paint & coatings industry august 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Septem
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August 2014
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 8
Paint Coatings Industry
INSIDE
UV LED CuringEquipment Directory
New Elastomeric Binder
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IMAGINE
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PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN: Print 0884-3848 and Digital 2328-8329) is published 12 times annually, monthly,by BNP Media, Inc., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317.No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.:$123.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $160.00 USD (includes GST & postage);all other countries: $178.00 (intl mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2014, by BNP Media. All rightsreserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher.The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additionalmailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send addr ess changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076.
Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to IMEX GlobalSolutions, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI- PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248)244-6499 or [email protected].
Audited by BPA Worldwide Printed in the U.S.A.
P A I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y , V O L U M E 3 0 , N U M B E R 8
August, 2014
CONTENTS
O N T H E C O V E R :
Cover photos courtesy ofwww.thinkstock.com.
FEATURES
20 Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel, ENDURES B.V.
24 New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt PickupResistance, Multiquimica s.a.
38 No Fear of Scratches, Evonik Industries
42 Equipment Directory
44 Thin-Film Analysis Using UV-VisSpectrophotometry, ShimadzuScientific Instruments
48 UV LED Curing, Phoseon Technology
BUSINESS TOOLS
43 Equipment Showcase
54 Supplier Showcase
ONLINE FEATURESwww.pcimag.com
Glass Flake Epoxy System Protects
Historic Bridge, Sherwin-Williams
Protective & Marine Coatings
Thermal Insulating Coating System Prevents
Burn Accidents, Tnemec Company Inc.
DEPARTMENTS
6 Viewpoint
8 Industry News
12 Company News
16 Calendar of Events
18 Names in the News
52 Products
53 Classifieds
54 Advertiser Index
38 4824
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VIEWPOINT
Publisher Donna Campbell and
I recently attended the grand
opening of BYK USAs expanded
facility in Wallingford, CT. The
56,000-sq-ft, three-story office
and production facility will
more than double manufactur-
ing capacity. The expansion
project represents a $50 million
investment from ALTANA (BYK
USAs parent company), the largest single
investment the Group has made outside of
Germany. In addition to increasing pro-
duction, the facility increases worldwide
supply chain security for BYKs additives.
Prior to the completion of the new facil-
ity, roughly 50% of the companys prod-
ucts were shipped from overseas. The new
plant will allow BYK to be more flexible
and not have to deal with shipping issues.
By being able to manufacture the prod-
ucts in the U.S., we save ourselves a lot of
time when it comes to freight issues. If a
customer needs a specific product or is
ramping up a new product line, we canreact quicker. We dont have to wait 8-12
weeks. It also reduces our inventory hold-
ing costs, so it gives us a lot of flexibility,
said Dirk Plas, President, BYK USA.
Edward Ogle, Senior Manager of Manu-
facturing, led our tour of the new facility,
which features 18 new bulk raw material
tanks that can each hold 12,300 gallons of
raw materials; a quality control lab, where
each raw material is tested before being
used; a control room, which includes a
four-operator station that has access to all
of the formulas and equipment in the facil-ity; a three-story, 60-foot-tall production
area; and a two-story, 30-foot-
tall support area.
Here are a few mind-boggling
numbers that relate to the con-
struction of this facility: 2,530
cubic yards of concrete was
poured enough to make a side-
walk 10.4 miles long; 648 tons
of steel was used; 26,400 feet
of stainless steel process piping
was installed, 66,000 feet of power cable
and 142,000 feet of instrumentation cable
were run throughout the building; and
269 pieces of process equipment and 1,680
process instruments were installed.
BYK USA has worked closely
with the city of Wallingford
and with the state of Connecti-
cut on this project. Last year,
the state provided the com-
pany with a $6 million loan
at a very low interest rate to
help fund the new facil ity, with
the incentive that $4 million
would be forgiven if the com-
pany retained its 97 employees
and added 37 new positions within three
years. BYK has been hiring and training
local engineers, chemists and operatorsfor this facility, and has already added
almost 20 new people, with plans to hire
approximately 35 more.
The facility, which took 18 months to
complete, was scheduled to begin pro-
duction in July.
Exciting Expansion
By Kristin Johansson, Editor |PCI
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INDUSTRY NEWS
IRVING, TX Market research
firm Lucintel has released a new
report that analyzes the global
automotive coating industry by
segments and region. The report,
Global Automotive Coating Indus-
try 2014-2019: Trend, Forecast and
Opportunity Analysis, provides an
analysis of the automotive coatings
industry including market trends,
competitive landscape, companyprofiles, mergers and acquisitions,
emerging trends, and key drivers
of industry growth. The study also
includes global forecasts for auto-
motive coatings through 2019,
segmented by application such as the
OEM and refinish markets; by product
type such as electrocoats, primer coats
basecoats and clearcoats; and by tech-
nology such as waterborne coatings and
solventborne coatings.
Lucintel forecasts that the major-
ity of segments for automotive coat-
ings will grow moderately from 2014
to 2019. Strict environmental laws in
North America and Europe will drive
the demand for waterborne coatings and
UV-cure coatings in the forecast period.
BRIC nations are forecast to be the hub of
automotive production, favored by prox-
imity to market, easy financing and low-
cost production arbitrage, which,
according to the report, will drive
the demand for automotive coatings
in BRIC nations. Continuous focus
on research and development activi-
ties by industry players will foster
new innovations in the automotive
coatings industry, which will ulti-
mately drive industry growth.
The biggest challenge faced by
the industry is the increasing costof crude oil, which raises prices of
key raw materials, impacting profit
margin. Concerns over the environ-
mental impact of VOCs and pricing
pressures from auto manufactur-
ers are other challenges for automo-
tive coatings manufacturers. Continued
innovation of products is very important
for companies to sustain their success-
ful position in the market.
For additional information about
the report, call 972/636.5056 or visit
www.lucintel.com.
Global Automotive Coatings Market
to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2019
OSHA Releases Tool to HelpIdentify Workplace HazardsWASHINGTON, DC The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration has released a new interactive training tool
to help small businesses effectively identify hazards in the
workplace. Employers and workers can virtually explore how
to identify common workplace hazards in the manufacturing
and construction industries. Users of the new training tool will
learn not only hazard identification skills but also learn about
hazard abatement and control.
Hazard identification is a critical part of creating an injury- andillness-prevention program that wil l keep workers safe and healthy
on the job, said Dr. David Michaels, Assistant Secretary of Labor for
Occupational Safety and Health. This new tool not only educates
employers about how to take control of their workplaces and protect
workers, it also demonstrates that following well-established safety
practices is also good for the bottom line.
Through the hazard identification tool, users can play from
the perspective of either a business owner or an employee as they
learn to identify realistic, common hazards and address them
with practical and effective solutions. The tool explains the key
components of the hazard identification process, which include
information collection, observation of the workplace, investiga-
tion of incidents, employee participation and prioritizing hazards.
OSHA developed the tool in conjunction with its TrainingInstitute to assist small-business owners in effectively identifying
hazards in their workplace. The hazard identification training
tool can be found on OSHAs website at www.osha.gov/hazfinder.
U.S. Demand for Solvents toApproach 11 Billion Pounds by 2018CLEVELAND According to a new study released by Cleveland-
based market research firm The Freedonia Group Inc., U.S.
demand for solvents is expected to increase at an annual pace of
1.5% through 2018 to 11 billion pounds. Growth is driven by a
robust recovery in construction spending along with a continued
rebound in manufacturing output. Strength in both nonresi-dential and residential building construction will stimulate not
only direct solvent use in construction-related activities, but also
increased solvent demand in coatings and other construction-
related materials. Solvent use in a variety of manufacturing appli-
cations, most notably in chemical processing, will be supported in
part by comparatively low natural gas prices that will help boost
the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers. These and other trends
are presented in Solvents, a new study from The Freedonia Group.
Steadily growing environmental concerns, as well as regula-
tory pressure, will drive demand for green solvents that are
derived from renewable materials. According to analyst Ryan
Sullivan, This will contribute to growth in alcohols and glycols,
which will see the largest gains of all solvents. Other green sol-
vents such as butanediol and terpenes will see the fastest demandgrowth, albeit from much smaller bases.
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Register Now athttp://webinars.pcimag.com
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INDUSTRY
NEWS
Environmental regulations at both the
state and federal levels aimed at reducing
VOC emissions will continue to propel
the shift from conventional solvents togreen solvents. This shift has provided
a boost for glycol solvent demand in the
coatings market, where glycol-based sol-
vents have helped formulators achieve
lower VOC content. Similarly, alcohol
solvents will see increased demand from
the pharmaceuticals market in order to
help producers meet strict FDA and EPA
regulations. Shifts in demand in the siz-
able printing inks market will also be
affected by the trend toward greener
solvent products as soy- and propanol-
based solvents continue to make inroads
as replacements for hydrocarbons.The coatings market will replace the
transportation market as the largest sol-
vents consumer by 2018. Restrained by
lengthening engine coolant flush inter-
vals and increased consumer demand
for longer-lasting, less-toxic propylene
glycol antifreeze, demand for solvents in
the transportation market will grow at a
below-average pace through 2018. Addi-
tionally, solvent-recycling operations will
provide additional downward pressure on
overall solvent demand going forward.
For additional information about the
report, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.
2014 PolyurethanesTechnical ConferenceWASHINGTON, DC Registration is now
open for the 2014 Polyurethanes Techni-
cal Conference, hosted by the Center for
the Polyurethanes Industry of the Ameri-
can Chemistry Council. The conference
will take place September 22-24, 2014, at
the Gaylord Texan Resort and Convention
Center in Dallas. For additional informa-
tion about the conference, visit http://
polyurethane.americanchemistry.com.
U.S. Demand for WoodCoatings and Preservativesto Reach $4.8 BillionCLEVELAND According to a newly
released study, demand for wood pro-
tection coatings and preservatives
is expected to advance 4.5% per year
through 2018 to $4.8 billion. Growth
in the industry will primarily be driven
by a rebound in residential construc-
tion activity, which in turn benefits the
major applications in which wood coat-
ings and preservatives are used, namelyfurniture, decking and siding. These and
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analytical support Deformulation (Reverse Engineering)Material Identification
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7/21/2019 Paint & Coatings Industry August 2014
11/56P A I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y 11
other trends are presented a new study
from The Freedonia Group Inc., a Cleve-
land-based market research firm.
Analyst Katherine Brink stated that,Further advances will be restrained by
the rising use of non-wood materials in
several key applications. Coatings and
preservatives will be limited in siding,
where wood is forecast to account for
a shrinking share of demand and faces
fierce competition from alternative mate-
rials. In decking applications, although
wood still dominates, plastic composite
decking continues to erode woods share,
which also puts a dent in wood-protec-
tion product sales.
Demand for coatings is projected to
rise 4.7% annually through 2018. Main-tenance end-uses account for a slightly
higher share of coatings demand, driven
by the needs of the large existing base
of wood items. Even so, demand for new
coatings in construction-related appli-
cations will be the primary impetus for
accelerating demand gains through 2018.
Demand for wood preservatives is expect-
ed to increase 2.7% annually through
2018. Gains will be supported by the ris-
ing production of pressure-treated lumber
as construction activity rebounds. Faster
advances will be restrained by the matu-
rity of a number of applications, such as
railroad products and utility poles.
Wood protection product usage var-
ies depending on the application. For
instance, paint is the dominant product
in siding, and window and door applica-
tions, but stains and sealers are more
widely used on decks, cabinets, furniture
and flooring. Similarly, oil-based pre-
servatives including creosote and penta
tend to be utilized in industrial applica-
tions such as railroad products and util-ity poles, while water-based types such
as copper azole and ACQ are used to treat
wood intended for residential and non-
industrial applications.
For additional information about the
report, Wood Protection Coatings & Pre-
servatives, visit www.freedoniagroup.com.
PPG Donates to NACEScholarshipsPITTSBURGH The PPG Industries Foun-
dation has donated $10,000 to create two
annual scholarships provided through the
NACE International Foundation, a 501(c)(3)entity affiliated with NACE International,
The Corrosion Society. Two students pursu-
ing postsecondary academic degrees related
to corrosion or coatings will each receive a
$5,000 scholarship on behalf of PPG. The
2014 winners are: Kaitlyn Martin of Bay-
town, TX, a junior majoring in mechanical
engineering at Colorado School of Mines;
and Azra Turajlic of Fort Worth, TX, a fresh-
man majoring in petroleum engineering at
Louisiana State University.
China Conference TargetsNanoscienceQINGDAO, China BITs 4th Annual
World Congress of Nano Science & Tech-
nology 2014 (NANO2014) will take place
October 29-31, 2014, in Qingdao, China.
Programmed with 10 tracks, the confer-
ence targets nanoscience and nanotech-
nology professionals, highlighting recent
breakthrough stories and successes in the
field. Over the conference period, partici-
pants will have opportunities to share infor-
mation and best practices, as well as learn
about the current research and commercial
implementation of new technologies. Foradditional information, visit www.bitcon-
gress.com/nano2014/Contactus.asp.
Color Science Forum 2014and TiO2World SummitFALMOUTH, ME Combining more than
25 years of experience in working with
the titanium dioxide supply chain and the
industrial pigments and colorants sectors,
Smithers Rapra is hosting the Pigment and
Color Science Forum 2014 and the TiO2World Summit 2014 October 7-9, 2014, at
the Le Westin Montral in Montral, Can-
ada. For more information on TiO2 2014,visit www.tio2conference.com.
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Thomas E. Tom Gosz
PORTAGE, IN Sherwin-Williams Scien-tist Thomas E. Tom Gosz of Portage,
IN, passed away June 30, 2014. He was
born October 2, 1960, in Kaukauna,
WI, the son of Clifford and Janice (Wit-
tmann) Gosz.
Gosz graduated from Michigan
Technological University in 1983.
He received a Masters Degree from
DePaul University in 1989. Gosz
worked as a scientist for the Sherwin-
Williams Co. for over 25 years and was
involved in the application of Sherwin-
Williams coatings to many of the wind
turbines seen along the highways.
OBITUARY
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COMPANY NEWS
Bayer Receives Responsible Care HonorPITTSBURGH Bayer Corp. has been named a 2014 Responsible
Care Company of the Year by the American Chemistry Council
(ACC) in recognition of its commitment to continual improvement
in environmental, health, safety and security performance.
ACCs top honor is awarded to member companies that have
enhanced and embraced the Responsible Care ethic throughout
their organizations. Each year, the ACC names Responsible Care
Company of the Year recipients in the small, medium and large
company categories. Bayer is a 2014 large company recipient.
OMNOVA Solutions ExpandsSpecialty Resins CapacityFAIRLAWN, OH OMNOVA Solutions announced the completion
of an expansion at its Le Havre, France, manufacturing facility
that will enable the company to increase its capacity to produce
specialty acrylic resins for waterborne coatings. This multi-mil-
lion euro expansion features semi-continuous polymerization and
builds on OMNOVAs existing capabilities for acrylic water-based
chemistries in the United States in order to enhance regional
service to customers in Europe, the Middle East, A frica and Asia.
Fischer Technology Attains ISO Accreditation
WINDSOR, CT Fischer Technology has received accreditationto ISO/ IEC 17025:2005 by the American Association of Accredi-
tation Laboratories. ISO 17025 is the internationally accepted
standard for calibration laboratories; accreditation by A2LA dem-
onstrates Fischers continued pursuit of quality excellence. Fischer
can now offer ISO 17025 certifications for a variety of instruments
and standards including: film thickness instruments and stan-
dards for eddy current, magnetic induction, X-ray fluorescence,
coulometric and beta backscatter applications; electrical conduc-
tivity instruments and standards for eddy current comparison;
ferrite number instruments and standards; and nano-indentation
instruments and standards.ISO 17025 is the benchmark standard for calibration labs and
assures the competency of the laboratory staff and the accuracy of
the calibrations being performed.
U.S. Zinc Expands Relationship with KODAHOUSTON U.S. Zinc officials announced the expansion of its
relationship with KODA Distribution Group (KDG) through the
increase of Ribelins territory to include the Southeast region.
This now provides U.S. Zinc coast-to-coast coverage for the CASE
(coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers) market by KDG
companies, which include EW Kaufmann in the Northeast, GMZ
in the Midwest, PT Hutchins on the West Coast and Ribelin in the
Southwest and Southeast.
In 2013, U.S. Zinc launched a new national distributionstrategy, consolidating its distribution network to more effec-
MUTTENZ, Switzerland/MUMBAI,
India Specialty chemicals compa-
ny Clariant inaugurated enhance-
ments to its production capabilities
and customer support in Indone-
sia and Southeast Asia and Pacific
(SEA&P) at an official ceremony
at its site in Tangerang, Banten,
Indonesia. The increase in produc-
tion capacity and upgrading of
local facilities will better support
the strong growth in demand for
pigments, masterbatches, person-al care, home care and industrial
care ingredients in local and over-
seas markets.
The investments by the Indus-
trial & Consumer Specialties, Mas-
terbatches and Pigments business units
highlight Clariants commitment to
strengthen its long-term provision of
value-added services to customers in
Indonesia and SEA&P. Clariant is rep-
resented in eight locations in Indonesia.
Among Clariants expansion at the
Tangerang facility is a new pigment
preparations plant, doubling capacity to
support the growth in demand for low-
VOC pigment preparations complying
with eco-labeling schemes such as Blue
Angel and equivalent schemes in other
regions. The site has received ISO 50001
Energy Management System certifica-
tion, a benchmark certification that pro-
motes systematic energy savings and
better environmental performance.
Clariant Chemicals (India) Limit-
ed has opened its new headquarters
at Reliable Tech Park in Airoli, Navi
Mumbai, India. The new head-
quarters is designed to act as a
catalyst for growth of the com-
panys operations in India.
Dr. Hariolf Kottmann, CEO, Clari-
ant International Limited, com-
mented at the inauguration saying,
The future of Clariant is in Asia
and India is a key market for Clariant
globally. I am excited to open a new
chapter for Clariant in the country
with the new HQ in Navi Mumbai.
The new office will afford us theopportunity to broaden our custom-
er base, deliver innovative solutions
and create value that will benefit
all our stakeholders. We intend to
improve our market presence and
generate additional growth through a
sustained thrust on innovation.
The new facility covers a total area
of 140,000 square feet. It will even-
tually house around 400 employ-
ees across various service functions
as well as the Pigments, Additives,
Industrial & Consumer Specialties,
and Masterbatches businesses, along
with their technical service teams.
Clariant Inaugurates Investments in Asia
Clariant inaugurates Indonesian investments.(Photo: Clariant)
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C O M P A N Y N E W S
tively and efficiently serve its customers. Under this strategy,
U.S. Zinc aligned with KDG and HB Chemical as its two nation-
al partners, in addition to key specialty distributors, to serve
the entire zinc oxide market.
Evonik Corp. Honors LintechMACON, GA Lintech International, a Georgia-based distribu-
tor of specialty chemicals, has received Evonik Corp.s 2013 Dis-
tributor of the Year Distribution Excellence Award. Lintech also
earned the award in 2012. Dennis Gillespie, Lintech President,
accepted the award at a June event in Parsippany, NJ, the location
of Evoniks North American headquarters.
Lintech has a long-standing business partnership with Evonik
and currently represents four Evonik Industries divisions: Meth-
acrylates, Coatings & Adhesives Resins, Crosslinkers, and Inor-
ganic Materials. The award was based on input from all divisions
working with Lintech.
Kelly-Moore Paints Enlarges Retail ReachSAN CARLOS, CA Paint and coatings manufacturer and
retailer Kelly-Moore Paint Co. has opened a 5,400-square-foot
store in Petaluma, CA. This is Kelly-Moores 105thretail store in
northern California.
The Petaluma location will feature the entire Kelly-Moore prod-
uct offering, including the premium Dura-Poxy+, Acry Plex and
Enviro Coat for interior projects and Acry Shield Exterior, Dura-
Poxy+ Porch and Floor, Acry Shield Stain, and Storm Stain for exte-
rior painting and staining, and for creating specialty paint finishes
both Old Masters and Modern Masters product lines are available.The new store showcases the ColorStudio Collection with
over 1,700 colors. Each color in the collection, available in paint
swatch or wet sample, was inspired by the architecture, lifestyle,
environmental conditions, and regional attributes that define the
individuality of the western United States.
Oxea Completes Specialty Esters Plant in ChinaOBERHAUSEN, Germany The chemical company Oxea has
completed its specialty esters plant in Nanjing, China after a con-
struction period of slightly more than 15 months. It is Oxeas first
production site in Asia and will complement the companys three
existing specialty esters plants in Europe, boosting Oxeas global
production capacity for specialty esters by 40%.
AkzoNobel to Invest in China Technology CenterAMSTERDAM, The Netherlands AkzoNobel is investing more
than 6.5 million in its Songjiang site near Shanghai, China,
expanding an existing research center by adding a dedicated facil-
ity for the companys Performance Coatings businesses.
Once completed in June 2015, the new development and appli-
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COMPANY NEWS
demand throughout Asia for solutions targeted at the packaging,
coil, specialty finishes and powder coatings markets.
The extension will also double the number of people working in
R&D at Songjiang, to around 200, over the next couple of years.When fully operational, the new laboratory will be Performance
Coatings second-largest research and development base after
Felling in the UK.
Located in the greater Shanghai area, the Songjiang site was
recently expanded to create one of AkzoNobels biggest resin
plants for performance coatings.
PPG Plans Facility Expansion in BrazilPITTSBURGH PPG Industries recently announced an invest-
ment of about $40 million in its coatings manufacturing facility
located in Sumare, So Paulo, Brazil.
The expansion project will add a 65,000-square-foot plant for
on-site resin production. The resin will be used to manufacture
PPGs electrocoat products to meet growing demand among OEMsand industrial coatings customers in the region. PPG anticipates
completion of the project in 2015 and expects to add more than 30
new positions at the facility.
ISO Certification for Custom Milling & ConsultingFLEETWOOD, PA Custom Milling & Consulting Inc. has been
granted ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System Certifica-
tion for the manufacture and provision of its complete range of
products and services.
ISO 9001:2008 is an internationally recognized certification
that provides guidelines for the implementation of standard prac-
tices to ensure products meet regulatory and customer require-
ments. The certification covers design, development, production,
sales, marketing, and servicing of wet milling machinery, includ-
ing wet mill toll processing. Also, the design, development, manu-
facture and sale of colorants for the landscape industry.
PPG Reaches Agreement to Acquire ComexPITTSBURGH PPG Industries has reached a definitive agreement
to acquire Consorcio Comex, S.A. de C.V. (Comex), an architectural
and industrial coatings company with headquarters in Mexico City,
Mexico. The transaction is valued at $2.3 billion and is subject to
regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.
Comex manufactures coatings and related products in Mexico
and sells them in Mexico and Central America through approxi-
mately 3,600 stores that are independently owned and operated
by more than 700 concessionaires. Comex also sells its productsthrough regional retailers, wholesalers and direct sales to cus-
tomers. The company has approximately 3,900 employees, eight
manufacturing facilities and six distribution centers, and had
sales of approximately $1 billion in 2013. Comex is a privately
held company that was founded in 1952.
Charles E. Bunch, PPG Chairman and CEO, said that PPG plans
to fund the acquisition primarily using currently held cash and
short-term investments, but he indicated that the company may
fund a portion of the purchase price through the addition of debt.
Bunch added that excluding non-recurring acquisition-related
costs the deal will be immediately accretive to earnings, and that
the company anticipates acquisition-related synergies of 3-4% of
acquired sales will be achieved over a two-year period.
The companys North American architectural coatings busi-ness has also reached a definitive agreement to acquire Mas-
terwork, an independent architectural paint distributor head-
quartered in Pittsburgh. The acquisition of Masterwork, which
operates a 13-store network throughout western Pennsylvania,
Ohio and New York, will expand PPGs company-owned storesfootprint in the region.
Perstorp Acquires Chemkos Penta BusinessPERSTORP, Sweden Specialty chemicals company Perstorp
has acquired the pentaerythritol, penta and calcium formate
businesses from Chemko a.s. Strske, a chemicals producer
in Slovakia.
The sales agreement includes Chemko a.s. Strskes penta
and calcium formate businesses, related technology and certain
assets. It does not include the manufacturing plant in Strske,
Slovakia, any real estate or employees. The transaction is part of
Perstorps plan to increase polyol capacity.
The polyalcohol penta is used in applications including alkyd
resins, PVC stabilizers, synthetic lubricants, varnishes and otherproducts. Perstorp is now producing penta in three different pro-
duction plants in Germany, the United States and Sweden.
Saint Clair Systems Inc. Buys Norcross Corp.WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP, MI Saint Clair Systems Inc., Wash-
ington Township, MI, has purchased the assets of Norcross Corp.,
a Massachusetts-based viscosity-control company. Saint Clair
Systems President C. Robert Gladstone believes the combination of
technology and experience shared by the two companies provides
additional opportunities to serve existing customers and a signif i-
cant opportunity to expand into new markets.
Gladstone also noted that Saint Clair Systems will benefit from
Norcross international sales network.
RPM Acquires WaterproofingProducts ManufacturerMEDINA, OH RPM International Inc. announced that Viapol
Ltda., part of The Euclid Chemical Co. and RPMs Performance
Coatings Group, has acquired Betumat Quimica Ltda., a water-
proofing products manufacturer based in Candeias, Brazil.
Betumat offers a full line of waterproofing products, including
asphaltic membranes, cementitious grouts and modified asphalt
products, to professional contractors and builders primarily in
northern Brazil.
Datacolor Acquires Media Logic
LAWRENCEVILLE, NJ Datacolor AG announced the acquisi-tion of Media Logic SNC, a software provider for the Italian and
European retail paint market. The acquisition includes Media
Logic SNCs distribution company. The privately held company is
headquartered in Reggio Emilia, Italy, and provides customized
software solutions focused on the industrial paint market. All
seven Media Logic employees, as well as the founder Corrado Iotti,
are joining the Datacolor team.
Media Logics software, Ymity, manages the entire process of
color communication for tinting systems, from measuring to mix-
ing color at points of sale in the retail market and at laboratories.
The software offers management of multiple dispensers and seam-
less data exchange between the paint manufacturer and paint
dealers, assuring the right paint color. The company also provides
a smartphone and tablet application that allows users to simulatecolor choices for their home in 3D.
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C O M P A N Y N E W S
ALTANA Group Invests in Landa Digital PrintingWESEL, Germany/REHOVOT, Israel The specialty chemicals
group ALTANA and Landa Corp. have concluded an equity
financing agreement under which ALTANA will invest 100million for a minority stake in Landa Digital Printing. Both
companies see the agreement not only as a financial invest-
ment, but also as a start ing point for a long-term strategic part-
nership to bring digital printing solutions to the commercial,
packaging and publishing markets. Other units of the Landa
Group, including Landa Labs and Landa Ventures, are not
included in the transaction.
The proceeds will be used for completing the development of
Nanography, Landas water-based digital printing process, includ-
ing engineering and production ramp-up of Landa Nanographic
Printing Presses and building of manufacturing plants for
Landa NanoInk colorants.
ALTANA is expected to be an active partner, drawing on
print industry expertise gained from its BYK Additives &Instruments, ECKART Effect Pigments, and ACTEGA Coatings
& Sealants divisions.
Protex International BuysChartwell InternationalPARIS Protex International, Paris, France, has acquired Chart-
well International Inc., Attleboro Falls, MA. Larry Cohen will
remain with the company as a consultant, and there are no
changes planned in the agent and distribution system that has
been set up by Chartwell.
The name Chartwell will continue to be used for the companysadhesion promoter family.
Protex International is a diversified, privately held company with
sales to a range of end markets including specialty chemicals, coat-
ings, textile, electronics, water pretreatment, food and perfume.
Clariant and Ashland CompleteSale of Joint VentureMUTTENZ, Switzerland/COVINGTON, KY Clariant and Ash-
land Inc. have closed the previously announced sale of their joint
venture ASK Chemicals, headquartered in Hilden, Germany, to
investment funds affiliated with Rhne, a London and New York-
based private equity investment fi rm.
The divestment of our stake in ASK Chemicals is part of our
continuous active portfolio management to reallocate capitaltowards our more profitable growth areas, said Hariolf Kott-
mann, CEO of Clariant.
ASK Chemicals is a leading foundry chemicals manufacturer
with a portfolio that encompasses a broad and innovative range
of foundry resources such as binders, coatings, feeders, filters and
release agents, as well as metallurgical products including inocu-
lants, inoculation wires and master alloys.
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CALENDAR
AUG.19-22ResonantAcoustic Industrial
Mixing ForumButte, MTwww.resodynmixers.com
SEPT.3-5Asia-Pacific Coatings Show
Jakarta, Indonesiawww.coatings-group.com
11-12
Coatings Trends& Technologies
Lincolnshire, ILwww.coatingsconference.com
18-19
SCAA Annual Conference
St Kilda, Australiawww.scaa.asn.au
22-24
Latex Film [email protected]
22-24
Polyurethanes Technical ConferenceDallaswww.americanchemistry.com
22-26
Basic Composition of CoatingsRolla, MOhttp://coatings.mst.edu
25Intermediate Inkjet FormulationRuncorn, [email protected]
OCT.7-9Pigment & Color Science Forum and TiO2
World SummitMontreal, Canadawww.pigmentmarkets.com
14-16
Print & Ink TechnologyHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com
15-16
North African Coatings CongressCasablanca, Moroccowww.coatings-group.com
20-21
Waterborne Adhesives Short CourseGreenville, SCwww.ascouncil.org
20-22
ASC Fall Convention & EXPOGreenville, SCwww.ascouncil.org
20-24
Introduction to Paint FormulationRolla, MOhttp://coatings.mst.edu
21-22
Professional Paint FormulationHampton, UKwww.pra-world.com
23-25
Paintistanbul 2014Istanbul, Turkeyhttp://en.paintistanbul.com
27-29
Rheology Fundamentals and ApplicationsSan [email protected]
29-31
NANO2014
Qingdao, Chinawww.bitcongress.com/nano2014/Contactus.asp
Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs
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CM-3600ASpectrophotometer
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Brenntagoffers you unparalleled knowledge, service
and solutions in the adhesives, coatings, elastomers,
sealants, (ACES) and construction industries.
A Global Search for the BestThe Brenntag ACES Team offers you best in class
technical support giving your company the competitive
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Our extensive industry experience and formulation
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Building a Brighter World
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NAMES IN THE NEWS
Colin Andersonjoined American Chemet Corp.steam as Director of Research and Development.
Hoover Container Solutions promoted Gabriela
Blancoto International Client Services Manager.
AkzoNobels protective coatings business
has appointed Scott Doering and FernandoMacedo as Vice Presidents overseeing the Inter-nationaland Devoeprotective coatings brands within the North
America East and West regions.
Sartomer Americas has named Chris Halvorsen and BruceBradley Senior Account Managers with sales responsibility forcustomers in the Midwest territory. Christian Petrangeli hasbeen promoted to Americas Sales Manager.
Steven Mills, former Chief Financial Officer at Amyris Inc., isjoining Elevance Renewable Sciences Inc.sBoard of Directors.
Dr. Brij Mohalhas been appointed Vice President and ManagingDirector, Americas, for Chromaflo Technologies. Larry Hainesnow serves as Coatings Business Director, Americas.
I.C.T.C. Holdings Corp.has appointed two new Vice Presidents to
work from HEROsheadquarters in Vancouver, BC. Terry Newton
is the new Senior VP Global Sales, Key Accounts, and
Carlos de Melois the new VP and General Manager,HERO Products Group, North American Operations.
Maroon Inc. has launched an Inside Sales
Department at the companys Ohio headquarters
with Inside Sales Specialists Christie Parker andValerie Bokar.
Gustavo Pintohas been promoted to Sales Director, Latam Spe-cialty Carbon Blacks, at Orion Engineered Carbons.
Collin G. Quallshas joined National Coatings Corp.as the newDistrict Sales Manager serving the Gulf, Southeast region.
J. Lawrence (Larry) Robinsonhas retired as President of theColor Pigments Manufacturers Association Inc. (CPMA) . David J.
Waweris the new CPMA Executive Director.
Brian Savulis, owner and President of Yeagle Technology Inc.,received the Ashford Business of the Year Award, an annual award
presented to an Ashford, CT, business.
Alberdingk Boley Inc. has named Andrew Starling SoutheastSales Representative. He is taking over the territory for Steve Coo-per, who is retiring.
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RIGHTSUPPLIERDONT WASTE PRECIOUS TIME SEARCHING FOR SUPPLIERSTurn to the PCI Buyers Guide for companies in the paints and coatings industry.
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Paint Coatings Industry
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F rictional resistance contributes up to80-90% of the total resistance for com-mercial vessels. An increase in resistanceresults in higher fuel consumption, harm-ful greenhouse gas emissions and higher(engine) maintenance ultimately higher cost for ship
owners and operators.
Therefore, much attention has always been paid tounderstanding and predicting frictional resistance of
a ship in the design phase. To make such predictions,
detailed knowledge of the frictional resistance coeffi-
cient of the wetted surface area of the ship is required.
This frictional resistance coefficient depends largely
on the roughness and texture of the wetted surface
area. Effects of physical roughness parameters on the
friction coefficient were established long ago in towing
tank experiments and are well documented.1 There-
after, other studies were published on the relationship
between surface roughness of non-fouled hull coatings
and friction drag performance. At that time, so-called
self-polishing antifouling paints ( based on TBT) gained
a strong market position due to their advanced binder
technology, resulting in a smooth surface on which
minimal fouling could settle. Further investigations
into friction drag consequences of changes in hull
roughness due to paint polishi ng have been reported byTownsin et al.1and Grigson.2
Seaweed, barnacles, mussels and tubeworms are all
attracted to ship hulls. Substantial fouling growth on
a ship hull may easily give 50-80% extra friction drag.
In the case of hard fouling (such as barnacles, tube-
worms and oysters), added drag effects were quantified
by Kempf,3 cited in Schultz4 and later on by Townsin.5
For soft fouling, such as seaweed and slime fouling from
diatoms and bacterial biofilms, quantified added drag
effects have been reported varying from 9-29%.6 So for
both hard and soft fouling, the drag penalty can be signifi-
cant, although the magnitude of the increase will strongly
depend on the type of fouling and percent coverage.
Currently available hull coatings can be divided into
two major groups: so-called self-polishing coatings (SPCs)
with biocides that leach into the environment and thereby
kill fouling organisms; and biocide-free fouling release
coatings (FRCs) on which organisms can only weakly
adhere, and fouling is readily removed at certain ship
speed and activity.
Worldwide, SPCs still have major market share
between 80-90%. FRCs are usually higher in cost, require
more attention during application and are more vulner-
able to mechanical damage. On the positive side, there
are claims from coating producers that FRCs provide fuel
savings, at least in newly applied conditions.
ByJob Klijnstra, Senior Scientist Antifouling |ENDURES B.V. (strategic partner of Exova), Den Helder, The Netherlands
Improved Hull
Coatings Save Fuel
FIGURE 1Overview of FDM (lef t) and detailed picture of disk in seawa-
ter container (right).
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In practice, total friction resistance of a ship is influenced
by changes in hull surface conditions, such as polishing or
weathering of the coating, and by fouling that has settled
on top. The hydrodynamic roughness resulting from foul-
ing onto a weathered coating system is hard to define.
Next to physical roughness parameters characterizing the
coating surface, there is what could be called biological
roughness that, together and in interaction with the coat-
ing surface, will give a total drag penalty. When comparing
hull coatings on friction drag performance, this total added
drag effect is the main parameter that counts.
The biological roughness thus far cannot be described
in existing physical roughness terms. Until now, the
lack of suitable experimental methods to determine such
effects has prevented reliable determination of this param-
eter. Towing test facilities are not suitable for this purpose,
especially not for making replicate measurements, and
also such experiments are far too expensive to investigate
all relevant variables.
Measuring Friction Drag PropertiesA small-scale laboratory test set-up, such as the Friction
Disk Machine (FDM) available at ENDURES, has signifi-
cant advantages in this respect. The set-up replicates an
example from the U.S. Navy6and is used for differential
measurements of the same disks with different surface
conditions. Such comparative measurements establish
the added drag effects of specific surface conditions such
as roughness or fouling patterns. At 23 cm diameter, the
small disk size also simplifies the process of getting suf-
ficient replicates of experimental samples with the same
coating or with similar fouling patterns.
The FDM (Figure 1) consists of a variable-speed motorthat drives a shaft onto which disks are mounted. The
coated disk rotates in a cylindrical Perspex container (32
cm height and 30 cm diameter), completely filled with
filtered natural seawater. A torque sensor installed on
the shaft measures the torque produced during the entire
rotation protocol.
Torque on the motor shaft is recorded as the disks are
spun at increasing angular velocities from 500 rpm to
1500 rpm (in incremental steps of 200 rpm). Different
rotation protocols are used, depending on the specific
purpose of the test. An example of a commonly used pro-
tocol is shown in Figure 2. Torque data used in analysis of
results are the last 60 seconds of each speed step.
To verify the test accuracy, friction drag tests were
done with aluminum disks with four different roughness
grades (Rt values of 51, 55, 80 and 97 m, respectively)
in comparison to a smooth titanium disk (Rt 2 m). The
graph in Figure 3 shows the results of these tests. Friction
drag increases with surface roughness even very small
differences in Rt were found to give different drag. This
follows general hydrodynamic theory, and the FDM test
set-up is able to generate reliable and consistent data on
friction drag properties of specif ic surface conditions.
Friction Drag Measurementson Different Types of Coatings
Three different, commercially available hull coatings two types of fouling release coatings (FRC) and one
self-polishing coating (SPC) were subjected to friction
drag tests in the FDM, first in pristine condition and sub-
sequently after a period of 11 weeks raft exposure with
natural fouling on their surfaces. The difference in drag
between the two measurements demonstrates for each
coating the added friction resistance caused by the fouling
pattern present on the surface.
Figure 4 shows the coated disks prior to and after the
raft exposure period. Each coating was tested in fourfold.
Torque(Nm)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (sec)
Torque
Speed
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
-100
Speed(RPM)
FIGURE 2Rotation protocol used in friction drag measurementsin the FDM.
Coating I Coating II Coating III
FIGURE 4Coated disks with three different antifouling coatings (fourreplicates) prior to (left) and af ter 11 weeks (right) raft exposure.
Torque(Nm)
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Smooth51 m55 m80 m97 m
FIGURE 3Friction drag of grit-blasted aluminum disks with various
roughness (Rt values).
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Improved Hull Coatings Save Fuel
AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M22
I n Fig ure 5, average f riction r esi sta nce va lues of
coatings in pris tine condition are given. Data measured
at 500 rpm were not correctly logged in this test and
therefore discarded. Both FRCs were almost equal in
friction resistance at al l rotation speeds, whereas Coat-
ing III, the SPC, gave the highest friction drag over the
entire speed range. In comparison to Coating I, the SPC
showed 10-15% more friction resistance at speeds from
900 rpm onwards. The relative difference between both
FRCs was very small with 2-5% in favour of Coating I.
Variation between the four replicates was very low. In
this particular case the newly applied fouling release
coatings showed better drag performance than the self-
polishing antifouling paint.
Figure 4 (right) gives an overview of the fouling condi-
tion after 11 weeks. Despite being exposed at the same
location and for the same time, the different coatings
showed differences in rate and type of fouling on their sur-
face. Fouled disks were returned to the lab under immer-
sion in seawater, and they were kept immersed until drag
measurements were completed. Photographs that were
taken of coated disks prior to and after completion of the
drag test are shown in Figure 6.
The graph in Figure 7 shows the results of drag mea-
surements with fouled disk in a relative sense. This means
that the torque value measured in fouled condition is
expressed as a percentage of the torque in clean condition.
This way the percent added drag as shown on the vertical
axis in Figure 7 can be seen as the drag penalty that can
be ascribed to the presence of the mixed biofilm.
The three coatings show clearly different drag proper-ties. Coating I actually does not give any added drag with
the fouling pattern, as shown in Figure 6. After comple-
tion of the test, the disk surface was visually almost clean.
The other FRC, Coating II, in fouled condition gives
around 10% added drag at all rotation speeds. Visually,
the fouling pattern prior to testing on Coating II does not
differ greatly from the one observed on Coating I. How-
ever, this fouling apparently has stronger adhesion to the
surface, which means that the fouling release properties
of Coating II are less than those of Coating I. The surface
condition of Coating II after the test shows an irregularly
distributed thin biofilm of diatomaceous slime; apparently
this slime layer is still able to evoke a drag penalty of 10%.
The SPC coating (Coating III) shows a very different foul-ing pattern initially (Figure 6) with quite a lot of slime and
sand patches regularly distributed over the coating surface.
These patches partly contained small sand-burrowing
tubeworms, a type of fouling not very common on anti-
fouling coatings. After rotation in the FDM all patches had
disappeared, leaving a biofilm behind, mainly consisting of
diatom slime. The added drag effect of this slime layer was
found to be around 35% over the entire speed range.
The raft test has clearly shown that, under the same
exposure conditions, fouling settlement on fouling
release coatings is different than that on self-polishing
coatings. The subsequent friction tests demonstrate
that, as a result, friction drag properties of hull coatings
may differ considerably.
Comparing both of the fouling release coatings, two
similar commercially available products, the type and
rate of fouling development during the period of static raft
exposure was not very different. Despite this, the friction
drag test in the FDM indicated better fouling release prop-
erties with one of the FRCs, making this product a better
choice from a friction resistance perspective.
Determination of Long-TermDrag PropertiesIn another test set-up (Figure 8) we applied rotation aging
of coated disks in natural seawater at various speeds in
order to simulate a ship sailing at cruising speed. Combin-ing this with intermittent short periods of static raft expo-
Coating I Coating II Coating III
FIGURE 6Coated disks in the condition prior to (top row) and af tercompletion (bottom row) of the drag test.
DragPenalty(%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10Rotation Speed (RPM)
700 900 1100 1300 1500
nCoating I (FRC) nCoating II (FRC) nCoating III (SPC)
FIGURE 7Friction drag of coatings with a mixed biofilm after 11 weeksraft exposure. Vertical bars give STD of four replicates.
Torque(Nm)
3.0
2.5
2.01.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Speed (RPM) 700 900 1100 1300 1500
nCoating I (FRC) nCoating II (FRC) nCoating III (SPC)
FIGURE 5Friction drag of coatings in pristine condition. Vertical barsgive STD of four replicates.
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sure, full operational schedules of a ship can be simulated,
including idle time spent in harbour.
Determination of the friction d rag propert ies of self-
polishing hull coatings over longer periods of time is
possible by measuring the friction resistance of coated
disks at specific intervals. This way, in conjunction with
raft exposure, quantitative data is obtained on fouling
development on aged hull coatings and associated added
drag. Custom-made aging and exposure protocols can be
applied, depending on client needs.
ConclusionResults demonstrate that in essence, the FDM methodol-
ogy has good potential and value for use in screening
or selection of suitable hull coatings. Using a key perfor-
mance parameter of hull coatings the ability to keep
friction resistance of a ship hull as low as possible experi-
ments in the FDM can help to find suitable products for
specif ic ships or operational profiles, or to select the mostefficient products with best long-term friction drag perfor-
mance. This will increase cost eff iciency in both ship oper-
ations and maintenance. The differential measurements
in the FDM set-up generate drag penalty data that need
further transformation before appropriate statements can
be made on consequences for added friction resistance
of ships. Such transformation can be done following the
approach described in Granville.7
References1 Townsin, R.L.; Byrne, D.; Svensen, T.E.; Milne, A. Trans
SNAME 89. 1981, 295-318.2 Grigson, C.W.B.J. Ship Res.1992, 36: 182-196.3
Kempf, G. Trans INA. 1937, 79: 109- 119.4 Schultz M.P.; Bendick, J.A.; Holm, E.R.; Hertel, W.M. Biofoul-
ing2011, 27: 87- 98.5 Townsin, R.L. Biofouling 2003, 19 (suppl.): 9- 16.6 Holm, E.R.; Schultz, M.P.; Haslbeck, E.G.; Talbott, W.J.; Field,
A.J. Biofouling2004, 20: 219- 226.7 Granvil le, P.S. J. Fluids Eng. 1982, 104: 373- 377.
For more information, e-mail Dr. Klijnstra at [email protected].
FIGURE 8Test set-up for rotation aging of hull coatings applied ontodisks suitable for drag measurements.
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Developing a coating with improved dirtpickup resistance continues to be an
important goal in the coatings indus-
try. Reasons for this include growth
in softer elastomeric wall and roof
coatings; demand for low-VOC formulations, which tra-
ditionally result in tackier coatings due to reduced glass
transition temperatures (Tgs); and the planned construc-
tion of high-rise commercial buildings, most notably in
Asia, which is driving the need for coatings that are easier
to clean and maintain.
One approach to improving dirt pickup resistance has
been to create a harder finish by raising the Tg of the
coating. There are, however, downsides to this approach.
First, it is nonviable in elastomeric applications, such aselastomeric roof coatings that require elongation and flex-
ibility, since the increased Tg can decrease the flexibility of
the coating. Such a decrease in flexibility can lead to the
formation of cracks in the coating. Second, increasing the
Tg of a coating can require the use of coalescing solvents,
which typically have a high VOC content. The increased
VOC is in direct opposition to the need to decrease VOCs in
coatings due to government regulations.
Other approaches included using highly crosslinked
polymers, which try to provide a low-tack surface that
impedes dirt penetration. While this method can provide
an effective solution for automotive coating applications,
architectural and elastomeric coatings provide unique
challenges due to the need to retain elongation, making
crosslinked polymers a less viable approach.
A New OptionMulti-staged polymers represent fairly new technology
that involves a mixture of polymers with different Tg
ranges, resulting in a mix of hard and soft segments. This
technology, however, has yet to overcome many of the
same issues discussed above, specifically elongation prop-
erties. The aqueous binder composition of the multi-staged
polymers includes (a) polymer particles of average particle
diameter with a Tg of -30 C or lower, and (b) polymer
particles of average diameter with a Tg of 50 C, or higher,
where the average diameter ratio between particles of thefirst polymer and particles of the second polymer must be
at least 4:1. To avoid sedimentation, the particle diameter
ratio between particles of the first polymer and particles of
the second polymer must be no greater than 6:1.
The first and second polymer particles both have a par-
ticle size distribution and an average molecular weight that
are each in a predetermined value range. The average par-
ticle diameter of the first polymer particle ranges from 0.33
to 0.60 micrometers; the average particle diameter of the
second polymer particle ranges from 0.06 to 0.09 microm-
eters. For the various embodiments, the first polymer
particle and the second polymer particle each have a high
average molecular weight and a polydispersity index (PDI)
of no greater than 1.11. Particle size ratio, high molecularweight (MW) and narrow molecular weight distribution
are important to assure high dirt pickup resistance.
The combination of the average particle diameter and
particle diameter ratio of the first and second polymer
particles allows for a percolation threshold volume (Vp) to
be obtained when the aqueous coating composition has at
least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a
dry basis of the aqueous coating composition. It is believed
that for the various embodiments, achieving the perco-
lation threshold volume for the particle diameter ratio
allows for the second polymer particles (the smaller of the
two particles) to preferentially percolate through the first
polymer particles to an outer surface of the elastomeric
coating where they can help to form a hard and rough
skin layer that improves dirt pickup resistance.
The fi rst polymer part icle and the second polymer
particle each include a hydrophobic branched monomer
in polymerized form; particles were synthesized by a free
radical polymerization process prepared with a hydropho-
bic branched monomer. For the various embodiments, the
hydrophobic branched monomer in the first polymer par-
ticle is a NEO monomer with a Tg of -40 C. For the second
polymer particle the hydrophobic branched monomer is a
NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C.
The aqueous binder composition does not require addi-
tional components, such as solvents and/or coalescents to
By Hugo De Notta, Ph.D., R&D Director |Multiquimica s.a., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
New
ElastomericBinder
with Dirt Pickup Resistance
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form a film. For the various embodiments, the elastomeric
binder formed can provide an elongation value of 850-
1000%, determined according to ASTM D2370. Likewise,
the elastomeric binder gives the possibility of formulating
elastomeric wall paints with a vapor transmission of 5
to 9 g/m2/day determined according to ASTM F1249 or
TAPPI 448, and a water absorption (after 96 h soaking in
tap water) of 9.0% or less. For the various embodiments,
the elastomeric coating formed with the aqueous coating
composition can provide a contact angle of at least 128
determined according to ASTM D7334.
The binder synthesized according to this technology also
shows high dirt pickup resistance, which is a consequence
of several technical facts such as the high reactivity of
the branched hydrophobic monomers used (which gives
a high-MW polymer with low polydispersity), the ratio of
particle size between the two binders, the low polydispersity
of each polymer to be blended, the relative binder composi-
tion, and the usage of a UV-reactive monomer to synthesizethe low-particle-size hard polymer. These properties allow
the formulation of elastomeric coatings that are particu-
larly well suited for use on masonry, concrete surfaces and
stone surfaces, among others.
As has been mentioned, the first and the second poly-
mer in the aqueous binder composition have an average
particle size distribution that is very narrow. In other
words, both polymers to be blended have very small poly-
dispersity (standard deviation of the average particle size
distribution). For example, the polydispersity for the first
polymer particle can be 5% or less, while the polydisper-
sity for the second polymer particle can be 7% or less.
As a result, the aqueous coating composition can have
essentially a bimodal particle size distr ibution, or a binarymixture, of the f irst and second polymer particles.
The bimodal distribution and the particle diameter ratio
of the first and second polymer particles have an influence
on how the polymer particles segregate during the forma-
tion of the elastomeric coating. As appreciated, a system
of particles in motion (such as the first and second poly-
mer particles in the aqueous coating composition as the
elastomeric coating is forming) distributes itself through
a variety of mechanisms, including what is known as per-
colation. During percolation, different-sized particles of the
system can migrate in different directions depending upon
a number of dif ferent factors. These factors can include the
relative size and weight of the particles as well as the tem-
perature at which the percolation is occurring. As a result
of this migration, the different-sized particles can segregate
themselves to different parts of the elastomeric coating.
A Hard and Rough LayerFor the various embodiments, the particle diameter ratio
(with its bimodal distribution) and the weight average
molecular weight of the first and second polymer par-
ticles, among other things, are believed to affect the segre-
gation of the polymer particles as the elastomeric coating
forms. In particular, a Vp has been identified from these
parameters that provides a volume percentage of the sec-
ond polymer particle (the relatively smaller hard polymer
particle as compared to the first polymer particle) neededto cause the second polymer particles to preferentially seg-
regate to an outer surface of the elastomeric coating dur-
ing the drying process. In this relative position, the second
polymer particles can help to form a hard and rough layer
that is hydrophobic and that helps to improve dirt pickup
resistance, while the first polymer particle helps to bal-
ance and control the elastomeric behavior of the elasto-
meric coating. For the various embodiments, the Vp can
be obtained with aqueous coating compositions having at
least 75 volume percent of the first polymer particle on a
dry basis of the aqueous coating composition; the remain-
ing volume percent of the aqueous coating composition
can be the second polymer particle.
There is not necessarily a complete segregation of the
first and second polymer particles as the elastomeric coat-
ing forms. For the various embodiments, the hard and
rough layer of the elastomeric coating can include a blend
of the first and second polymer particles. Such blends, how-
ever, will typically include a majority of the second polymer
particle when the volume percentage of the second polymerparticle is within the Vp. In other words, the Vp of the pres-
ent disclosure can be used to better ensure that the bimodal
system of the first and second polymer particles will pref-
erentially segregate so that the majority of the hard and
rough layer is formed with the second polymer particles. It
mostly depends on the particle size polydispersity.
Even more surprisingly, it has also been found that
when the volume percentage of the second polymer par-
ticle is within the percolation threshold volume, the aque-
ous coating composition does not require a coalescing
agent in order to form the elastomeric coating.
For the various embodiments, the morphological struc-
ture of the hard and rough layer also contributes to the elas-
tomeric coatings ability to provide dirt pickup resistance.
As illustrated in the following sections, the hard and rough
layer of the elastomeric coating includes a topography hav-
ing projections or bumps that provide for a rough surface.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that the presence of a
relatively high degree of surface roughness can provide for
at least two important contact effects between the rough
surface and materials that can come into contact with the
rough surface. First, the existence of a high degree of sur-
face roughness can provide for a very small contact area
between the surface and a contaminant (e.g., a particulate
or an aqueous liquid droplet) that can come into contact
with the surface. As such, adhesion between the contami-
nant and the surface can be minimized due to the minimal
contact area between the two. Second, the surface rough-
ness can facilitate the trapping of air beneath a portion of
the contaminant. For instance, when considering a liquiddroplet coming into contact with the rough surface, an air
Multi-staged polymers represent fairly
new technology that involves a mixture of
polymers with different Tg ranges, resulting
in a mix of hard and soft segments.
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New Elastomeric Binder with Dirt Pickup Resistance
AUGUST 2014 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M26
boundary layer can form between portions of the droplet
and the surface; this air boundary layer can increase the
contact angle between the droplet and the surface.
Although surface roughness can provide a surface with
some degree of hydrophobicity, hydrophobicity can be fur-
ther enhanced when combined with a surface chemistry
providing a low surface energy. The hard and rough layer of
the elastomeric coating also displays a low surface energy,
which, coupled with the rough surface, leads to a high
contact angle that resists wetting and adherence of dirt and
contaminants. Thus, when a solid particulate or a liquid
droplet, (e.g., a water droplet) contacts the coating, it can roll
down or slide off of the surface due to the combined effects of
surface roughness and low surface energy. Also, when con-
sidering a liquid droplet, as the droplet rolls down the surface
and encounters a solid particle on the surface, the particle
can adhere to the passing droplet and can simultaneously
be removed from the surface with the liquid, as adhesion
between the surface and the particle has been minimized.Thus, the particle can preferentially adhere to the liquid and
be cleaned from the surface of the elastomeric coating.
It has been discovered that if a coalescing agent is used,
the resulting hard and rough layer structure is a ltered to
a smoother surface relative to the hard and rough surface
formed without the use of the coalescing agent. Therefore,
the use of coalescent aids is not recommended.
Forming the Polymer ParticlesFor the various embodiments, elastomeric coatings
formed with the aqueous coating composition of the pres-
ent disclosure can have contact angles of 128 minimum.
Known synthesis techniques have been used to control
the polymer particle size. Surfactant type and the polymer-ization process, among other things, have a great inf luence
on the polymer particle size. The size and polydispersity of
the polymer particles have been controlled by the choice of
polymerization starting materials and conditions for the
first and second polymer, such as seed size and concentra-
tion, polymerization rate, catalyst or initiator concentra-
tion, reaction temperature, surfactant concentration, etc.
The first polymer and the second polymer can each be
prepared by an emulsion polymerization process using at
least one hydrophobic ethylenically unsaturated mono-
mer and several hydrophilic ones.
These hydrophil ic functional monomers that are use-
ful in forming the first and second polymer particles can
include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic functional
monomers that contain ethylenically unsaturated double
bonds for free radical reaction with the hydrophobic ethyl-
enically unsaturated monomer or other monomers during
polymerization. Examples of such hydrophilic functional
monomers can include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,
n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacry-
late, acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.
Monomers used in forming the fi rst polymer particle
can include mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and/or
n-butyl acrylate, NEO monomer with Tg of -40 C, acrylic
or methacrylic acid, and/or acrylamide, and methyl meth-
acrylate that contains more than 40% by weight of NEO
monomer. The remaining monomer is mostly 2-ethyl-hexyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate or combination thereof.
Monomers used in forming the second polymer particle
can include mixtures of NEO monomer with Tg of +70 C
and several hydrophilic ones such as 2-ethylhexyl acry-
late and/or butyl acrylate, acrylic or methacrylic acid,
acrylamide and methyl methacrylate that contains more
than 40% by weight of NEO monomer, no more than 5%
by weight of methyl methacrylate, and less than 3% of
4-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone, with
the remaining monomer being 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,
n-butyl acrylate or a combination thereof.
Suitable polymerization conditions must be used. Typi-
cally, the reaction temperature is 70-80 C. The polymer-
ization can be conducted using polymerization initiators.
Suitable free radical polymerization initiators are known
to promote emulsion polymerization and can include
water-soluble oxidizing agents, such as organic perox-
ides (e.g., t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide,
etc.), inorganic oxidizing agents (e.g., hydrogen perox-
ide, potassium persulfate, sodium persul fate, ammoniumpersulfate, etc.), and those initiators that are activated in
the water phase by a water-soluble reducing agent. Such
initiators are employed in an amount sufficient to cause
polymerization. The amount of such free radical initiators
used can be in the range of 0.05-0.20% by weight based
on the weight of all monomers present.
Redox initiators may be employed, especially when
polymerization is carried out at lower temperatures. For
example, reducing agents may be used in addition to
the persulfate and peroxide initiators mentioned above.
Typical reducing agents can include, but are not limited
to, alkali metal salts of hydrosulfites, sulfoxylates, thio-
sulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, etc. In general, the reducing
agents are used in the range of 0.01-0.20% by weightbased on the weight of all monomers present.
Various additives can be added before, during or after
polymerization. These include surfactants, reactive surfac-
tants, radical chelating agents, buffering agents, neutral-
izing agents, defoamers and polymeric stabilizers, among
others. Suitable surfactants can include, but are not limited
to, those having a low critical micelle concentration (CMC).
For the various embodiments, suitable surfactants have
a CMC of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at 25 C.
So, for the various embodiments the first polymer and the
second polymer include surfactant having a critical micelle
concentration of less than 0.009 g/100 g in 0.1 M NaCl at
25 C combined with reactive surfactants.
Examples of suitable surfactants can include alkyldi-
phenyloxide disulfonate, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether
phosphate, ammonium salt, and polyoxyethylene alkyl-
phenyl ether ammonium sulfate. For the various embodi-
ments, the amount of the surfactant can be in the range of
0-2.8% by weight.
Study 1: Percolation ThresholdIn this example, the percolation threshold volume, Vp,
as a function of the particle diameter ratio was studi