pain medicine in medical school curricula andreas kopf dept. of anaesthesiology and intensive care,...

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Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya

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Page 1: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Pain Medicine in Medical School

Curricula

Andreas KopfDept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, BerlinDept. of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya

Page 2: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Disclosure Statementof Financial Interest

I, Andreas Kopf,I, Andreas Kopf, DO NOT have a financial interest/arrangement DO NOT have a financial interest/arrangement or affiliation with one or more organizations that could be or affiliation with one or more organizations that could be

perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context of the subject of this presentation.of the subject of this presentation.

Page 3: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Pain Medicine Mandatory (in Germany)

12/2011: Parliament Proposal05/2012: Upper House`s Approval06/2012: Ministry´s Approval

07/2016: first students will graduate with mandatory pain medicine

„Q14 Pain Medicine“

Page 4: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

„Unlike high-tech medicine, pain treatment lacks glamour“

but:Pain management may be achieved often by non-specialists

therefore:Physicians have to be proactiveAcademic institutions will have to play a pivotal roleEvery medical graduate has to be reached

Prerequisites

Rajagopal-MR, Update in Anaesthesia 2002; 15: 2Kopf-A, Schmerz 2007; 21: 160

Page 5: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Student´s Interest in Pain Management

1. interesting learning objectives: Low back pain > pharmacology of analgesics > headache > cancer pain > psychology of pain

2. female > male students

3. teaching format interest: patient presentations

Evers-S, Schmerz 2005; 19: 308

Niemi-Murola-L, Eur J Pain 2007; 11: 700

Niemi-Murola-L, Eur J Pain 2006; 10: 167

Page 6: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Achievable Knowledge with a Curriculum

• based on IASP recommendations• 20 hrs interfaculty education program• n = 540 students• Evaluation: Pain Knowledge and Beliefs Questionnaire• Results: prae 66% vs. post 83% (p < 0.001)

Watt-Watson-J, Pain 2004; 110: 140

Page 7: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Strategy to develop and implementpain medicine in the medical faculties

• Justification / mission statement• Curriculum Development• Identification of Local Champions• Definition of teaching units• Assessment planning• Lecturer delegation• Approval from dean´s office • Approval from legal administration• Development of teaching material• Start teaching ...

Page 8: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Starting Situation: selected Blueprints

• Core Curriculum for Professional Education in Pain, IASP Press 2004

+ emotional LO well formulated / - cognitive LO unfocussed

• Outline Curriculum on Pain for Medical Schools

+ structure / - no LO Pilowsky-K, Pain 1988; 33: 1

• Curriculum for Pain Management Education (Oregon Pain Commission)

+ textbook structure / - unfocussed

• ESA Core Curriculum in Pain for Undergraduates

+ according to IASP recommendations / - unfocussed

• ANZSPM Undergraduate Curriculum Pain

+ together with palliative medicine / - scetchy outline

• Canadian Pain Society Undergraduate Pain Currciulum

+ evaluated / - for special interest groups Watt-Watson-J, Pain 2004

Page 9: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Curriculum Development Goals

• „general pain medicine“ for the GP• including lecturer recommendations• „philosophy of pain management“

• not: comprehensive pain management• not: following systematic textbooks• not: including research interests• not: overestimating available time slots

Aspekte guter Lehre, Zentrum für Qualitätssicherung und -entwicklung (ZQ), Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Page 10: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

• pain management is required by every clinical working physician

• general pain management instead of special pain management

• every medical school graduate should be able - to control most acute perioperative or posttraumatic pain,- to treat most cancer pain- to initiate first line treatment for most neuropathic pain- to identify most patients with chronic pain- to refer chronic pain patients according to their needs

Mission StatementGeneral Curriculum Goals

Page 11: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Results

Kopf-A, Schmerz 2007; 6: 574

Page 12: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

s. Homepage DGSS: www.dgss.org

Implementation of Core Curriculum in German Medical Faculties

Endorsement by:• DEGAM - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin• DGAI – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V.• DGN – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie• DGOOC – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie e.V.• DGS - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schmerztherapie e.V.• DIVS – Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie e.V.• DMKG – Deutsche Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft e.V.• GAPS – Gemeinsamer Arbeitskreis für Perioperative Schmerztherapie• DGCH – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie• BDA – Berufsverband Deutscher Anästhesisten• BDC – Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgen e.V.• IGOST – Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für orthopädische u. unfallchirurgische Schmerztherapie e.V.• und weitere Vormerkungen

Page 13: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

• basics assessment fundamental principles 2 + 1 hrs• acute pain 2 + 1 hrs• cancer pain 2 + 1 hrs• neuropathic pain 2 + 1 hrs• chronic pain 2 + 1 hrs• special therapeutic situations 2 hrs

Topical Outline and Minimum Time required

Der Schmerz 2007; 6: 574

Page 14: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Operationalisation of Learning Objectives

• cognitive• affective-social• psychomotoric

• SMART principles (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time adequate)

• terminology of learning objectives:Bloom´s Taxonomy of Educations Objectives

Bloom-B, The Classification of Education Goals, Handbook I, 1971 Dahmer-J, Dt Ärztebl 2004; 101: B1697

Page 15: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

„Assessment drives learning“Examination Choices

to do

show how

know how

to know

Observation(Mini-CEX)

Simulation patients (OSCE)

case based(oral exams)

MC(written exams)

Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.

Miller-Pyramide, 1990

Page 16: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)

Foto: Dietmar Gust

• structured assessement of practical-clinical skills including doctor-patient communication

• examination parcours: - ca. 5 stations- use of models- use of simulation patients

Page 17: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Teaching Formats: Student´s Opinion

„How should teaching be?“

(questionnaires: 2001 vs. 2011)

- lectures 40,5 vs. 21.5 %

- small group seminars 17 vs. 27 %

- case based 4,5 vs. 11 %

- self studies 11 vs. 21 %

Page 18: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Formats: Blended Learning (Sandwich Principle)

• Principle 1: interdisciplinary contents, monodisciplinary lecturers

• Principle 2: model learning• Principle 3: full vs. divided vs. full group

1. Introduction lecturer A2. POL/Elearning w/o lecturer3. history and examination w/o lecturer,

patient4. reporting patients lecturer A+B+C5. therapeutic algorithm w/o lecturer6. seminar lecturer A

Kadmon et al. 2008

Page 19: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Conclusions & OutlookRationale:• most physicians will be confronted with pain management• no medical graduate should leave medical school without general pain medicine kowledge• pain medicine is well suited for blended learning and other advanced medical education tools

Tools:• the German Core Curriculum is a valuable tool for integration of pain medicine in the medical faculty• endorsement of core curriculum is recommended

Strategy:• Identify local champions for the implementation process• identify suitable cross sectional disciplines • e.g., cooperational model of palliative and pain medicine

Page 20: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Actual Situation

ConventionalMedical

Curriculum

Pain Medicinein Medical Curriculum

Page 21: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

„blended learning“: Sandwich-Principle

learning will be boosted bymultimodal teaching includingElearning, POL and case presnetationsKadmon et al. 2008

Page 22: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

„Be thankful and happy that you are in medicine“

Wright-SC, Am J Med 2005; 118: 435

Page 23: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Strukturvorschlag Palliativmedizin in der Lehre

Page 24: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Selection of Assessment Method

• „Collegial Examination“:time consuming

• „Multiple Choice“:preparation time, not suited for complex situations

• Simulation patients examination(OSCE = Objective Structured Clinical Examination):practice oriented, communication skills, needs carefuloperationalization of examination goals

„Assessment drives Education“

Page 25: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Schriftliche Prüfungen: MC

• Prüfung von Faktenwissen auch mit Fallbezug • Etabliertes Prüfungsformat• Hohe Effektivität • Gute Durchführbarkeit• Hohe Reliabilität leichter erreichbar• Aufwendige Erstellung qualitativ hochwertiger

Fragen

Page 26: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Charakteristika der neuen AO n. §28 ÄappO

• Verbindung von Vorklinik und Klinik• fächerübergreifendes Lernen• Verknüpfung von Praxis und Theorie • Intensivierung der praktischen Ausbildung• Anleitung zu wissenschaftlichem Arbeiten• Kommunikationsunterricht• früher Patientenkontakt• angepasste Prüfungen• Studium generale

• keine Schmerztherapie

Page 27: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Ausgangssituation: Vorbilder II

• American Academy of Neurology “Pain Medicine Core Curriculum”

+ interdisziplinär / - Schwerpunkte auf Einzelsyndromen

• Outline Curriculum on Pain for Nursing (2nd edition)

+ Struktur und Inhalte / - nur mit Lehrbuch nachvollziehbar

• Curriculum Grundlagen der Schmerzbehandlung der DGSS

+ multidisziplinärer Ansatz / - Umfang 28 Std. Schmerz 2003; 17: 227

Page 28: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Structure Recommendation

Page 29: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Prolog- und Epilog (= Themenblock I)

Page 30: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

1. Woche „Akutschmerz“ (= Themenblock II + III)

Page 31: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

2. Woche „Chronischer Schmerz“(= Themenblock V)

Page 32: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Kern-Curriculum Lernziele

Anwendungsbezogene Lernziele

Der Student soll,

• Patienten mit Schmerzen identifizieren können,

• selbständig eine gezielte Schmerzanamnese unter Berücksichtigung der

bio-psycho-sozialen Dimensionen von Schmerz erstellen können,

• eine einfache symptomorientierte körperlichen Untersuchung zur

Erkennung von Neuropathien durchführen können

• BtmVV-konform rezeptieren können.

• ein einfaches postoperatives Analgesieschema erstellen können,

• einen einfachen Analgetikaplan für Tumor- und

Neuropathieschmerzpatienten erstellen können.

Page 33: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Emotionale Lernziele

Der Student soll• den Schmerz in seinen Auswirkungen auf das Leben und Erleben des

Patienten verstehen lernen,

• Mechanismen der iatrogenen Schmerzchronifizierung (inkl.

Gegenübertragung) erkennen können,

• Anforderungen an die Patientenführung erfahren

(bsp. masochistischer Triumph, Agieren),

• sensibilisiert werden gegenüber der Dynamik und Bedeutung von

Tumorschmerzen für Patienten (inkl. Klärungsgesprächen),

• entdecken, daß Schmerztherapie interessant ist und Freude bereitet.

Kern-Curriculum Lernziele

Page 34: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Motivation zur Curriculum-Erstellung

• Aufgrund der Planung neuer Ausbildungsprogramme

• Veränderung der Lernwelten

• Referenzpunkt

• in Studienplänen operational definierte Lernziele für das gesamte Medizinstudium festzulegen Dahmer-J, Dt. Ärztebl 2004; 101: A 2033

Page 35: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Operationalisierte Lernziele

aber:

• die Definition von Lernzielen allein ist kein hinreichend gutes Kriterium für gute Lehre

• Ziele müssen kontinuierlich kommuniziert werden• Konflikt: Allgemeingültigkeit und Abstraktion von Lernzielen vs.

hohem Maß informeller Regeln• kontinuierlicher Austausch zwischen Lehrenden Voraussetzung für

die Konkretisierung und Aktualisierung von Lernzielen

Aspekte guter Lehre, Zentrum für Qualitätssicherung und -entwicklung (ZQ), Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Operationalisierte Lernziele

Page 36: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Bewertung von Veranstaltungsformen

• Die Vorlesung als zentrales Vermittlungsformat „hat ausgedient“;

• Lernziele sind absolut notwendig, um den Rahmen abzustecken

• je aktiver die Studierenden eingebunden sind und gefordert werden, desto größer ist der Lernzuwachs;

• gelernt wird was geprüft wird – Performanz sichert die Kompetenz

Page 37: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Erreichte Lernziele

Page 38: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Frequent Prejudices

„… pain management and palliative care have always been an integral partin the medical curriculum … therefore additional teaching is not required …“

v. Jagow-G, German Medical Faculties Conference Statement, 2009

Page 39: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Curriculum Definition

• Learning Culture• Structure and Learning Objectives• Methods of learning and teaching• Evaluation instruments• Resources for successful realisation

Dahmer-J, Dt. Ärztebl 2004; 101: A 2033 R. Saxer

Page 40: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Essential Learning Objectives

cognitive learning objectives

Every student should know,

• that awareness regarding pain is crucial

• why acute pain needs to be controlled,

• which mechanisms separate acute from chronic pain,

• the four main pain syndromes …

… how to treat cancer pain,

… how to treat perioperative pain,

… how to identify neuropathic pain and start initial management,

… how to identify patients at risk or with chronic pain syndromes.

Page 41: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

SMART principles for Learning Objectives

• S pecific: Ist das Lernziel spezifisch genug formuliert?

• M easurable: Ist das Lernziel bzw. die Erreichung messbar?

• A ttainable: Ist das Lernziel überhaupt unter normalen Voraussetzungen erreichbar?

• R elevant: Ist das Lernziel für das Themengebiet und für das Ausbildungsziel von Bedeutung?

• T ime adäquat: Ist das Lernziel in einen angemessenen Zeitrahmen zu erreichen?

Page 42: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

< 20% of students• psychosocial context• definition of pain• pain in children• pain in old age and dementia

Achievable Learning Objectivesw/o Curriculum

< 50% of studentsNeuroanatomyPharmacologyCancer pain

Pöyhiä-R, Pain 2005; 115: 234

• graduates from 5 Finnish medical faculties• voluntary pain management course (27%)• lecturers from anaesthesia

Page 43: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Teaching Formats:Sandwich-Principle in Blended Learning

Kadmon et al. 2008

Page 44: Pain Medicine in Medical School Curricula Andreas Kopf Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité, Berlin Dept. of Medical Physiology, University

Formal Structure

• level 1: keyword headline

• level 2: extended headline

• level 3: annotation

• level 4: cognitive learning objectives with detailed explanations