. Radio telescopes do not collect visible light, so they can work any time of the day without interference.

13. The distances are so great. Fuel necessary to get the probe to its destination would add mass; rockets aren’t strong enough to send heavy vehicles so far away. It also takes longer, costs more, and takes more energy to send space probes to the outer solar system. And, by the time they get there, technology is moreout-of-date.

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14. liquid water, source of energy, oxygen, shelter

15. Answers will vary, but the body should have liquid water because life on Earth needs water. Europa and Mars are the two bodies discussed in the text, but there might be others that students know about, such as the moon Enceladus.

16. Diagrams should show the different forms of radiation as follows (labels should point to the general areas on the spectrum): Radio: 1 km, microwaves: 1 mm, infrared: 100 μm, visible: 1 μm, ultraviolet: 10 nm, X-ray: 10–2 nm, gamma rays: 10–4 nm

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Critical ThinkingUse the lines below to respond to the following questions.

14. Create a list of requirements that must be satisfied before humans can live on the Moon.

15. Choose a body in the solar system that you think would be a good place to look for life. Explain.

16. Interpret Graphics Using the diagram of electromagnetic waves below, label the relative positions of ultraviolet waves, X-rays, visible light, infrared waves, microwaves, gamma rays, and radio waves.

10-6 nm

10-2 nm

1 nm

10 nm

1 μm

100 μm

1 mm

1 m

1 km

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Chapter XX Review continued

22. Write a five-sentence paragraph about the importance of plants in your life. Include a main idea, supporting details, and a concluding sentence.

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17. Write a paragraph comparing colonizing North America and colonizing the Moon. Include a main idea, supporting details, and a concluding sentence.

Exploring Space 567


Writing in Science

17. Students might mention adventure and traveling great distances. Differences might include that there were different reasons for travel, different means of travel, and different knowledge of the destination because we know more about the Moon than colonists knew about America. There is more support and money for Moon travel than there was for travel to America. And living on the Moon requires building entirely different kinds of structures than colonists had to build in North America.

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Review the Big Idea

18. Humans observe space using Earth-based and space-based telescopes. Humans can explore the solar system using space shuttles and probes.

19. Advantages include that they can collect the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate Earth’s atmosphere; there are no gases in space, so there is no distortion of images; and there are no city lights, so it is darker. Disadvantages include high cost, limited access, and difficulty of repair and updating. Only the Hubble can be serviced by astronauts.

Math Skills

20. 1.43 × 109 km

21. 3.99 × 1013 km

22. 1.4 × 1021 km


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Math Skills

18. In what different ways do humans observe and explore space?

19. The photo on page 651 in your textbook shows the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting Earth. What are advantages of space-based telescopes? What are disadvantages?

Use Scientific Notation

20. The distance from Saturn to the Sun averages 1,430,000,000 km. Express this distance in scientific notation.

21. The nearest star outside our solar system is Proxima Centauri, which is about 39,900,000,000,000 km from Earth. What is this distance in scientific notation?

22. The Hubble Space Telescope has taken pictures of an object that is1,400,000,000,000,000,000,000 km away from Earth. Express this number in scientific notation.

Review the Big Idea

568 Exploring Space


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Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question.

Science Benchmark Practice

Multiple Choice1 Which is NOT a good place to build a radio

telescope?

A a location near a radio station

B a location that is remote

C a location with a large cleared area

D a location with dry air

2 Which has the power to overcome the force of Earth’s gravity to be launched into space?

F a probe

G a rocket

H a satellite

I a telescope

Use the figure below to answer question 3.

Light

Secondarymirror

Primary

mirror

Light

3 Which could increase the light-gathering power of the telescope in the figure?

A adaptive optics

B a larger eyepiece

C multiple small mirrors

D thicker lenses

4 Which lists the minimum resources needed for life-forms to survive on Earth?

F liquid water, an energy source, and sunshine

G liquid water, sunshine, and organic molecules

H organic molecules, an energy source, and liquid water

I organic molecules, an energy source, and sunshine

Use the table below to answer questions 5and 6.

PlanetAverage Distance from Sun

(in millions of kilometers)

Earth 150

Mars 228

Saturn 1,434

5 It takes about 8.3 min for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. It takes about40 min for light to travel from the Sun to Jupiter. How long would you expect it to take light to travel from the Sun to Saturn?

A 8.5 min

B 1.3 h

C 13.5 h

D 26.3 h

6 Which shows the distance between Saturn and the Sun expressed in scientific notation?

F 1.434 × 106 km

G 1.434 × 108 km

H 1.434 × 109 km

I 14.34 × 107 km

Exploring Space 569


Multiple Choice

1 A—Correct. B,C, D—Radio telescopes are located in dry areas far from radio waves generated by radio stations and in places where there is enough room to build large arrays.

2 G—Correct. F, H, I—Each of these choices are examples of launched objects that require the power of rockets to break free of Earth’s gravity.

3 C—Correct. A, B, D—A diminishes atmospheric distortion, but doesn’t increase light-gathering power. B does not affect light-gathering power. D is not a component of a reflector.

4 H—Correct. F, G, I—Each of these choices lack one of the conditions required for the existence of lifeon Earth.

5 B—Correct. A, C, D—A is about the same time it takes sunlight to reach Earth. C and D are too long using Jupiter as a benchmark distance.

6 H—Correct. F, G, I—These are all incorrect representations of 1,434 million kilometers. Correct notation shows one digit to the left of the decimal point and an exponent of 9 to denote 9 places.


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7 C—Correct. A, B, D—These are not advantages of gravity assist, which uses the gravity of a massive space body to accelerate or decelerate a spacecraft.A journey to Saturn can be made with less fuel assisted by gravity.

8 I—Correct. F, G, H—F was the first of many missions to prepare for a piloted moon landing. G is the first U.S. satellite to orbit Earth. H was part of a failed mission to orbit Venus.

9 B—Correct. A, C, and D—These are not characteristics of refracting telescopes.

Constructed Response

10 A Radio telescopes collect radio waves and some microwaves using an antenna. Radio telescopes may be made up of several instruments. B Optical telescopes collect visible light waves. Optical telescopes use either lenses or mirrors to concentrate light.

11 Telescopes located on Earth can only collect electromagnetic waves that penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. Telescopes in space collect energy ofall wavelengths, including that from infrared light, ultraviolet light, andX-rays. Space lacks the gases that can distort images and the sky is much darker.

12 Studying radiant energy from stars can help scientists learn what the universe was like many millions of years ago. Also, because radiant energy can be split up into different wavelengths, scientists have a wide range of tools to study a variety of phenomena. Each wavelength offers unique perspectives. For example, infrared waves can penetrate dust better than visiblelight waves can.

13 Space materials must be flexible, strong, and able to withstand extreme temperatures and wear and tear. These

same properties are needed in materials to make firefighter gear, sports equipment, and radial tires. These properties also apply to the kinds of materials needed for making artificial limbs, infrared thermometers, surgery-performing robots, and orthodontic braces.

14 Exploring space helps scientists understand how the Sun and other solar system bodies influence Earth, how Earth formed, and how Earth supports life. Also, satellites located in space can observe the climate and weather-related phenomena on Earth, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, cold fronts, and ocean and land temperatures. Space-based satellites also can observe forest fires, the extent of volcanic plumes/ash, global climate change, vegetation, deforestation, and glaciation, among others.

15 The Kepler telescope is the only telescope searching for Earthlike planets that may be able to support life.


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NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued

7 What is the advantage of using gravity assist for a mission to Saturn?

A The spacecraft can be made of a nonmagnetic material.

B The spacecraft can travel at the speed of light.

C The spacecraft needs less fuel.

D The spacecraft needs more weight.

8 Which was the first satellite to orbit Earth?

F Apollo 1

G Explorer 1

H Mariner 1

I Sputnik 1

Use the figure on page 653 in your textbook to answer question 9.

9 Which is true of the telescope above?

A The eyepiece and the objective lens are concave lenses.

B Light is bent as it goes through the objective lens.

C Light is reflected from the eyepiece lens to the objective lens.

D The objective lens can be made of many smaller lenses.

Constructed ResponseUse the figure on page 653 in your textbook

to answer questions 10 and 11.

10 Identify the types of telescopes labeled A and B in the figure. Briefly explain what radiant energy each gathers and how each telescope works.

11 Use the information in the figure to explain why X-ray images can be obtained only using telescopes located above Earth’s atmosphere.

12 How does studying radiant energy help scientists learn about the universe?

13 How might the properties of materials developed for use in space be useful on Earth? Give examples.

14 How does information gathered in space help scientists learn about Earth?

15 How does the Kepler telescope differ from other telescopes in space?

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Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 17 | Lesson 1

Uses Name

Gammarays

1

X-rays

2

3

4

5

1. Which number in the image above indicates the part of the electromagnetic spectrum used by a refracting telescope? SC.8.E.5.11

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5

2. Infrared waves SC.8.E.5.11

F are brighter than visible light waves.

G are longer than visible light waves.

H have more energy than visible light waves.

I move more quickly than visible light waves.

Light

R

TS

U

Light

Reflecting Telescope

3. Which letter in the image above indicates the part in the reflecting telescope that concentrates light from a distant object? SC.8.E.5.10

A R

B S

C T

D U

4. Star A mostly emits microwaves. Star B mostly emits X-rays. The energy from Star B reaches Earth sooner than the energy from Star A because SC.8.E.5.11

F Star B is brighter than Star A is.

G Star B is closer to Earth than Star A is.

H X-rays have more energy than microwaves.

I X-rays move more quickly than microwaves.

Extend Your LearningTurn the page to Learn Out Loud

Exploring Space 571


1. A

2. G

3. D

4. G

Exploring Space 571


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Based on research that shows the importance of identifying and addressing student misconceptions on science topics, this activity offers you a variety of ways to encourage student collaboration and clarification about the benchmarks being assessed.

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Think, Discuss, Share

From My Teacher

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Use the time line below to answer questions 1 through 4.

1969: Humans land on theMoon for the first time

1990: Hubble Space Telescope launched

2009: Voyager 2 is twice as far from the Sun as Pluto is

1962: Mariner 2 flies by Venus1926: First rocket launched

1949: First monkey in space

1957: Sputnik 1 launched 1959: First lunar probes

1958: Explorer 1 launched 1981: First Space Shuttle launched

1998: Work begins on the International Space Station

1925 1950 1975 2000




1. Which year is most commonly considered to be the beginning of the space age? SC.8.E.5.12

A 1926

B 1949

C 1957

D 1969

2. According to the events shown in the time line, when did humans travel farthest from Earth? SC.8.E.5.10

F 1969

G 1981

H 1998

I 2009

3. When was the first reusable spacecraft launched? SC.8.E.5.10

A 1959

B 1969

C 1981

D 1998

4. When did the United States join other nations to create a research laboratory in space? SC.8.E.5.10

F 1949

G 1959

H 1981

I 1998

Exploring Space 573


1. C

2. F

3. C

4. I

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574 Exploring Space



574 Exploring Space


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Water Organic Molecules

Planet R Yes (vapor) No

Planet S Yes (boiling) Yes

Planet T No Yes

Planet U Yes (frozen) Yes

1. The chart above shows important characteristics of four newly discovered planets. Which planet is the best candidate for supporting extraterrestrial life? SC.8.E.5.2

A Planet R

B Planet S

C Planet T

D Planet U

2. NASA would most likely use gravity assist when sending a probe to which object in our solar system? SC.8.E.5.10

F Moon

G Sun

H Neptune

I Venus

3. Sometime in the next 20 years, NASA plans to send humans into space to SC.8.E.5.10

A explore Mars.

B find liquid on Europa.

C live on the Moon.

D orbit the Sun.

Probe Planet/Dwarf Planet

Messenger Mercury

Spirit Mars

Cassini Z

New Horizons Pluto

4. Which planet does Z refer to in the table above? SC.8.E.5.7

F Jupiter

G Saturn

H Uranus

I Venus




Exploring Space 575


1. B

2. H

3. C

4. G

Exploring Space 575


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576 Exploring Space



576 Exploring Space


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The Sun-Earth-Moon System 577


The Sun-Earth-Moon System 577


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