In 2016 there was a national debate in Pakistan aboutviolence against women after the legislature of thePunjab province passed a law in February seeking to

protect women against crimes such as rape, domestic vio-lence, assault, and stalking. The law called for a variety ofactions including the establishment of a hotline for report-ing abuse, a women’s force to investigate allegations ofabuse, and a network of women’s shelters. Violenceagainst women was widespread. Human rights groups esti-mated that as many as 90% of women experienced domes-tic violence; law enforcement rarely intervened to protectwomen. The new law encoun-tered immediate oppositionfrom religious conservatives,who characterized it as anattack on traditional genderroles.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 pop-ulation (2015): 22.6(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000population (2015): 6.5(world avg. 8.1).

Life expectancy at birth(2015): male 65.5 years;female 69.4 years.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 197,404,000.Density (2016)1: persons per sq mi 642.2,persons per sq km 247.9.

Sex distribution (2014): male 51.68%;female 48.32%.

Population projection: (2020) 212,156,000;(2030) 244,405,000.

Major urban agglomerations (2014):Karachi 16,126,000; Lahore 8,500,000;

Faisalabad 3,460,000; Rawalpindi2,432,000; Gujranwala 2,053,000;Multan 1,874,000; Hyderabad1,734,000; Peshawar 1,687,000;Islamabad 1,297,000; Quetta1,070,000.

Urban-rural (2014):

Pakistan

Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan.Form of government: federal republic with twolegislative houses (Senate [104]; NationalAssembly [342]).

Head of state: President Mamnoon Hussain.Head of government: Prime Minister NawazSharif.

Capital: Islamabad.Official languages: English; Urdu.Official religion: Islam.Monetary unit: Pakistani rupee (PKR); valuation(Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = PKR 104.65; 1 £ = PKR 139.18.

Ethnic composition (2000):

Age breakdown (2015):

Religious affiliation (2010):

Area and population area2 population

20133

Provinces Capitals sq mi sq km estimate4

Balochistan Quetta 134,051 347,190 9,495,000Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar 28,773 74,521 24,788,000Punjab Lahore 79,284 205,345 100,174,000Sindh (Sind) Karachi 54,407 140,914 44,080,000

Federally AdministeredTribal Areas admin. centre

is Peshawar 10,509 27,220 4,410,000

Federal Capital AreaIslamabad — 350 906 1,401,000TOTAL 307,374 796,096 184,349,0005

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National economyBudget (2013–14). Revenue: PKR 3,412,000,000,000 (tax revenue 69.6%,

of which sales tax 29.4%, personal and corporate incometaxes 25.9%, customs 7.1%; nontax revenue 30.4%).Expenditures: PKR 3,759,100,000,000 (current expendi-ture 76.7%, of which general public service 54.4%,defense 16.6%; capital expenditure 23.3%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$45,878,-927,000.

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2014): sugarcane 67,460,000, wheat25,979,000, rice 7,005,000, seed cotton 6,350,000, corn(maize) 4,695,000, potatoes 3,507,100, dry onions 1,660,-80011, mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas 1,658,56211,oranges 1,505,00011, chickpeas 750,000, apples 606,01611,

dates 526,74911, sunflower seeds 230,000; livestock (number of live ani-mals) 66,600,000 goats, 39,700,000 cattle, 34,600,000 water buffalo,29,100,000 sheep, 1,015,000 camels; roundwood (2015) 32,523,349 cu m,of which fuelwood 91%; fisheries production 623,457 (from aquaculture24%). Mining and quarrying (2013–14): limestone 44,517,000; rock salt2,390,000; gypsum 1,208,000; kaolin (2012) 25,000. Manufacturing (valueadded in U.S.$’000,000; 2006): textiles and wearing apparel 4,241; foodand food products 2,527; chemicals and chemical products 2,124; cement,bricks, and ceramics 1,154; transportation equipment 955; refined petro-leum products and coke 859. Energy production (consumption) in ’000:electricity (kW-hr; 2013–14) 94,000,000 ([2012–13] 80,000,000), by source(2013): fossil fuels 62.4%; nuclear energy 4.7%; renewable energy32.9%, of which hydroelectric 32.9%; coal (metric tons; 2013–14) 3,110([2012] 7,670); crude petroleum (barrels; 2013–14) 32,900 ([2012]140,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2012) 10,524,000 ([2011]19,193,000); natural gas (cu m; 2013–14) 42,000,000 ([2012] 36,000,000).

Average household size (2007–08): 6.6.Population economically active (2015): total 72,690,000; participationrates: age 10 and over, male 68.0%; female 22.0%; officially unemployed6.0%, of which youth (ages 15–24; 2008) 7.7%.

Gross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$272,595,000,000 (U.S.$1,440 percapita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$5,350 per capita).

Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or left fallow26.9%, in permanent crops 1.1%, in pasture 6.5%, forest area 2.1%.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015): 643,800

(army 85.4%, navy 3.7%, air force 10.9%); paramil-itary 282,000. Military expenditure as percentage ofGDP (2015): 2.8%; per capita expenditure U.S.$37.

Foreign trade12

Imports (2013–14): U.S.$45,073,000,000 (mineralfuels 33.0%, of which refined petroleum products20.2%, crude petroleum 12.8%; chemicals andchemical products 14.9%; machinery and appara-tus 14.3%; food and food products 9.4%; baseand fabricated metals 6.8%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013–14): U.S.$25,109,600,000 (textilesand wearing apparel 54.6%; food and food prod-ucts 18.4%, of which rice 8.5%; animal hides andskins 4.7%; chemicals and chemical products4.7%; mineral fuels 2.9%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2012–13): route length(2015) 7,382 mi, 11,881 km; passenger-km17,388,000,000; metric ton-km cargo419,000,000. Roads (2014): total length 164,006 mi,263,942 km (paved 70%); passenger-km (2010)300,471,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (2010)152,510,000,000. Vehicles (201215): passenger cars3,461,900; trucks and buses 671,300.

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): percentage of total population age 15 and overliterate 57.9%; males literate 69.5%; females literate 45.8%.

Health (2012): physicians 160,289 (1 per 1,187 persons); hospitalbeds 101,960 (1 per 1,866 persons); infant mortality rate(2015) 55.7; undernourished population (2006–08) 42,800,00013

(25% of total population based on the consumption of a mini-mum daily requirement of 1,740 calories).

1Includes Azad Kashmir (AK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (GB). 2Excludes 33,125 sq mi (85,793 sq km)area of Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir (comprising both AK, 5,134 sq mi [13,297 sqkm], and GB, 27,991 sq mi [72,496 sq km]); GB name changed from Northern Areas in August2009. 3January 1. 4Excludes Afghan refugees and the populations of AK (2009: 3,890,000) andGB (2009: 1,009,000). 5Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 6IncludesChristian and Hindu. 7Mostly Sunni, with Shi(i constituting 10–15% of total population.8Excludes armed forces. 9Indirect taxes less subsidies. 10Includes 49,000 inadequately defined and2,694,000 unemployed. 112013. 12Imports c.i.f.; exports f.o.b. 13Excludes AK and Northern Areas(GB). 14Subscribers. 15July 1.

Internet resources for further information:• Pakistan Bureau of Statistics www.pbs.gov.pk• State Bank of Pakistan www.sbp.org.pk

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013–14 2008

in value % of total labour % of labourPKR ’000,000 value force8 force8

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 6,051,015 23.8 21,919,000 42.3Mining and quarrying 766,407 3.0 57,000 0.1Manufacturing 3,387,188 13.3 6,377,000 12.3Construction 494,316 2.0 3,088,000 6.0Public utilities 478,377 1.9 343,000 0.7Transp. and commun. 2,415,576 9.5 2,681,000 5.2Trade, hotels 4,875,708 19.2 7,178,000 13.9Finance, real estate 1,834,406 7.2 692,000 1.3Pub. admin., defense 1,651,080 6.5 6,706,000 12.9Services 2,131,032 8.4Other 1,316,7909 5.29 2,743,00010 5.310

TOTAL 25,401,895 100.0 51,784,000 100.0

}

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 125,90014 66914

Landline 2015 2,991 16

Internet users 2009 20,350 113Broadband 2015 1,79314 1014

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