Pageant 34-36 Review

Eleanor Roosevelt

• Most influential first lady

• Champion of the dispossessed

Frances Perkins

• First female cabinet member- Secretary of Labor

1932 Campaign

• Hoover- said recovery was just around the corner

• FDR- willing to try bold experimentation

1932 Election• FDR wins in a landslide

• African Americans shifted from Republican to Democratic

Hoover- early 1933

• Wanted FDR to stick to anti-inflationary policies

Glass-Steagall Act

• Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits

• FDR wanted to stimulate inflation with “managed currency”

Demagogues

• Huey P. Long- promised to give all families $5,000

• Father Coughlin- anti-Semitic

National Recovery Act (NRA)

• Required too much sacrifice on the part of industry, labor and the public

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

• Attempted to reduce farm production

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

• Reversed force assimilation

• Established tribal self-government

Federal Securities Act and Securities Exchange Commission

• Provide full disclosure of information

• Prevent insider trading with the NY Stock Exchange

Tennessee Valley Authority• Tennessee Valley was a hundred years

behind the rest of the US

• Improved Navigation, flood control and power from high dams

• Electrical Power- controversial aspect

Wagner Act of 1935

• Gave labor the right to bargain collectively

Supreme Court

• After packing scandal, supported more New Deal Programs

Civilian Conservation Corps

• Worked on natural projects

• Men were required to send portion of earnings home

New Deal

• Provided moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism

London Economic Conference

• Boycotted by FDR- felt it stabilizing national currencies would hurt US recovery

Soviet Union

• Recognized by FDR- viewed as a possible ally against Germany and Japan

Philippines

• Became an economic liability for the US

Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR viewed Latin America as allies to defend the western hemisphere against dictators

FDR’s Foreign-Trade Policy

• Lowered tariffs to encourage trade

American Attitudes

• 1930s- most Americans wanted to retreat further into isolationism

• By mid-1930s- support for a constitutional amendment requiring a popular referendum to declare war

Neutrality Acts• Americans would not sail on ships of

warring nations

• US would not sell weapons to any warring nations

• This style

look familiar?

Spanish Civil War

• US remained neutral

• Spain became a fascist dictatorship

Jewish Refugees

• Not fully accepted by America

• US had a difficult time imagining the Holocaust could be happening

Tell How America Reacted to Pearl Harbor and Prepared to Wage

War Against Both Germany and Japan.

Danyelle MeletaChelsey Wilson

Kim AndressJustin Gillette

U.S. Reaction to Pearl Harbor• Immediate shock and disbelief• President Roosevelt, "a date

which will live in infamy"• Congress declared war on the

Empire of Japan• Converted to a war economy• Sense of nationalism • Recruitment campaigns• Prejudice of Japanese• Japanese Admiral Hamamoto, "I

feel all we have done is awake a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve."

• Roosevelt's second war message declares war on the remaining Axis aggressors.

Preparations for Waging War Against Germany

• Mostly unprepared for war against either Germany or Japan

• Roosevelt already set on defeat of Nazi regime

• Immediate and massive expansion of Armed Forces

• Naval patrols to prevent beliggerant ships in U.S. waters

• Roosevelt contemplated bases in Bermuda and the Carribean 

Preparations for Waging War Against Japan  

•  Expansion of the U.S. fleet after Pearl Harbor

• President Roosevelt set in motion the construction of a Two Ocean Navy, a 50,000 plane air force, a 6 million man army, and the secret program to build an atomic bomb.

• The focus of military policy changed from continental to hemisphere defense.

• The United States used draft laws to build their armed forces.

 

Preparations on the home front  • The Lend- Lease bill became law

on March 11, 1941. During the next four years, the U.S. sent more than $50 billion worth of war materials to the Allies.

• Factories in the United States converted from civilian to war production with amazing speed. Firms that had made vacuum cleaners before the war began to produce machine guns.

• As men went into the armed forces, women took their places in war plants. By 1943, more than two million women were working in American war industries.

Rosie the Riveter became a common site in shipyards and aircraft plants!

Lack of Preparation• U.S. underestimated Japanese Strength and Capability• Two plans in preparation for possible Japanese agression

o Navy had wanted to hold onto the Phillipines and Army wanted to write off the Phillipines

• To defend the Phillipine islandso General MacArthur had the equivalent of two divisions of

regular troops -- 16,000 U.S. regulars and 12,000 Philippine Scouts.

o Could call on Philippine militia, but they were untrained and ill equipped.

o Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short's Hawaiian command held 43,000 Army troops, including two infantry divisions, coast artillery, air corps, and support troops

•  In total about three divisions left to defend against Japanese Army

Fall of France• US responded by passing a conscription

law

• US gave GB destroyers in exchange for naval bases in the Western hemisphere

• Basically ended US neutrality

• US public opinion wanted to support GB, but stay out of fighting

FDR’s Third Term

• Broke with precedence established by G. Washington

• Completely constitutional at that point (22nd Amendment passed later)

• Motivated by belief that US needed his leadership with impending international crisis

Lend-Lease Aid

• Available to Soviets after German invasion

Pearl Harbor

• Ended public reluctance to enter WW II

US Entry in WW II

• Public wanted revenge – no idea what the war was about

• Retooled industry for war production

Japanese Americans

• Viewed as possible saboteurs

• Relocated away from West coast

Synthetic Rubber

• Government commissioned production to offset loss of access to prewar supply in SE Asia

Women’s Roles in WW II

• Filled positions left by men heading to war

• Lead to day-care centers by the government

African Americans

• Rallied behind the double “V”

• Moved north and west in large numbers

• Fought in segregated units

• Formed CORE

National Debt

• Increased most during WW II

Chapter 36 PresentationLearning Objective #2

Tony Quaste, Ryan Simpson, Pat Eck, and Nick Williams

War Economy• America moves to a War Economy- Total War•  " mobilization-the reallocation of a nation's

resources for the assembly, preparation, and equipping of forces for war-had arrived."

•  The Office of War Mobilization-1943o  Created many agencies which helped the war causeo  Labor, Merchant shipbuilding, and food

•  Provided jobs for Americans, who did not take part in the war.

•  Provided Arms to themselves and other countries•  Lend-Lease Act

• The War had helped bring America out of The Great Depression

• Improved the global Economy• America became a well renowned Arms dealer•  America becomes an industrial superpower• Rather than reverting to a consumer economy like

before, America continues to function under a war economy.

• Men return to industrial jobs• Women return to the women get their first taste of

being a largescale workforce, some want more.

Effects from WWII

Mobilization of Manpower for the Military

• Unlike other small scale conflicts, World War 2 required amounts of manpower previously unknown to Americans.

• A volunteer army was not enough, so a draft was instated. All men 18-64 were required to serve.

•  In World War II about 50 million men were conscripted into the military during the massive draft that encompassed the time period.

Women-power in the Military

•  Still restricted from being in a direct combat role.• Women performed typical military roles, as well as

some new ones.• Hospital Doctors/Nurses• Secretarial Jobs• More than 1,000 women served as pilots associated

with the US Air Force in the WASP (Women Air force Service Pilots) but were considered civil service workers, and weren't recognized for their military service until the 1970s.

Men in the Workplace• During the time of world war 2 many of the men of the United States

chosed to make their profession that of a soldier.• The initial military buildup brought back to work many laborers who

had been• unemployed by the Great Depression. During the war, average

weekly earnings rose nearly 70 percent. • Heavy industry jobs almost always went to men and most of the

skilled positions went to whites. Minorities became more attractive candidates for production jobs when white men left for sevice. Soon, both private employers and the government were encouraging minorities to move to industrial cities, and Mexicans to enter the United States

Women in the Workplace

• During World War II the percentage of Americanwomen who worked outside the hom at paying work increased from 25% to 36%.

• This was necessary since the majority of males left the workplace to go fight in the war and the government tried to make it seem that you can work and still be feminime.

• As one example in the American shipbuilding industry, where women had been excluded from almost all jobs except a few office jobs before the war, women's presence went to over 9% of the workforce during the war.

• Thousands of women moved to Washington, DC, to take government office and support jobs.

• Minority women benefited from the June, 1941, Executive Order 8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

• The large increase in the presence of women in the workforce also meant that those who were mothers had to deal with issues likechildcare

Effects on American Society

Nick Check, Cam Goodell, Alyssa Malatesta, Danielle Ciocco

(Not Ryan Simpson)

Race Relations in American Society

• Native Americans started to work in cities due to open positions in factories.

• Millions of Italian-Americans and German-Americans had loyally supported the nations war program.

• 110,000 Japanese-Americans were placed in Internment camps due to Washington's top command fearing.

Blacks

• After 1.6 million blacks leave the south to seek jobs in war plants in the West and North, race relations constitutes a national issue, not a regional issue.

• Tensions developed over– Employment– Housing– Segregated facilities

Continued…

• 1941-A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a massive, “Negro March on Washington” to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and the armed forces

• Roosevelt’s response-executive order forbidding discrimination in defense authorites

• Resulted in FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission)

Continued…

• Blacks were also drafted into the armed forces but generally were still assigned to service branches instead of combat units

• Subjected to petty degradations such as segregated blood banks for the wounded

• Overall war helped to embolden blacks in their struggle for equality

• Double V-victory over dictators abroad and racism at home

Even more continuing…

• NAACP membership grew to almost a half million

• CORE-Congress of Racial Equality formed in 1942

• Mechanical cotton picker-invented in 1944 and the need for cheap labor in the south disappeared

• In the next 3 decades 5 million black tenant farmers moved north

• By 1970 half of all blacks lived outside the south• Urban=Black

Women’s Roles

• Women began to sweep the workforce as they gained jobs in factories, “non-combat” military roles, and in the newly established 3000 day cares.

• 216,000 women employed in noncombat duties during WWII- WAACs (army), WAVES (navy), and SPARs (coast guard)

• More than 6 million women had jobs outside the house, in factories mostly, which caused day-cares to come about

Women

• Many women did not take up jobs outside the home but stayed in their homes.

• After the war 2/3s of women left their jobs and went back to their homes.

• Women made organizations like the USO to make soldiers feel at home when traveling from base to base; some volunteer groups hosted welcoming parties when the soldiers came home

Women

• Women pilots (WASP) performed flying duties in replacement for men so they could help the war effort

• Navy and Army Nurses were in enemy territory so they were in about as much danger as some of the men during the war

Regional Migration

• Shifted American migration because the soldiers who went off to war, having been exposed to new lands, they chose not to go back to their home when the war ended

• South experienced dramatic changes; 1.6 million blacks left the south seeking jobs in the war plants of the west and the north; after this, race relations became a national issue, not just regional (tensions everywhere arose over segregation in the workplace, housing, etc.)

Continued…

• By 1790, half of all blacks lived outside of the South, urban=black

• War industry moved people to big cities like L.A., Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge

• Northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after the war, due to the invention of the mechanical cotton picker which did the work of fifty people for much cheaper; the cotton south’s need for cheap labor disappeared

Continued…

• War also prompted a departure of Native Americans from the reservations, thousands of Indian men and women found jobs related to the war in major cities while others joined the army

• In 1940 more than 90% of Indians lived in reservations, 60 years later, more than half lived in cities, largely concentrated in Southern California

Continued...

• 5 million black tenant farmers and sharecroppers headed north in the 3 decades following the war (one of the great migrations of American History)

• Native Americans, Navajos in specific, who served in the armed forces were valuable because they transmitted radio messages in their native languages that the Germans and Japanese couldn’t understand

Early Pacific ConflictsJapanese Successes to American Counters

Kristen MyattChris LarkinSierra FoxPhil Strunk

4. Explain the early Japanese successes in Asia and the Pacific and the American

strategy for countering them.

Initial Japanese Confrontation• United States had the USS Panay harbored outside Nanking

    when the Japanese sunk it • US was livid over attack

 • Japan quickly apologized saying that they did not see the

flags on the ship • Sparked fear and anger toward the Japanese

Japanese Attacks Post-Panay• Attacked Pearl Harbor

 • Simultaneously attacked Guam and Wake with quick

victories • Took British Chinese port of Hong Kong

 • Took Dutch East Indies

 • British, Australian, Dutch, and US air forces were small in

number; Japanese easily overcame them 

Japan Gains Ground

• Invaded New Guinea • Landed on the Solomon Islands

 • Now Japan had forces just north of Australia

 • Japan eventually threatened to invade Australia

 • Battle broke out in the Coral Sea

 • American forces with Australian support gave a harsh blow

to the Japanese forces

American Responses to Quick Japanese Strikes

• Japanese took British Malaya - key supplier of rubber and tin

 • US created factories and produces its own

 • Japanese attacked Burma to cut Burma Road - no more

American supplies to China • US countered by flying supplies over the Himalayas

Assault on the Philippines

• No easy victory for Japan • US took defensive position at Bataan with General MacArthur in

charge • MacArthur had to leave, and troops surrendered

 • Bataan Death March:

o 80 mi. march to POW camps

A Northern Invasion on the East Pacific

• Japan had control of Kiska and Attu, islands near Alaska • America feared and invasion of the continental U.S from

the north • American defenses headed north to prevent the Japanese

from invading

• Japan tried to seize Midway Island 

o About 1000 miles from Hawaii • America set out to halt Japan

 • Naval battle near Midway was fought

 • A small but skillful carrier force headed out to stop the invading

fleet • Japan was forced to break off the attack after losing 4 carriers

Midway

America Gains Momentum

• MacArthur continued to defend New Guinea - protect Australia

 • US attacked Japanese supply and troop carriers on mass

scale • Japanese causualties are

     10 times higher than American

Island Hopping

• Bypassed fortified Japanese bases and set air fields on surrounding islands

 • Destroyed Japanese bases by heavy bombing

 • As Japanese bases withered, US continued forward

 • Eventually Japan was left without key supply lines

  

Meanwhile in Los Alamos. . .• With Japan left without key supply lines, the United States

was reaching victory • It was realized early on that the Japanese would not

surrender, but fight to the death • US scientists got together for a project that would shape

foreign policy for decades to come

Learning Objective 5

Describe the early Western Allies' efforts in North Africa

and Italy, the stratgic tensions with the Soviet

Union over the second Front, and the invasion of

NormandyJesse Krop, Matt Carson, Tim

Barret

North Africa• November 1942, US troops landed and aided the

British clearing North Africa•   Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria • Troops raced to reach strategic positions in

neighboring Tunisia•  Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria  •  German-Italian Panzer Army pushed back into Libya• General Archibald Wavell launched a major attack,

Operation Torch, which drove the Italians out of Egypt

Italy• Allied forces were ready for the invasion of Sicily by early

July• General Eisenhower landed with 15th Army Group• September 9, the Allies decided to invade Italy• Allied invasion fleet consisted of 3,000 ships and craft

carrying 140,000 men • August 15 Randazzo and Taormina had been captured• August 17 all Axis resistance in Sicily had ceased• On July 25, Mussolini was forced to resign

The Soviet Union

•  The Italy, German, and Japan forces signed the Tripartite Pact, creating the axis powers.o Soviets never join but

are related to pact of non-agression

• However, on June of 1941, Germany launched operation "Barbarossa" which is considered to be Hitler's fatal flaw.o It created a second

front for Germany and split their forces.

Stalingrad,considered turning point of the war

o On January 31, 1943, over 90,000 German troops at Stalingrad surrendered to the Soviets,making the signifigant to all the lives lost.  1,129,619 total casualties

on soviet side.  500,000-850,000 Axis

powers soilders killed.

S.U. and Germany

War of the Rats, by David Robinsons

 

Invasion of Normandy

• began on June 6,1944. • was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces

in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in World War II.

• The invasion was the largest overseas operation in history.

• Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword.  

• By June 11, a week after the invasion began, 326,000 troops, 54000 vehicles and 104,000 tons of supplies landed.

• The allies had already established a strong firmhold in Normandy by June 30th and landed 1 million soldiers

• Casualties:o Allies: 120,000o Germans: 113,000

 

Jeff PiotrowskiEmily Avery

Bridget DoolingSeth Dennis

FDR and Wallace

FDR • Decline in appearance• Rumored health problems

Wallace• Was not wanted by party as president if FDR

died• Viewed as unpredictable and ill balanced liberal• Served as VP for four years was hoping for

reelection

Harry S. Truman

Truman

• Missouri

• Smiling and self assured

• Nothing against him

• Had FDR’s blessing

• More conservative than Wallace

Dewey

• Took offensive because FDR was too consumed with war

• Denounced the tired and quarrelsome old men in Washington

• Wanted to keep same war policy

After 12 years of New Dealism it’s a time for

change!

Republicans criticize FDR

• Sending naval destroyer to retrieve his pet dog Fala

• For Failing health

• Opposed by newspapers because they were owned by republicans

Sweeping Victory

• FDR wins!

• 432-99 electoral

• 22,606,585-22,014,745 popular

• Primarily because the war was going well

Explain the Final Military Efforts that Brought Allied Citory in Europe and Asia and the Significance of the

Atomic BombIylas, Sean, Yosief

Europe

• Battle of The Budgeo Dec 16, 1994- Hitler hurled his final reserve

at thin American lineo Allies pushed back in "budge" in lineo 10 day attack haled after 101st Airborne

Division stood firm at Bastion of Bastogneo Germans Surrender

Europe Con't

• March 1945- Americans reach Rhine River• April 1945- Soviets reach Berlin

o capture city• April 12, 1945- Hitler commits suicide• May 8- Victory in Europe Day

AsiaBattle of ManilaBattle of West Hunan

Southwest China(1945)

Borneo campaign

Southwest Pacific(1945)

Australia(Morshead) and Allies(Kinkaid) vs Japan(Kamada, Masao)

8,000 vs 10,000

Atomic Bomb

• Strategists predicted invasion of Japan would cost hundreds of thousands American lives and more Japanese lives

• Japan refused to surrender• Potsdam Conference - Berlin: July 1945

o Japan given Ulimatium Surrender or Be Destroyed

• Japan would not surrender• July, 1945 first A-bomb success in Alamogordo, New

Mexico 

A-bomb

• August 6, 1945 Bomb dropped on Hiroshimao 180,000 people killed, wounded, or missingo  The Hiroshima prefectural health department

estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes

A-bomb

• August 9, 1945 Bomb Dropped on Nagasakio 60,000-80,000 Killed

 

Coral Sea

• Saved Australia from Japanese attacks

• First battle where enemy ships never saw each other

1942- Japanese

• Overextended themselves with territorial gains

Guadalcanal

• First Allied offensive in the Pacific

Midway• Ended Japanese ability to fight an

offensive war in the Pacific

Stalingrad• Turning point in Europe

• Furthest extent of Nazi offensive in Russia

Unconditional Surrender

• Wanted to avoid a negotiated peace or armistice

• Eventually complicated problems of postwar reconstruction

Italian Campaign

• Attempt to attack Europe through the “soft underbelly”

• German army poured in and stalled the Allied advance

D-Day

• Cross Channel invasion of Normandy, led by Eisenhower

• Erwin Rommel- German in charge of defenses

Battle of the Bulge• December,1944

• Last German offensive of the war

Election of 1944

• Positive war news helped FDR

Casablanca Conference

• FDR and Churchill decide to next invade Sicily

Potsdam Conference

• Ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be destroyed

Pros and Cons to Atomic Bombs

• Pros-• Ended war quickly• Saved US lives• Probably saved

Japanese lives

• Cons-• Killed many civilians• Was Japan ready to

surrender already?