pakistan earthquake 2005 peter parsons and geraint roberts
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pakistan Earthquake 2005 Peter Parsons and Geraint Roberts](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649cfd5503460f949cdd32/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pakistan Earthquake 2005Pakistan Earthquake 2005
Peter Parsons and Geraint Roberts
![Page 2: Pakistan Earthquake 2005 Peter Parsons and Geraint Roberts](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649cfd5503460f949cdd32/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
LocationLocation
• 8:50:39 am on the 8th October 2005
• Measured 7.6 on the Richter scale
• Epicenter was 19km northwest of Muzaffarbad and 95km north-northeast of Islamabad, in Kashmir region of Pakistan
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• Caused by faulting under the stress field due to the collision of Indian and Eurasion plates
• High density of active faults on eastern side of the colliding plates
• 2 responsible faults – Muzaffarabad and Tanda Faults located in the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, in the northwestern end of the Himalayan front
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ConsequencesConsequences
• Reactivation of the Indus Kohistan Seismic zone and the right-lateral Chail Sar Thrust in the northwest
• Rupture zone passes through Balakot, Muzaffarbad, Kardalla, Bandi Karim Haideshah, Sarain, Chikar and Sudangali. 120 km in length
• Active rupture resulted in 2.5 m reverse slip and a 2 m right lateral slip
• Landslides formed from ground shaking, gravity collapse and induced tectonic activity
• Largest landslides recorded in Bagh causing interruption to the main highway between Islamabad and Muzaffarabad
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ConsequencesConsequences
• Earthquake felt in NE Pakistan, North India and SE Afghanistan
• Main aftershocks felt at the Northwestern end of the fault trend
• 47 aftershocks within 30 days of initial quake of magnitudes of 5.0 or greater on the Richter scale
• Caused severe surface co-seismic rupture in the epicenter region damaging roads and leading to difficulty in relief effort
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GeologyGeology
• Main rock types in epicenter area– Schists– Sandstone– shale– Dolomitic limestone
• Limestone is particularly susceptible to intense shearing resulted in most failures in the region
• Rock falls occurred mainly in sandstone slopes
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Cause of Destruction Cause of Destruction
• The ground shaking• Slope failure• Structural collapse• Basement failure• Liquefaction• Old building material• Structural design
Resulting in the death of over 80,000 lives and leaving 3.3m people homeless
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Improvements to InfrastructureImprovements to Infrastructure
• 75% of worldwide earthquake fatalities caused from collapse of buildings
• Building materials primarily weak un-reinforced masonry – Adobe, Rubble stone, Rammed Earth
• Concrete Lacing and Reinforcement• Drainage• Mortar quality
• Quality control
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Slope StabilitySlope Stability
• Housing and road access
• Solutions– Retaining Walls– Rock bolting– Gabions– Drainage– Anchorage– Rock Shade
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Current SituationCurrent Situation
• Only $1b of the $6.5b pledged has been received by the Pakistani government
• A large proportion of people still remain in refugee camps
• Reconstruction work is slow, exacerbated by rugged terrain and could take over 3 years to complete