pakistan sugar journal - ssri

Pakistan Sugar Journal July-September, 2013 1

Pakistan Sugar JournalJuly-September 2013 Contents Vol. XXVIII, No.03

Editorial Board

Mr Altaf M. Saleem Chairman

Dr. Shahid Afghan Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Iftikhar Ahmed Member

Dr. Muhammad Zubair Member

Dr. Javed Iqbal Member

Dr. Aamir Ali Member

Mr. Aamir Shahazad Editor

MS. Asia Naheed Associate Editor

Subscription:

Aamir ShahazadShakarganj Sugar Research InstituteToba Road, JHANGPh: +92 47 7652801-5 Ext. 603, 604Email: [email protected]

Subscription RatePakistan Rs. 1,000/-OVERSEAS US$ 50/-

Recognized byHigher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan

Cited byAsia Net Pakistan (Factiva International)Commonwealth Agriculture & BiologyInternational (CABI-UK)

ISSN 1028-1193

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Debriefing on international society of sugarcane technologist(ISSCT) XXVIII congress

An experience with four (04) massecuite boiling system atsanghar sugar mills ltd.

Effect of different hormones on early, mid and late maturingsugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes for callusand somatic embryogenesis

Sugar Industry Abstracts

Sugar and AddictionWSRO position statement

Social Action Program of SMLGovernment Primary School – SML Campus, InaugurationCeremony Report

Story of sweetsi. Banana whip cream dessertii. Coconut butter balls

Grower’s corneri. Variety development program for high sugar recovery and

cane yield

ii. Whip Smut of Sugarcane (Ustilago scitaminae)

Guidelines for Authors

Panel of RefereesDr. P. JacksonDr. Benjamin LegendreDr. Yong-Bao PanDr. Jack C. ComstockDr. Mac HogarthDr. Sizuo MatsuokaDr. Niranjan BaisakhDr. Irfan ul HaqDr. S. M. MughalDr. Asif TanvirDr. Muhammad Umer Chattha

Principal Scientist, CSIRO, AUSTRALIAInterim Director, Audubon Sugar Institute, USAResearch Plant Molecular Geneticist, USDA-ARS, USAResearch Leader, ARS USDA, Canal Point Florida, USAGroup Manager BSES, AUSTRALIADirector, Canavialis SA, BRAZILAssistant Professor, -SPESS, LSU USAProf. Pathology PMAS Arid Agriculture University RawalpindiNational Professor, Higher Education Commission of PakistanProfessor, Professor Dept. of Agronomy, UAFAssistant Professor, Dept. of Agronomy, UAF

© 2013 SSRI, All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval1 system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Publisher.


DEBRIEFING ON INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGARCANE TECHNOLOGIST(ISSCT) XXVIII CONGRESS

Shahid Afghan & Pervez AkhtarCorresponding Author: [email protected]

The XXVIII ISSCT Congress was held in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 24 to 27 June 2013 and was attendedby 850 delegates from some 50 countries.

The Congress, the Pre-Congress Tour as well as the Post Congress Tour were hosted by Sociedade dosTécnicos Açucareiros e Alcooleiros do Brasil (STAB)

At the time of the XXVIII Congress, ISSCT had 1485 members from 65 countries.

COMMUNICATIONS

Plenary Sessions: Three Plenary Sessions were held on:

Integration of the sugarcane industry involving sucrose, ethanol, energy and feedstock A. Yu, F. Landgraf, G. Ett, J. da Silveira IPT bagasse gasification conceptual engineering I. O'Hara, Z. Zhang, D. Rackemann, K. dunn, P. Hobson, W. Doherty Prospects for the

development of sugarcane biorefineries S. Hassuani Introduction and overview of the current situation regarding the employment of

biomass E. Silva Lora, M. Rocha, J. Palacio, O.Venturini, M. Reno, O. Almazan The sugar and

alcohol industry in the biofuels and cogeneration era: a paradigm change

Future of biomass G. Hammer Molecular breeding for complex adaptive traits - can crop ecophysiology and

modeling ease the pain? P. Rott, J-C Girard, J. Comstock Impact of pathogen genetics on breeding for resistance to

sugarcane diseases W. White, P. Allsopp Mendel's legacy lives through management of sugarcane pests M. Butterfield Mendel's genetics in a complex genome in the genomics era

Traditional breeding and molecular breeding G. Souza, H. Cantarella, R. Maceil, M. van Sluys, A. Nassar, H. Cruz FAPESP bioenergy

research program BIOEN: science for a bio-based society A. Chudasama Knowledge, an undersxploited input for increasing not only cane productivity R. Gilbert, H. Sandhu Challenges of shifting revenue sources: A case study of US land-grant

Universities W. Burnquist Sugarcane research and development: a view from the private sector

Communications of sections

327 Communications in all have been presented in the different Sections of the five Commissionsduring the week; 190 oral Communications (Papers) and 137 Posters.


The number of papers and posters of each Section is given below:Section Papers PostersAgricultural CommissionAgronomy 42 21Ag. Engineering 5 7Biology CommissionBreeding 20 27Entomology 15 8Molecular Biology 13 16Pathology 13 9Factory CommissionEngineering 15 9Processing 21 17Co-products Commission 29 18Management Commission 9 5

TOTAL 190 137

The Proceedings comprising both papers and posters are available on ISSCT website in the Members'Corner. Arrangements have been made with the four Journals: International Sugar Journal, Sugar CaneInternational, Sugar Journal (of New Orleans), Zucker Industrie and Sugar Tech to publish somecommunications selected by them in their forthcoming issues during the year.

Schedule of ISSCT Workshops 2013-2016

* FURTHER INFORMATION MAY ALSO BE OBTAINED FROMTHE COMMISSIONERS AND CHAIRPERSONS OF SECTIONS CONCERNED

Section Venue/Organizer Theme Date

Agricultural Commission

Agricultural Engineering & Agronomy SOUTH AFRICA July 2015

Biology Commission

Breeding & Germplasm /Molecular Biology REUNION ISLAND June 2015

Entomology & Pathology ECUADOR September 2015

Factory Commission

Engineering & Processing SOUTH AFRICA August 2014

Co-products Commission

Co-Products USA October 2015

Management Commission

Management THAILAND November 2016 duringCongress


INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGARCANE TECHNOLOGIST (ISSCT)XXIX CONGRESS AT THAILAND IN 2016

At its final Meeting at the XXVIII Congress in Sao Paulo, Brazil in June 2013, the ISSCT Councildecided through a secret vote, as per ISSCT Constitution, to award the hosting of the XXIX Congress tothe Thailand Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (TSSCT). The XXIX Congress will be held inChiang Mai, in the North of Thailand from 21 to 24 November 2016. The Pre-Congress Tour will startin Khon Kaen on 18 November and will last two days. The Post-Congress Tour will be held from 25 to27 November and will end in Bangkok.

VenueThe venue of the Congress is the International Convention and Exhibition Centre Commemorating HisMajesty's 7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary (CMICE)Cholprathan Road, Chang Phueak, MuangChiang Mai, Thailand 50300

http://www.cmice.co.th/en/index.php

The members of the Congress Organizing Committee (COC) are as follows:Honorary President of Congress: Prof. Dr. Kamphol ADULAVIDHVACongress Chairman: Assoc.Prof. Vudtechai KAPILAKANCHANACongress Vice-Chairman: Mr. Isara VONGKUSOLKITCongress Secretary-Treasurer: Mr. Kitti CHOONHAWONG

The address of the Thailand Society of Sugar Cane Technologist (TSSCT) is:Room 803 Wachiranusorn BuildingFaculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University50 Phahon Yothin Road, Lardyao, ChatuchakBangkok 10900ThailandTel.: 6625611857Fax.: 6625611857E-mail: [email protected] to be created

Contact persons:Kitti CHOONHAWONG, President: [email protected] URAICHUEN, General Secretary: [email protected]


AN EXPERIENCE WITH FOUR (04) MASSECUITEBOILING SYSTEM AT SANGHAR SUGAR MILLS LTD.

Hayat-ur-Rahim Khan, Process Advisor, Sanghar Sugar Mills Ltd, Sanghar.

ABSTRACT

Considering the cane juicepurities and higher purity offinal molasses, it was decidedto adopt 04 massecuiteinstead of 03 massecuiteboiling system for raw side atthe Sanghar Sugar mills ltd.(SSML). This resulted in theoverall purity control ofmassecuite and molasses,higher purity drop frommassecuite to molasses,reduced sugar losses inmolasses, 3-4 degree lowerpurity of final molasses andhigher boiling houseefficiency.

INTRODUCTION

Right from the start of thevery 1st season (1987-88) ofSSML the purity of finalmolasses remained high, i.e.36-39° during all thecrushing seasons. During themonth of January to Marchwhen the cane juice puritiesare higher, the purity of finalmolasses tends to increasefurther. It may be mentionedthat three massecuite (03)boiling system for raw sidewas adopted at SSML. In allthese years of working ofSSML i.e. 1987-88 to 2006-07, a number of measures

were taken to bring down thepurity of final molasses butnot with much success.

Analysis of working

The average results of SSMLfrom season 1987-88 to2007-08, i.e. syrup purity,difference between syrup andA-massecuite purity, B,Cmassecuite, A-Heavy, B-Heavy, final molassespurities and purity dropbetween massecuite andmolasses are given in tableno.1.

Table No. 1 Average purity of massecuite and molasses in SSML (1987-88 to 2007-08).

Material Purity Molasses Difference between massecuiteand molasses purity

Syrup 77.82 ------- -------A-massecuite 83.20 A. Heavy 66.60 16.6B-massecuite 69.60 B. Heavy 48.50 21.1C-massecuite 53.70 F. Molasses 36.51 17.19B.H.E 82.70

From the Table No.1 it willbe noted that there is a bigdifference of 6 degreebetween syrup and A-massecuite purity and relatedmolasses purities are onhigher side. Also due tohigher purity of C-massecuite

i.e. +53°, the purity of finalmolasses also remained highi.e. +36°.

Considering all the abovefactors and the resultsobtained so far, it wasdecided to adopt four

massecuite boiling instead ofthree boiling system. Givenbelow (Fig-1’) is theschematic four massecuiteboiling system adopted at theSSML since 2008-09.


Figure -1 Four boiling scheme diagram is given as under:

Syrup(76-80 Pty)

RO III + B/C-Seed

A1-Massecuite(92-93 Pty)A-massecuite

(80-82 Pty)

Curing

Molasses(88-90 Pty)

Sugar(97 Pty)

Curing

C-Sugar(78-82 Pty)

F.Molasses(28-31 Pty)

Curing

C-Massecuite(44-47 Pty)

B-Heavy42-46 Pty

B-Seed(93-95 Pty)

Curing

B-Massecuite(64-68 Pty)

Remelter

A-Sugar(97 Pty)

A-Heavy(60-65 pty)

C.Grain(68-70 Pty)

RefineStation

C-Light(60-62 Pty)

C-Seed(91-94 Pty)

Curing

Dispossed Off


RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION

It can be observed from FigNo.1 that in addition to A, B,C massecuite an extramassecuite A1 is introducedin the system. The A-1massecuite is boiled with thehelp of run off 3rd molassesas footing and C/B Seed istaken for seeding then Runoff 3rd is fed on it.Massecuite is dropped in a

separate crystallizer andcured separately in acontinuous centrifugal, itssugar is remelted with Amassecuite sugar and sent toTalo Clarifier station. Themother liquor is mixed withthe syrup to boil “A”massecuite.

B-Seed and syrup is used toboil A-massecuite. A-heavyand “C” Seed is used forboiling of

B-massecuite. All the extraB/c-seed is utilized in A1massecuite.

This additional boiling of A-massecuite probed to be verysuccessful in bringing downthe recirculation of sugar andmolasses at pan station. Theaverage results so obtainedduring 2008-09 to 2011-12seasons are enumerated intable no.2 as under:

Table No.2 Average purity of massecuite and molasses in SSML ( 2008-2009 to 2011-2012)

Material Purity Molasses Purity Difference between massecuiteand molasses purity

Syrup 78.20 ------ ------A-massecuite 80.10 A. Heavy 64.10 18.00B-massecuite 66.20 B. Heavy 44.20 22.0C-massecuite 47.40 F. Molasses 32.80 14.6B.H.E 85.93

If we compare the workingresults given in Table No.1(three massecuite boilingsystem) with the results ofTable No.2 (four massecuiteboiling system) it is clear thatthe purity gap between syrupand A-massecuiteconsiderably decreased andcame down from 6 to 2°. Thedecreased purity of A-massecuite resulted inbringing down the purity ofAH from 66 to 64°, similarlydecreased purity of AHcaused lowering down thepurity of B-massecuite to 66°which was previouslyrunning in between 68-70°.Lower purity of B-massecuite produced Lower

purity of BH molasses (44°)and ultimately the C-massecuite purity droppedfrom 53° to 47° i.e. adifference of 5°. Lowerpurity of C-mass meanslower purity of finalmolasses, (which was ourmain target) came down to32° from 36°. The puritydrop between massecuite andrelative molasses alsoimproved to a reasonablelevel, if it is compared withprevious results. If B.H.E iscompared given in TableNo.1 with Table No.2, it canbe observed that there is a re-markable improvement of 3°after season 2007-08.

Acknowledgements

Grateful acknowledgement isextended to Mr. MohammadHashim Rajar, Dy, ManagingDirector for approval andsupport for theimplementation of the plan.Thanks are also due tomessrs, Rao MuhammadShafique Khan ChiefChemist, Shoaib Ali KhanDeputy Chief Chemist (Pan),Muhamamd Hanif ChoudhrySr. Laboratory Officer andMuhammad Waseem OfficeAssistant, for their help andsupport to complete thispaper.


References

1. Aftab Ahmed 1996.Exhaustibility of finalmolasses at crescentSugar Mills Faisalabad,Proceedings 31st annualPSST convention,Karachi. Pp 210-216.

2. Arca, M.P and R.Espraza.1988. A practical guide toproblem solving for canesugar factories. Acracorporation, Miami,Florida, USA.

3. Atique, MuhammadKhan. 1999. A study ofcontrolling parameters ofsugar lost in finalmolasses. Proceedings34th annual PSSTconvention, Karachi.Pp178-182.

4. Baikow, V.E. 1967.Manufacture and refiningof Raw cane sugar.Elsevier publishingcompany, Amsterdam –

London – New york.1166p.

5. Delden, E. 1981.Standard Fabricationpractices for cane sugarmills. Elsevier scientificpublishing company,Amsterdam, theNetherland. 245p.

6. Hayat .R. Khan 2000.Fabrication practices ofboiling house of a Sugarfactory.

7. Hugot, E. 1986.Handbook of Cane SugarEngineering. ElsevierScience Publishers,Amsterdam – Oxford-New York. 1166p.

8. Imtiaz Ali. 1978. Astudy of molassesexhaustibility at ModernSugar Mills, its behaviorin storage and means topreserve it. Proceedings15th annual PSSTConvention Peshawar.Pp181 – 190.

9. Mathur, R.B.L. 1999 .Handbook of Cane SugarTechnology. Oxford andIBH Publishing Co. Ltd.New Dheli- Calcutta,India. 680p.

10. Meade, G.P. 1964.Spencer-Meade CaneSugar Handbook. Johnwiley and sons Inc. NewYork – London- Sydney.845p.

11. Shaikh, MuhammadKausar. 1967. Exhaustionof final molasses.Proceedings 6th annualPSST convention,Gopalpur, pp 82-90.


EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HORMONES ON EARLY, MID AND LATEMATURING SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L.) GENOTYPES FOR

CALLUS AND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

Safquat Yasmeen, Saboohi Raza, Nighat Seem, M. Aquil Siddiqui, Sajida Bibi, Gulam Shah Nizamani, Imtiaz A.Khan and Abduallah Khatri

Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), TandoJam

ABSTRACT

In the present study threesugarcane clones NIA1198-P18 (early maturing, normalyield and high sucrosesugarcane clone), NIA86-223(late maturing, higher yieldand low sucrose sugarcaneclone) and Larkana-2003(mid maturing, low yield andlow sucrose) were used forcallus induction and itsregeneration. MS mediumwere modified by the use ofdifferent growth regulators(2,4-D, dicamba, IAA andBAP). Maximum callusinduction / proliferation wasrecorded in MS mediumcontaining 2mg and 4mg 2,4-D in all clones, while BAP 4mg/l with 4mg/l 2,4-D has anadverse effect on callusproliferation. Five differentmedia were used forregeneration of plantlets fromcallus. Sequentialobservations were taken afterone week, 15days and 30days of shoot induction.Varietal differences wereobserved in regenerationpotential among three clonesused. Combination of BAP(5mg/l) with kinetin (2 mg/l)and IBA (2mg/l) was foundto be good for regenerationspecifically in cloneNIA1198-P18. Among thefour different mediaformulated for rootsinduction, NAA (1mg/l) withIBA (1mg/l) and 3% sucroseproduced maximum roots.

Clone NIA-1198-P18respond best among allclones in root inductionmedia. The presentinvestigation has beenundertaken to determine theregeneration rate of differentclones under different auxinand cytokininsconcentrations.

Keywords: Saccharumofficinarum, Tissue culture,Callogenesis, Somaticembryogenesis, Auxin. Callus

INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum) has a paramountimportance over the cashcrops of Pakistan. Thecountry is the world’s fifthlargest producer of sugarcane in terms of acreage, andthe 15th largest producer ofsugar (Anon, 2003; Khan etal., 2009). In Pakistan,sugarcane is grown onaround a million hectares andprovides raw material for 84sugar mills (Hashmi, 1995).The sugar industry is thecountry’s second largestagro-industry after textiles.In addition to sugar,sugarcane is employed in theproduction of a number ofother products such asalcohol used by thepharmaceutical sector,ethanol for fuel, bagasse inpaper, chip boardmanufacturing and press mudused as a rich source oforganic matter and nutrients

for crop production. Thereare more reasons for lowyields of sugarcane and lowsucrose recovery from theearly, mid and late maturingsugarcane crop. About two-thirds of the sugarcane arearemains under ratoon crops,which reduces output,particularly in the northernareas where frost is prevalentin winter. Among the severalpossible reasons, the mostimportant one is non-availability of disease freeelite stock for seeding (Ali etal.,2008). Commercially,sugarcane is propagated fromstem cutting with eachcutting or set having two orthree buds. There are manycauses of low yield, one ofwhich is the lack of a rapidseed multiplicationprocedure. Once a desiredclone is identified, it usuallytakes 6-7 years to producesufficient quality ofimproved seed material. Thislong duration causes a majorbottleneck in breedingprogrammes (Siddiqui et al.,1994).

Tissue culture is now widelyused in sugarcaneimprovement programmers.Somatic embryogenesis incell and callus cultures hasbecome the choice for highvolume propagation systemsand setting up such a largepathogen free delivery formultiplying new sugarcanevarieties. Callus can be


initiated from any sugarcanetissue like shoot and rootapical meristem, young root,leaves and node tissueimmature florescence andpith parenchyma. (Khan etal., 1999). Present study wasconducted to streamlinetissue culture methodologyfor early, mid and latematuring sugarcane clones.

MATERIALS ANDMETHODS

Leaf primodia of threesugarcane clones ( NIA1198-P18, NIA86-223 andLARKANA-2003) werecultured on eight differentcallus induction media (Table2) and were kept at 25± 2˚ Cin dark for first three weeksand the somatic embryoswere induced by exposingcallus to 16/8 hrs light/darkconditions at25± 2˚ C. Thesomatic embryos wereproliferated on the samemedium as described inTable 2. The regenerationpotential of somatic embryosof all clones was evaluatedon five different medium(Table 3). Four differentmedia were used for the rootinduction (Table 4). Thesucrose added in the media ascarbon source and media wassterilized at 121°C and 15 lbspsi pressure for 20 min.Medium pH was adjusted to5.6 to 5.8. Ten explants perreplication were used. Timetaken to induce callus,somatic embryoids andplantlet regeneration inspecific hormonalsupplementation wasrecorded (in days) on dailybasis inspection. The datawere analyzed using softwarestatistic 8.1.

RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION

Callus induction wasobserved within three-weeksafter plating of leaf sheath onall modified MS media. Twotype of calli were produced(1) embryogenic and (2) nonembyogenic. Where, goodregeneration potential wasobserved in embryogeniccallus. The best callusinduction was observed onMS medium supplementedwith 2,4-D from leaf explantof all clone. The applicationof 2,4-D produced Whitish,compact callus, soft friablenodular callus in cloneNIA1198-P18 whereas,whitish, soft compact andfriable embrogenic calluswas produced in cloneNIA86-223. Larkana-2003produced whitish, compact,yellow color, less compactand nodular callus. Themaximum callus inductionand somatic embryogenesiswas observed on MS mediumcontains 2, 4-D 2mg/l inclone NIA1198-P18 followedby MS medium contains4mg/l of 2, 4-D whereas thelowest callus induction wasobserved MS mediumcontaining 4mg 2,4-D + 4mgBAP in all clones. Themaximum callus proliferationwas observed in MS mediumcontaining 2 mg/l 2, 4-D and4mg/l 2,4-D in cloneNIA1198-P18 (1.26g),followed by NIA86-223(1.23g) in MS mediumcontaining 2mg dicamba andminimum callus proliferationwas observed in MS Mediumaugmented with 4mg 2,4-D +4mg BAP NIA86-223 clone(0.59g).The initial shoot inductionwas observed within one

week after plating the calluson regeneration media (Table3).The maximum number ofplantlets was observed in MSmedium supplemented with5mg BAP+2mg/l Kinetin +2mg/l IBA (21.66) andfollowed by MS mediumsupplemented with 2mg/lIAA+ 2mg/l Kinetin +2mg/lIBA (20.6). The minimumplantlets were observed inMS medium augmented with2mg/l GA3+2mg/l Kinetin(9.36). After 15 days ofplating, regeneration fromembryogenic calli wasobserved in almost all clones,however the discrepancieswas observed in number ofregenerated plantlets.NIA1198-P18 produced themaximum number ofplantlets (93.00) andfollowed by Larkana-2003(87.00), while minimumplantlets were observedNIA86-223 (47.33). After amonth maximum number ofplantlet was observed on MSmedium with 5mgBAP+ 2mgKinetin +2mg IBA in cloneNIA1198-P18 (107.00).

Four different media wereused for root induction(Table 4). During the firstfifteen days of root inductionthe effects of the growthregulators were statisticallynon significant. Howeverafter a month maximum rootswere produced in halfstrength MS mediumaugmented with 1mg/l NAAwith 1mg/l IBA with 3%sucrose in Clone NIA-1198-P18(10.0) and followed byhalf strength MS mediumsupplemented with 1mg/lIBA with 4% sucrose inNIA86-223(9.66) .Theplantlets with well developed


shoots and roots weretransferred to the jiffy pots.After acclimatization,plantlets were firsttransferred to the earthenpots for hardening and thento soil.

The present work, toinvestigate the effect ofdifferent growth regulatorswith different concentrationsreveals that among all thegrowth regulators tested, 2,4-D proved to be the bestgrowth regulator for callusinduction. The embryogenictype A callus and non-embryogenic type B calluswas observed on the basis ofcallus external morphology. )similar results were reportedby compact and dry nodularand embryogenic callusforms. Somaticembryogenesis is efficient forthe production of largenumber of plants within ashort period (Arencibia,1998); (Yasmin et al., 2011;Zahra et al, 2010; Athar etal., 2009; Badawy, et al.,2008; and Gandonou et al.,2005.

In this study callus underdifferent growth regulatorsshowed different callusregeneration potential Allthese studies concluded thatregeneration potential ofcallus was specific andgenotype dependentphenomenon and at the sametime it parallel with thehormonal concentration andcombinations(Kaur et al.,(2001). It was also observedthat callus derived fromdifferent auxins showeddifferent regenerationpotential.

The regeneration started withthe appearance of green dotson one week on regenerationmedium the regeneration inthese clones was observed.Five different media wereused in plantletsregeneration. Sequentialobservations were taken after30 and 45 days of shootinduction. Varietalsdifferences were observed inthe regeneration potentialamong three varieties used ascombination of BAP withkinetin and IBA was found tobe suitable for NIA1198-P18in contrast with MS medium

containing GA3, whereminimum regeneration wasobserved. Whereascombination of IAA, Kinitenand IBA medium were foundto be suitable for NIA1198-P18 and NIA86-223regeneration. Theregeneration of the plantsfrom leaf tissues ofsugarcane in vitro canoccur throughorganogenesis, (Larkin,1982; Chen et al., 1988);as well as embryogenesis(Falco et al., 1996);reported by bothorganogenesis and somaticembryogenesis (Taylor etal.,1992); depending uponthe culture conditions

The effect of differentconcentrations of NAA,IBA and sugar for rootinduction was also nonsignificant. Aamir et al.,(2007); Safdar et al. (2010);Alain et al., (2002);observed similar results intheir studies. Khan et al.,1998 reported that roots growfrom the nodal primordiaonly when the plantlets arewell developed.

Table: 1 Response of different varieties callus growth and morphology effect

NIA1198-P18 ++++ Whitish, compact callus, soft friblenodular callus

Embryogenic (type callus)

NIA-223 ++ Soft compact and fribleembrogenic callus

Non embryogenicEmbryogenic ( type callus)

Larkana-2003 +++ Yellowish-white, compact callus Embryogenic ( type callus)


Table:2 Response of different varieties to different media concentration for callusinduction and callus proliferation

DMR test (0.05): Different letters show significant differences at P0.05

Table 3: Response of different varieties to different media concentration for shoot number


Table 4: Response of different varieties to different media concentration for shoot number


MediaCallus Induction Callus Prolification

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

2,4-D 2 mg/l + MS 0.98a 0.92ab 0.89ab 1.26a 1.20bc 1.20bc

2,4-D 4 mg/l + MS 0.92ab 0.90ab 0.76d 1.26a 1.16cd 1.13cd

Dicamba 2 mg/l + MS 0.85bc 0.79cd 0.63f 1.23b 1.23bc 1.13cd

Dicamba 4 mg/l + MS 0.72de 0.72de 0.63f 1.00e 1.03ef 1.10de

Dicamba 2 mg/l + IAA2mg/l

0.65ef 0.53g 0.53g 0.88j 0.96gh 0.94hi

Dicamba 4 mg/l+ BAP4mg/l

0.45g 0.42hi 0.43h 0.77lm 0.82jk 0.84jk

2,4-D 2 mg/l + IAA 2mg/l 0.30kl 0.33jk 0.351 0.77l 0.73mn 0.80kl

2,4-D 4mg/l +BAP 4 mg/l 0.21lm 0.21lm 0.22lm 0.59p 0.62op 0.67no

Media

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

15 after shoot induction 30 days after shootinduction

45 days after shootinduction

BAP5mg/l+Kint2mg+IBA2mg/l

21.66a 14.00de 16.33c 93.00a 74.00d

87.00ab 107.00a 89.33bc

90.67bc

IAA2mg/l+Kint2mg/l+ IBA 2mg/l

20.66ab 13.00ef 16.66c 80.33c 54.33gf

82.00bc

93.00b 90.67bc

76.33de

BAP4mg/l+Kint3mg/l

16.66c 12.33e 15.00cd 81.33bc 62.00e

74.00d 85.33c 79.00d

63.6f

IAA 1.5mg/l+Kint .5mg/l

19.00b 10.66gh 11.33fh 62.33e 72.66d

59.00ef 72.33e 71.67e

62.33f

GA3 2mg/l + Kint2mg/l)

11.66fg 9.36i 10.33hi 48.66gh 47.33H

48.33gh 64.67f 52.00g

53.67g

Media

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

NIA1198-P18

NIA86-223

Larkana-2003

One week after rootinduction

15 days after rootinduction

One month after rootinduction

MS1/2 + 1 mg/INAA + 1 mg/IIBA 3% sugar

1.27ab 1.27ab 1.28ab 5.16a 5.10a 5.10a 10.00a 7.13cd 7.33bc

MS1/2 + 1 mg/IIBA + 4% sugar

1.29ab 1.29a 1.28ab 4.33b 4.43b 4.36b 8.06b 9.66a 8.10b

MS 1/2 + 2 mg/IIBA + 5% sugar

1.25ab 1.28 ab 1.26ab 4.03bc 3.66cd 4.00bc 7.13cd 5.53f 7.13cd

MS ½+ 2 mg/INAA+ 6% sugar)

1.24cd 1.25 bc 1.29ab 3.26de 3.30de 3.60cd 6.13ef 7.13cd 6.50de

MS ½+ 3 mg/INAA+ 7% sugar)

1.25ab 1.24cd 1.26ab 3.50cd 3.10e 3.20 de 6.33 de 5.30g 5.30g


CONCLUSION

Summarizing the mainfindings it is concluded that2,4-D is more potent to callusinitiation as compared toother hormonal combinations.Callus was subcultured indifferent media for inductionof somatic embryogenesis.The present study reportedthe medium composition ofplantlet with MS + 5mgBAP+ 2mg Kinetin +2mgIBA was found to be mostfavorable for regeneration ofembryogenic calli insugarcane varieties. In presentstudy, it is observed thesugarcane clones NIA1198-P18 (early maturing, normalyield and high sucrosesugarcane clone in goodresponse.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful toDr. Nazir Ahmed, Director,Nuclear Institute ofAgriculture, Tando Jam,Sindh, Pakistan for thesupport during the researchwork.

References

1. Ali, A., S. Naz, F.A.Siddique and J. Iqbal. 2008.Rapid clonal multiplicationof sugarcane throughcallogenesis andorganogenesis. Pak. J. Bot.,40 :123-138.

2. Alain, R., A. B. M.M.Ralinian, and S. Gupta,2002. In vitro plantregeneration from leafsheath cultures sugarcanevia organogenesis. PlantCell Biotech. and LIol. Biol.3 :131-136.

3. Anonymous. 2003.Agricultural statistics ofPakistan, 2002-03 Govt.Pakistan, 2003; 27-28; 106.

4. Arencibia, A. 1998. Genetransfer in sugarcane. In:Biotechnology of Food Cropsin Developing Countries,Springer-Verlag, New York.pp. 79–10.

5. Ather, A., S. Khan, A.Rehman, and M. Nazir, 2009.Optimization of the protocolsfor callus induction,regeneration andacclimatization of sugarcanecv. thatta- 10. Pakistanjournal of Botany, 41(2); 815-820.

6. Badawy, O. M., M. I. Nasr,and R. A. Alhendawi, 2008.Response of sugarcane(Saccharum species hybrid)genotypes to embryogeniccallus induction and in vitrosalt stress. Sugar Tech, 10(3),243-247.

7. Chen, W.H., M.R Davey,J.B. Power and E.C.Cocking. 1988. Control andmaintenance of plantregeneration in sugarcanecallus culture. J.Exp.Bot.,39: 251-261.

8. Falco, M.C., B.M.J.Mendes, A.T. Neto andB.A. da Gloria. 1996.Histologicalcharacterization of In vitroregeneration of Saccharumsp. Revista Brasibira deFisiologia Vegetal, 8: 93-97.

9. Gandonou, C., J. Abrini, M.Idaomar, and N. S. Senhaji,2005. Response of sugarcane(Saccharum sp.) varieties toembryogenic callus inductionand in vitro salt stress.African Journal ofBiotechnology 4; 350-3 54.

10. Hashmi, S.A. 1995. It is timeto take stock: SugarTechnologist Convention.

The DAWN, Karachi,Wednesday, August, 30 pp:8.

11. Irvine, J.E. and G.T.A.Benda, 1987. Transmissionof sugarcane diseases in plantderived by rapid regenerationfrom diseased leaf tissue.Sugar Cane. 6, 14-16.

12. Karim, M.Z., M.N. Amin.M.A. Hossain, S. Islam, F.Hossain and R. Alam. 2002.Micropropagation of twosugarcane (Saccharumofficinarum L.) Varities fromcallus culture.Online.J. ofBio. Sci., 2 :682-685.

13. Kaur, A., S.S. Goasal, R. Gilland K.S. Thind. 2001.Induction of plantregeneration and somaclonalvariation for some agronomictraits in sugarcane (Sacchrumoficinarum L.). Crop Improv.28: 167-172.

14. Khan, I.A.,A. Khatri, G. S.Nizamani, M.A. Siddiqui,M.H. Khanzada, N.A.Dahar,N. Seema and M.H.Naqvi.2004. In vitro studies insugarcane. Pak J. Biotech.,1:6-10.

15. Khan, I. A., M. U. Dahot, N.Seema, S. Yasmine, S. Bibiand A. Khatri 2009. Geneticvariability in sugarcaneplantlets developed throughin vitro mutagenesis. Pak. J.Bot. 41: 153-166.

16. Khan, I. A., Bibi, S.,Yasmeen, S., Seema, N.,Khatri, A. and Afghan, S.2011. Identification of EliteSugarcane Clones throughTRAP. Pak. J. Bot 43 (1):261-269.

17. Larkin, P.J. 1982.Sugarcane tissue andprotplast culture. PlantCell,. Cult., 1: 149-164.

18. Rashid, H. S., A. Khan, M.Zia, M. C. Fayyaz, Z. C.Hanif,. 2009. Callusinduction and rgeneration in


elite sugarcane cultivar HSF-240 Pak. J. Bot., 41: 1645-1649.

19. Safdar, A. and Q. Javed. S.K. Mohd, 2010. Genotypeindependent in vitro

regeneration system in elitevarieties of sugarcane. Pak.J. Bot., 42 : 3783-3790.

20. Zahra G. J. I., N. Ahmad. R.A. Sial, M. A. Javed. T.Husnain 2010. Various

HorSupplementationsActivate SugarcaneRegeneration. J. Agric. Sci.ISSN 1916-9752.

Fig.1. Types of callus developed under dark conditions in sugarcane cultivar Compactembryogenic callus with globular structures like somatic embryos after one month. Nonresponse callus induction different media

Fig.2. Regeneration plantlet in sugarcane Fig.3 Root formation on MS medium containing.plantlets in the earthen pots plantlets withwell developed shoots and root


SUGAR INDUSTRY ABSTRACTS

*Shahid Afghan & Pervez Akhtar*Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang, Punjab, PAKISTAN

Greenhouse gas emissionsfrom green-harvestedsugarcane with and withoutpost-harvest burning intucumán, Argentina

M. Acreche, R. Portocarrero,A.H. Valeiro And A. Felipe.Proc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.28, 2013

AbstractConcentrations ofgreenhouse gases (GHGs) inthe atmosphere areincreasing due toanthropogenic actions, andagriculture is one of the mostimportant contributors. Thisstudy quantified GHGemissions from green-caneharvested sugarcane with andwithout post-harvest burningin Tucumán (Argentina). Afield trial in Tucumánduring the 2011/2012 seasonused a randomised complete-block design with fourreplications. Treatmentswere: a) harvest withoutsugarcane burning (neitherbefore nor after), and b)harvest with trash burnt afterharvest. The method used tocapture gases (CO2, CH4and N2O) in the crop cyclewas based on closed-ventedchambers, whilequantification was by gaschromatography. There weresignificant emission rates ofCO2 and N2O during thesugarcane cycle in Tucumán,but no evidence of CH4emissions or uptakes. N2Oand CO2 emission rates werehigher in the no-burning

treatment than in the burnt,but only in part of the cropcycle. The former isapparently associated withthe application of nitrogenfertiliser, while the higherCO2 emissions seem to beassociated with trashretention. There were nosignificant correlationsbetween environmentalfactors and emission rates.Although these results seempessimistic, in the context ofan entire crop GHG balance(including the emissions dueto burning before or afterharvest) green- caneharvesting without burningcould effectively lead to areduction of total GHGemissions during the cropcycle.

Optimising sugarcane trashmanagement for advancedbiofuels production

L. Cerqueira, L.A. Edye,M.K. Wegener, F. ScarpareAnd M.A. Renouf Proc. Int.Soc. Sugar Cane Technol.,Vol.28, 2013

Abstract

Whole-crop sugarcaneharvesting to maximisebiofuel production orcogeneration opportunitiesdemands significant changesto the industry value chain aswell as substantialinvestment. While theimpacts of whole-cropharvesting on the valuechain, and on sustainabilityin the broadest context, may

be difficult to foresee,agricultural productionmodels and life cycleassessment (LCA) tools maybe used to identify or evenpredict these impacts. Thispresentation outlines theintegration of two predictivemodel types, viz. theAgricultural ProductionSystems Simulator (APSIM)and the sugarcane LCAmodels (based on SimaProsoftware), to evaluate optionsfor the recovery of sugarcanetrash from the field. Thesemodels can be used to assessthe agronomic andenvironmental impacts oftrash losses from the field,and the modified harvest,transport and separationrequirements in thesugar/ethanol productionsystem. The modelling toolsare reviewed, theopportunities for integrationare explored and bestavailable LCA data sets forsugarcane systems in bothAustralia and Brazil arecompared. The outcome fromthis investigation is aconceptual model for theintegrated agronomic,environmental and economicassessment of whole-cropharvesting.


Performance of sugarcaneharvesters in okinawa

Yoshiaki Shinzato, KazumiUehara and Masami UenoProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.28, 2013

AbstractMore than 300 small-sizedsugarcane harvesters (SSHs)are used in Okinawa andKagoshima in Japan. Engineoutput is 50–95 kW and theweight of machines rangesfrom 4 t to 7 t. There areseveral models of smallmachines developed by threeJapanese local companies andone Australian company. InOkinawa, 97 large- andmiddle-sized harvesters and165 SSHs were used in the2010–11 (December–March)harvesting season tomechanically harvest 40% ofthe sugarcane fields (2516 haand 128 000 t). Sugarcanecrops in Okinawa are largerthan in Kagoshima,especially summer plantcane, and this createsproblems in the operation ofSSHs. These were field-tested to evaluate theirperformance and adaptabilitywith the aim of improvingtheir operation under wetconditions caused byfrequent rains during theharvesting season. SSHsperformed better than largermachines in wet fields,harvesting 120 t/ha of yieldand lodged sugarcane.Harvesting losses of SSHswere almost the same asthose of middle- sizedharvesters (MSHs) in smallfields with narrow headlands.Stool damage, stools pulledout and extraneous matter inwet fields where SSHs wereused were lower than where

MSHs were used. BecauseMSHs caused higher soilcompaction and deepertracks than did SSHs, it wasdifficult to use small-sizecultivators and two-wheeledtractors after harvesting byMSHs. However, thesemachinescould be used afterharvesting by SSHs withoutany difficulty. In addition,SSHs can work in thenarrow row spacings thatresult in increasedproductivity. Overall, it wasshown that SSHs had highadaptability in the wetsugarcane fields of Okinawa.

Two alternative binders toenhance the energy value ofcharcoal briquettesfromfield residues ofsugarcane

E. Fernández De Ullivarri, J.Vallejo and A. ValeiroProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.28, 2013

AbstractThe harvesting of sugarcaneproduces on average 15 t/haof crop residues. Theretention of these residuescreates unfavourableenvironmental issues andleads to a high incidence ofintentional or accidental fires,despite laws in Tucumán thataim to control the burning ofcrop residues. An alternativeis to collect the residues anduse them to produce charcoalbriquettes. This studyevaluated different bindingmaterials to make charcoalbriquettes from sugarcanecrop residues. Residues (canetrash) were collected usingraking and rolling machinesused for fodder, and stored inthe field. The material waspyrolised in a purpose-built

oven and the resultant carbonmaterial (15% of the initialmass) formed into briquetteswith either 10% wheat starchor different concentrations ofmolasses as the binder. Thefuel properties of these werethen compared for moisture,ash, volatiles, fixed carbonand energy value. Thebriquettes with either binderwere of uniform diameter butof variable length. Theweight/volume was 30%lower than charcoal. Thebriquettes with 2.5%molasses as the binder hadtwice as much moisture asthe wheat-binder briquettes,resulting in the need for alonger drying time. Ashvalues were not different, butthe molasses briquettes hadmuch fewer volatiles (5times), the fixed carboncontent was 4.5 timesgreater and the energycontent was 3.4 MJ/kg (18%)higher. With a potentialvolume of 3 000 000 tonnesper year of crop residues,Tucumán could eventuallyproduce large amounts ofbriquettes, avoidingdeforestation and reducingpost-harvest burning of cropresidues.

Mechanising sugarcaneharvesting in China: review

Malcolm Wegener,Yinggangou, Dantong Yang,Qingting Liu And DingkeZhengProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.28, 2013

AbstractAs the third largest sugarcaneproducer in the world,China now grows about 1.5million hectares of sugarcaneand almost all of it is still


harvested by hand. Theprocess is slow and costly,labour productivity is low,and labour in countrysideareas has become moreexpensive and difficult torecruit. There are strongeconomic reasons and policysupport from the central andlocal governments in themain production areasdriving the Chinese sugarindustry towardsmechanisation. The currentcost of hand- harvestingsugarcane in China exceedsthe cost of doing it bymachine in Australia. Inaddition, it is estimated thatthe cost of machineharvesting in China wouldalso be less than manualharvesting. While theexperience of Australia,USA, Brazil, and Thailandregarding the kinds ofmachinery systems theyuse is relevant, and theeconomic analyses of theirsystems is of interest, onlyabout 10% of the currentsugarcane area in Chinacould be harvested with thelarge machines used in thosecountries. If the Chineseindustry is to convertsuccessfully to mechanicalharvesting, smaller machinesadapted to suit Chineseconditions, with small farms,steeply sloping land,relatively low cane yields,and less developed transportinfrastructure, need to bedeveloped. The maindevelopments in mechanisedcane harvesting systems forChina are reviewed andopportunities and challengesoutlined.

Improving caneproductivity with drip andrain gun sprinklerirrigation in India

P.P. ShindeProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol. 28, 2013.

AbstractWater for agricultural irrigation isbecoming increasinglylimited and therefore must beused as efficiently aspossible. Sugarcane is ahigh biomass crop withhigh water requirements.Sustained sugarcaneproduction depends uponefficient water and fertilisermanagement throughout thecrop growth period. Largevariations in cane yields arenoticed from year to year andplace to place due tountimely availability ofirrigation water and fertilisersas per the need of the crop.Micro irrigation systems likedrip and rain gun sprinklerirrigation have an advantageover surface irrigation ashigher water and fertiliser useefficiencies can be attained.The experiments wereconducted at VasantdadaSugar Institute, Pune, Indiafor performance evaluation ofdrip and rain gun sprinklerirrigation and fertigation insugarcane. The resultsrevealed that drip irrigationsaved irrigation water by50%, and increased caneyield by 23%, reducing Nand K fertiliser use by 30%and improving water useefficiency by 2.5 times,compared to surfaceirrigation. Rain gunsprinkler irrigation recordedwater savings of 31%,increased cane yield by 17%,saved NPK fertilisers by

25%, and 1.7 times morewater use efficiency ascompared to surfaceirrigation. The drip and raingun sprinkler irrigationsystems showed better resultsregards saving of water andfertilisers, increase of caneyield and higher water useefficiency as compared tosurface irrigation. Theseirrigation systems are beingincreasingly adopted incommercial sugarcaneplantations in India as thecultivators are confirming thegain in productivity alongwith saving in water andfertilisers.

Biological nitrogen fixationin sugarcane and nitrogentransfer from sugarcane tocassava in an intercroppingsystem

Yang-Rui Li, Xiao-ZhouZhou and Li-Tao YangProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol. 28, 2013.

AbstractInvestigation of biological nitrogenfixation (BNF) in sugarcaneand quantification of fixed Ntransfer from sugarcane toother crops is important forcommercial crop productionsystems. Biological Nfixation of sugarcane andfixed N transfer fromsugarcane to cassava in anintercropping system weredetermined with the 15Nisotope dilution technique.The experiment wasconducted using arandomised block designincluding mono-cropping andintercropping ofsugarcane and cassava with2 replications. Results


indicated that % Ndfa (15Nnatural abundance N derivedfrom atmosphere N2) was29.5% and the N fixationrate was 11.3 g N/m2 (113.1kg N/ha) under the mono-sugarcane plantingconditions. In the sugarcane-cassava intercropping system,the % Ndfa was 36.4%,including 29.9% in sugarcanefor its growth utilisation and6.5% in cassava transferredfrom sugarcane, and the Nfixation rate was 17.8 g N/m2 (178.2 kg N/ha), inwhich 82.1% was used forsugarcane growth and 17.9%used for cassava growth. Itwas concluded that sugarcaneplants received the sameamount of N from biologicalfixation in both sole plantingand intercropping systems,but it could fix more N andtransfer a portion of fixed Nto cassava crops in thesugarcane–cassavaintercropping system.

Impact of fertilisation ofsugarcane with high ratesof vinasse on groundwaterquality in mauritius

Aneeza Soobadar And ReneNg Kee KwongProc. Int. Soc. Sugar CaneTechnol., Vol.28, 2013

Abstract

Ethanol production from theavailable 140,000 tonnesmolasses from the sugarcaneindustry in Mauritius willgenerate annually some400,000 tonnes vinasse thatwill have to be disposed of inan environmentally soundway. Application of vinasse

at high rates on sugarcanelands has been advocated tobe the most economic andsafe route for its disposal, asit is known to be a source ofnutrients, especiallypotassium, to sugarcane.However, in view of itspolluting characteristics, theimpact of vinasse, whenapplied at high rates tosugarcane lands, ongroundwater quality is notknown and has thus beenstudied in Mauritius inlysimeters at twoexperimental sites, Réduitand Belle Rive receivingrespectively 1550 and 3700mm rainfall annually.Vinasse was applied at100m3/ha to the lysimeterswhen the cane setts wereplanted and also in tworatoons after harvest of thepreceding crop. Analysis ofdrainage water percolating atone metre depth andcollected after each heavyrainfall event showed thatvinasse at 100 m3/ha did notenhance loss of N in the formof nitrate. Thoughfluorescence quenchingstudies of the dissolvedorganic matter of the vinasseand of its different molecularweight size fractionsconfirmed formation ofcomplexes of the dissolvedorganic matter with copper,enhanced mobility of heavymetal cations down the soilprofile could not beobserved. Indeed eventhough the heavy metals (Cu,Ni, Zn) known to be mobilehad been detected in drainagewater, their concentrationswere not different than whenonly NPK fertilisers wereapplied and they remainedwell below the drinkingwater limits proposed by the

World Health Organisation(1 mg/L for Cu, 5 mg/Lfor Zn and 0.02 mg/L forNi). The present study thusshowed that groundwaterquality in Mauritius wouldnot be impaired by thedisposal of rates of vinasse ofthe order of 100 m3/ha onsugarcane land.


UNITED TECHNO CORPORATIONINDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS & CANE SUGAR MACHINERY MANUFACTURER

0/S Eastern Gate Shaheed Gunj Road Sarai Sultan LahorePH # 042 3766 2066, 3766 2505, 3766 2946, 3766 6129, Fax 042 3765 5030, E-Mail: [email protected]

OUR MAIN LINE OF MANUFACTURINGBAGGING HOUSE EQUIPMENTS:-• Wet & Dry Sugar Elevator• Fluid Bed Sugar Dryers• SugarGraders2&3DeckSystem• Sugar Grader Hopper Type

WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENTS:-• Water Softening Plant• Cooling Tower• Spray Ponds• Water Spray Pump

MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:-• Wooden Slate Type Conveyor• Belt Conveyor• Screw Conveyor

SPRAES FOR MILL EQUIPMENTS:-• Chain Sprockets (Single, Duplex & Triplex)• Worm & Worm Wheel• Chains all Type

BAG HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:-• Mechanized Total Conveyor's System Chain

& Belt Type for Bagging• Houses and Godowns• Sugar Bag Stacker with Pilot Conveyor• Bag Sewing Machine Conveyor

PUMPS:-• Molasses, Massecuite, Magma, Centrifugal

& Non Clogging Pumps

REDUCTION GEAR BOX 5 HP TO 500 HP:-• Helical Type Parallel Shaft, Angular Shaft

Type & Worm Gears

CANE HANDLING & MILL HOUSEEQUIPMENTS:-• Cane Cutter & Cane Levelers• Cane Tippers (Rectangular Table & Rotary

Feeding• Table) with Hydraulic Power Pack Units• Shredded cane belt Conveyors• Magnet Conveyors

• Complete intermediate Carriers with Donally Chute• Cush Cush Conveyor• DSM Screen s• Cane Cutting Knifes

BOILER HOSE EQUIPMENTS:-• Induced Air & Forced Draft Fans for Boiler• Bagasse Feeders for Boilers• Rotary Valves for Ash Removing• Complete Bagasses Conveyors

BOILER HOUSE EQUIPMENT (REFINERY)• Pressure Filters 900 Sq Ft to 1500 Sq Ft

Capacity.• Cane Mud Vacuum Filters• Muddy Juice, Raw juice. Refine Juice, Liquor

Pumps• Magma Pump with Single & Double Rotor• Gear Pump for A & B• Magma Mixtures, Pug Mills Sugar Remelters• Air Cooler & Vacuum, water Cooled Crystallizers• Duplex Valves & Steam Valves• Gross Hoppers• Steam trap 3" 4" 5" & 6" Sizes (Float Type)• Rack Type Elevator for Lime• MOL Vibrating Screen• Masscuite Re-Heater• Multi Jet Condenser• Talo Flock Deep Bed Filter

CHIP BOARDS & PLYWOOD MACHINERY:-• Conveyors, Dryers fans, Refiners, Silos &

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PNEUMATIC SYSTEM FOR MININGINDUSTRIES:-• Fans, Cylones, Rotary Valves, Dust Collectors• Cylone Separators, Bag Filters

FABRICATION FAQUTIES:-• Light & Heavy Steel Structure Fabrication jobs

ERECTION FACILITIES:-• We undertake full Jobs on Turn Key Basis also

PAVING A WAY FOR SELF – RELIANCE


SOCIAL ACTION PROGRAM OF SHAKARGANJ MILLS LIMITEDGovernment Primary School – SML Campus, Inauguration Ceremony Report

BackgroundA Government Girls PrimarySchool was set up in aquarter of SML-Colony in1981. Shakarganj providededucation materials andsupport to the School.Moreover NutritionalProgram was also initiated in

this school to make upnutritional deficiency of thestudents.

Inauguration ofGovernment PrimarySchool SML-CampusThe ceremony was startedwith the recitation from Holy

Quraan and Naat e rasool emaqbool (SAW). Mr.Naseem Zahid, ExecutiveDistrict Officer EducationJhang formally inauguratedthe school by ribbon cuttingand prayed for the success ofthe School.

The dignitaries of theprogram, Ms. NasreenAbdullah (Deputy DistrictEducation Officer Female),Ms. Kishwar SultanaPrincipal (TCF SMLCampus) were welcomed byHeadmistress of the School,Teaching Staff andadministration of ShakarganjMills Limited.

The Manager SAP welcomesthe guests and highlighteddifferent initiatives beingundertaken by the ShakarganjFoundation for which amodel class room was alsoinitiated for the kids to attractthem towards the class roomand to provide better learningenvironment to the children.

According to headmistress,the construction of the newschool buildings made thepupils and students feel morecomfortable and enjoyattending classes in theirpainted classrooms ascompared to their formerovercrowded classrooms anddilapidated school buildings

The Senior Executive VicePresident Shakarganj MillsLimited threw light on theover all activities of SocialAction Program ofShakarganj Mills Limited, hewas of the view thatShakarganj will continue itsefforts to serve thedowntrodden strata though itseducation program in future.

Speaking on the occasion theChief Guest said,” SchoolLife is the most cherishedpart of one’s life so one mustnot only devote oneself tostudies and academics butalso to other extra-cocurricular activities”. Heappreciated all the efforts ofthe Shakarganj MillsLimited, especially toprovide newly schoolbuilding and making betterschool friendly environmentfor the students. He alsopromised to provide 3-Teachers on the increase ofthe students.


Keeping in view the effortsof the Shakarganj MillsLimited DDO EducationFemale announced thefollowing;

Full Fee Concession withimmediate effect of all theSchool StudentsSML-School was announcedin Child Friendly Schoolcategory.

Sugar Gift packs weredistributed among students,teaching staff and dignitariesof the ceremony. TheCeremony ends up withprayers for better future andprosperity.

The Chief Guest, Officials and guests visited the school. After that tea was served to the guests.


SUGAR AND ADDICTIONWorld Sugar Research Organization (WSRO) Position Statement

July 2013Diets higher in fats arelower in sugars - 'sugar-fatseesaw'New research shows why itmight be unrealistic to cut bothfats and sugars from your diet atthe same time.The review, published in thejournal Critical Reviews inFood Science andNutrition, looked at 53scientific papers and found astrong and consistent inverseassociation in the percentage ofenergy coming from fats andsugars. Diets low in sugars werelikely to be high in fat, andvice-versa; a phenomenonreferred to as the 'sugar-fatseesaw'.Dr. Michele Sadler, who led theresearch team, said: "A keyreason that we see this sugar-fatseesaw is likely to be becausesources of sugars such as fruit,breakfast cereals and juices arelow in fat, while sources of fatsuch as oils and meat productsare low in sugar."The study demonstrates theimportance of considering thediet as a whole, rather thanfocusing on one food ornutrient. Dr. Sadler added:"This study highlights the needto focus dietary messages oneating a healthy balanced dietand not categorising individualnutrients as good or bad, whichcould result in unbalanceddietary habits."

This study further supports theimportance of focusing on theoverall eating pattern, ratherthan negative messages aboutindividual foods and nutrients."Advice to avoid specific foodsor nutrients is often conflictingand is unlikely to be effective inachieving an overall healthyeating pattern and healthyweight" says Dr. TristinBrisbois, Manager Nutrition &

Scientific Affairs with theCanadian Sugar Institute. "Asthis study shows, simplisticmessages to avoid sugar mayhave other unintended effects,such as a high fat diet. When weeliminate a food from the dietwe tend to replace it withanother, which may not be ahealthier choice."To view the full article:Sadler MJ., McNulty H. &Gibson S. (2013). Sugar-fatseesaw: A systematic review ofthe evidence. Critical Reviewsin Food Science and Nutrition.

Sugar and BehaviourWritten April 2012A high intake of sugar iswidely assumed to causehyperactivity andbehavioural problems in bothchildren and adults.However, the results of themajority of scientific studiesdo not support this belief.The most comprehensivemeta-analysis on this subjectto date was undertaken byWolraich et al., (1995) whichanalysed the results of 16studies examining the effectsof sugar (mostly sucrose) ona variety of behavioural andcognitive measures. Thestudies had been undertakenon normal children, as wellas children with AttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder (ADHD), andchildren whose behaviourwas reportedly adverselyaffected by sugar. Subjects,parents and research staffwere blinded to conditions inthese studies. The reviewconcluded that sugar did notaffect the behaviour orcognitive performance ofchildren, and suggested thatbeliefs and expectations can

have a profound effect andoverride perception.However, the authors didnote that they could not ruleout a small effect of a highsugar intake on subsets ofchildren.Since the definitive reviewby Wolraich et al., (1995) therole of sugar on behaviourhas attracted little attention.However, more recentlyBenton (2008) reviewed thespecific effects of sucrose indetail and examined theresults of studies by: sub-group of children (ADHDand sugar reactors);childrens’ age; the timing ofthe test in comparison to thesugar exposure; and placebotype. All yielded negativeresults with sucrosedetermined not to affect thebehaviour of children.Benton (2008) also reviewedthe evidence supporting the 3main hypotheses linkingsucrose intake to behaviouralproblems, namely: sucroseintolerance (i.e. food allergyor hypersensitivity);hypoglycaemia; andmicronutrient deficiency.With respect to sucroseintolerance, although theremay be individualidiosyncratic cases of sucroseintolerance, the percentage ofchildren who reportedlyrespond adversely (migraineor hyperactivity) to sucrosein elimination diets is muchlower than for other foodswhich are commonlyreported to cause migraine orhyperactivity. It is unlikelythat sucrose causeshypoglycaemia since, innormal and obese individualswithout diabetes, blood


glucose is kept remarkablystable even when sucrose isprovided within drinksbetween meals (Manders etal., 2009). Although someindividuals may reportsymptoms with lower bloodglucose levels (although notnecessarily clinicalhypoglycemia (Simpson etal., 2006), it is unlikely thatsuch symptoms would beattributable to sucrose, sincesucrose has a moderateglycemic index of ~68(Foster-Powell et al., 2002)and thus a lower insulinresponse than otherhighglycemic index foods.Finally, although evidencemay exist for a role ofinadequate micro-nutrientintake on behaviour,evidence is not conclusiveregarding a high sugar intakeand micronutrientinadequacy (see WSROPosition Statement – Sugarand Micronutrient Dilution).2

Recommendations forsugar and behaviourA number of organisationshave assessed therelationship between sugarintake and behaviour. TheAustralian National Healthand Medical ResearchCouncil found no evidencefor the involvement of sugaror sugar-containing foods inattention deficit orhyperactivity disorders(NHMRC, 2003). TheInstitute of Medicine couldnot set up upper limit forsugars with respect to alteredbehavior (IOM, 2005).Finally, a joint FAO/WHOreport concluded that sugarsdo not affect behavior inchildren (FAO/WHO, 1997).

StatementDespite evidence to thecontrary, it is frequentlyasserted that sugar intakecauses hyperactivity. Theoverriding evidence fromscientific studies examininggroups of children does notsupport adverse effects orsucrose intolerance. It ishighly unlikely that sucrosewould result in a reactivehypoglycemia due to itsmoderate glycemic index andlower insulin response.Although evidence does existfor a micronutrient dilutioneffect with a high sugarintake, micronutrient intakeis usually adequate.Therefore it is highlyunlikely that sugar intake perse has an effect on behaviorvia a low micronutrientintake.

ReferencesBenton, D. (2008) Sucroseand behavioral problems.Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 48,385-401.FAO/WHO (1997)Carbohydrates in humannutrition (FAO Food andNutrition Paper - 66)Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H.& Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002)International table ofglycemic index and glycemicload values: 2002. Am J ClinNutr, 76, 5-56.IOM (2005) Dietaryreference intakes for energy,carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fattyacids, cholesterol, proteins,and amino acids Manders, R.J., Pennings, B., Beckers, C.P., et al. (2009) Prevalenceof daily hyperglycemia inobese type 2 diabetic mencompared with that in leanand obese normoglycemicmen: effect of consumptionof a sucrosecontaining

beverage. Am J Clin Nutr,90, 511-8.NHMRC (2003) DietaryGuidelines for AustralianAdults. IN AUSTRALIA, T.C. O. (Ed.). Canberra.Simpson, E. J., Holdsworth,M. & Macdonald, I. A.(2006) Ambulatory bloodglucose measurement, dietarycomposition and physicalactivity levels in otherwisehealthy women reportingsymptoms that they attributeto hypoglycaemia. Br J Nutr,95, 1127-33.Wolraich, M. L., Wilson, D.B. & White, J. W. (1995)The effect of sugar onbehavior or cognition inchildren. A meta-analysis.JAMA, 274, 1617-21.

Sugar and Dental CariesWritten November 2011

BackgroundThe World Oral HealthReport (2003) reported a vastreduction in worldwidedental caries experiencebetween 1980 and 2000.However, dental cariescontinues to be a majorhealth problem, particularlyin the developing world.Dental caries occur whenacid-producing bacteria,especially Mutansstreptococci, Lactobacilli andActinomyces species,populate the sticky coating(plaque) on the surface of thetooth. These bacteria convertfermentable carbohydratessuch as glucose, fructose,sucrose and maltose (whichmay be derived fromhydrolysis of cooked starchesby salivary amylase) intolactic acid, thus makingplaque acidic. The acidicplaque causes


demineralisation of the toothenamel and, if unchecked,the underlying dentine.The presence of bacteria andfermentable carbohydratesare not the sole factors whichcan affect dental caries.Other factors include theinnate susceptibility of toothsurfaces, frequency of eating,intrinsic properties of thefoodstuff affecting foodclearance, oral hygienepractices, fluorideavailability, genetic factors,and salivary flow andcomposition. Saliva containsprotective minerals (calcium)and buffers which aid in re-mineralisation of the toothenamel and neutralisation ofthe acid environment. Salivais also a reservoir for fluoridewhich exerts its protectiveeffects by reducing theeffectiveness of acidogenicbacteria or the susceptibilityof enamel to acid dissolution.Under normal circumstances,the demineralisation thatoccurs following any eatingoccasion involvingfermentable carbohydrates isrepaired by the replacementof lost material with mineralsfrom saliva. However, if thebalance betweendemineralisation and repairfavors demineralisation, as aresult of frequentconsumption of carbohydratesubstrates for theseacidogenic bacteria, a focalarea where the enamelstructure becomes porousmay result. This is called a“white spot lesion” and mayrepair spontaneously. If acidattack endures, without thenatural repair process beingable to correctdemineralisation, then furtherloss of the tooth surfacearchitecture may occur and

result in bacterial invasioninto the resulting cavity. Atthis stage spontaneous repairis unlikely and the cavity willrequire treatment to preventfurther damage. Thesignificance of sugar ininfluencing the dental cariesprocess has been the subjectof research and debate formore than 100 years.

A role for amount of sugar?

Researchers have employedecological studies in order todetermine whether arelationship exists betweensugar intake and prevalenceof dental caries. Sreebny(1982) reported a significantlinear relationship betweensugar supply and dentalcaries prevalence in a cross-sectional study of 12-y oldchildren across 47 countries.Sugar supply was estimatedto explain approximately50% of the variance in cariesexperience. However, therewas no apparent relationshipin 5-y old children. A laterre-examination of therelationship, with a muchlarger data set, reduced theestimated proportion of thevariance attributable to theamount of sugar in the food 2supply by more than half(Woodward and Walker,1994). Furthermore,examination of the data fromonly developed countriesshowed no relationshipbetween sugar supply andcaries. These findingssuggest that, in both thedeveloped and developingworld, other factors are moreimportant than sugar supplyin determining cariesexperience. Sreebny (1982)proposed a cut-off of 50 gsugar per person per day to

minimise risk of caries. Thissuggestion was taken intoaccount by the WHO/FAO(2003) who proposed asimilar cut-off of 6 – 10%energy as ‘free sugars’(defined as all mono- anddisaccharides added to foods,plus sugars naturally presentin honey, syrups and fruitjuices). Thisrecommendation was madedespite evidence to thecontrary (Gustaffson et al.,1954, Ruxton et al., 1999,Woodward and Walker,1994).Although the relatively smallreduction in cariesexperience during war-timerationing of sugar isconsistent with a role forsugar supply in the cariesprocess, the most substantialreduction in dental cariesduring the past 40 years hasoccurred following theintroduction of fluoridatedwater or toothpaste andimproved oral hygiene(Kandelman, 1997, Konig,1990). Trends in cariesreduction in industrialisedcountries have occurred notonly independent of sugarintake, but also whilst sugarconsumption has stayedrelatively constant (Downer,1994, Konig, 1990). Indeed,population data show norelationship between changesin sugar supply and changesin caries prevalence (Ruxtonet al., 1999). Furthermore,the evidence does not supportthe proposition that eventotal removal of sugar(added, free or NMES) fromthe diet would eliminatecaries (Konig, 1990,Woodward and Walker,1994). This is explicable inthe light of the evidence thatall fermentable carbohydrate,


including the staple foodcooked starch, is acidogenicin the presence saliva andcertain oral bacterialpopulations.The results of smallerlongitudinal population andintervention studies have notindicated a strongrelationship between sugarintake and caries incidence.A two year study on Englishschool children reported asignificant relationshipbetween consumption ofsugars and caries, althoughsugars consumption couldonly explain 2% of thevariance in caries incidence(Rugg-Gunn et al., 1984). A100% increase in sugarconsumption in children,prior to modern oral healthpractices and ethicalconsiderations, did not resultin a significant effect oncaries development (King,1955). Furthermore, a 5-yearstudy in Sweden (Gustaffsonet al., 1954) showed noinfluence of amount of sugarconsumed when 340 g perday was given only at mealtimes to subjects with noaccess to fluoride and no oralhygiene. Free livingindividuals today are unlikelyto consume such hugeamounts of sugar and manywill have the protection ofboth oral hygiene and accessto fluoride.

A role for frequency ofsugar intake?Frequent snacking offermentable carbohydrates,particularly in the absence ofadequate oral hygiene, maynot allow time for sufficientbuffering of the toothenvironment orremineralisation via salivaryaction. In the absence of oral

hygiene, the classicexperiment of Gustafsson etal., (1954) showed thatfrequency of sugarconsumption was far moreimportant in influencingdental caries than amount.Duggal et al., (2001) showedthat twice daily use offluoride toothpaste increasedthe frequency with which a12% sugar solution could beimbibed from 4 up to 7 timesa day without significantenamel demineralisation.The authors speculated thattooth 3 brushing twice dailywith fluoride toothpastemight allow fermentablecarbohydrates to beconsumed up to 5 times a daywithout increasing the risk ofcaries.In contrast, Gibson andWilliams (1999) reportedfrequency of consumption ofall sugary foods (includingsoft drinks) was notassociated with cariesexperience in preschoolchildren regardless ofreported tooth brushingfrequency. However, in thisstudy, an association ofcaries with consumption ofsugar confectionery (bothamount as %energy andfrequency) was seen inchildren who brushed theirteeth once a day or less. Inaddition to the confoundingeffects of oral hygiene, foodclearance, bacterial andsalivary levels, it is difficultto isolate the effect offrequency from amount inobservational studies ofpopulations as the two maybe strongly correlated (Rugg-Gunn, 1993). However, arecent review ofobservationalepidemiological studiesreported a more significant

relationship of frequencythan quantity of sugar withdental caries (Anderson etal., 2009). Some agenciesrecommend frequency ofsugars consumption shouldbe limited to no more than 4times a day (DoH, 2009,WHO/FAO, 2003) but fail tomention other fermentablecarbohydrates.

Intrinsic, extrinsic, added,free sugars and NMES?Organisations frequentlyprovide recommendationsdepending on whether thesugar is naturally foundwithin a foodstuff or hasbeen added in processing.Sugars may be defined as:‘intrinsic’ found naturallywithin the cell inunprocessed food, or‘extrinsic’ or ‘free’ foundoutside of the cell. Extrinsicsugars comprise sugarsnaturally present in honey,syrups and fruit juices, aswell as sugars added to foodsat the table or in processing.Milk sugar (lactose), beingnatural, although an extrinsicsugar, is often considered aspecial case. Therefore,extrinsic sugars may bereferred to as non-milkextrinsic sugars (NMES).The recommendations fromcertain agencies with regardto sugar intake and risk ofdental caries are only foradded, free or NMES sugars(DoH, 1989, WHO/FAO,2003). However, theevidence does not support adifferential effect of intrinsicversus extrinsic sugars(added, or free or NMES)with regard to acidproduction (Beighton et al.,2004) or enameldemineralisation (Issa et al.,2011). Indeed, an expert


group convened by WHOand FAO specificallyrecommended that theseterms should not be used asthey are unhelpful andconfusing (Cummings andStephen, 2007).

Recommendations forsugar and dental caries riskThe advice regarding sugarand oral health isinconsistent. Sugar intake isstill viewed by manyagencies, including Australia(NHMRC, 2003) and the UK(DoH, 1989, 2005, 2009) as aprime, if not the main causeof dental caries. The latterorganisation recommends forNMES not to exceed 11% offood energy, and for sugarsto not be consumed morethan 4 times a day. Theserecommendationsapproximate those of theWHO/FAO (2003), and areinconsistent with an earlierFAO/WHO report (1997)which recognised the multi-factorial cause of dentalcaries and suggested thatprogrammes should focus onfluoridation and oral hygieneand not on sucrose intakealone. Conversely, the IOM(2002) was not able todetermine, from the availableevidence, an intake of sugarsat which increased risk ofdental caries could occur.Similarly, EFSA (2010) werenot able to set an upper limitfor intake of added sugars toreduce risk of dental caries.The US Dietary Guidelines(USDA/HHS, 2005) suggestthat frequency and durationof exposure of allfermentable carbohydratesshould be reduced and oralhygiene practices optimised.Similarly, EFSA (2010) statethat frequent consumption of

sugar-containing foods 4 canincrease risk of dental caries,particularly when oralhygiene and fluorideprophylaxis are insufficient.

FluorideThe use of fluoridetoothpaste has proved to bethe most successful approachto the prevention of dentalcaries. Fluoridation of watersupplies is also beneficial butappears to be less effectivethan regular use of fluoridetoothpaste. A review of theevidence for the effectivenessof dental health educationwas prepared for the UKDoH (Kay and Locker, 1996)and reported persuasiveevidence supportingeducation regarding fluorideuse, whereas dietaryapproaches did not appear tobe worthwhile. Theintroduction of fluoridetoothpaste has beenremarkably successful inreducing caries prevalenceamong children and adults(Cottrell, 2011).

StatementFrequent consumption offermentable carbohydrates,including sucrose, has a rolein the aetiology of dentalcaries. However, this role issubstantially reduced whenoral hygiene with use offluoride toothpaste isadequate. Efforts to preventdental caries should focus onachieving adequate oralhygiene practices withfluoride toothpaste as this hasproven to provide a muchgreater reduction in cariesexperience than dietarymodification. Dietary advicefor the reduction of dentalcaries risk should focus onlimiting the frequency of

exposure to all fermentablecarbohydrates.

ReferencesAnderson, C. A., Curzon, M.E., Van Loveren, C., et al.(2009) Sucrose and dentalcaries: a review of theevidence. Obes Rev, 10Suppl 1, 41-54.Beighton, D., Brailsford, S.R., Gilbert, S. C., et al.(2004) Intra-oral acidproduction associated witheating whole or pulped rawfruits. Caries Res, 38, 341-9.Cottrell, R. C. (2011) Dentaldisease: Etiology andepidemiology. INCABALLERO, B., ALLEN,N. & PRENTICE, A. M.(Eds.) Encyclopaedia ofHuman Nutrition. 2ndEdition ed. Kidlington, UK,Elsevier Academic Press.Cummings, J. H. & Stephen,A. M. (2007) Carbohydrateterminology andclassification. Eur J ClinNutr, 61 Suppl 1, S5-18.DoH (1989) Dietary Sugarsand Human Disease.Committee on MedicalAspects of Food Policy.Report on Health & SocialSubjects No 37. London,HMSO.DoH (2005) Choosing betteroral health: an oral healthplan for England DoH(2009) Delivering Better OralHealth. An evidence-basedtoolkit for prevention -second edition.Downer, M. C. (1994) Cariesprevalence in the UnitedKingdom. Int Dent J, 44,365- 70.Duggal, M. S., Toumba, K.J., Amaechi, B. T., et al.(2001) Enameldemineralization in situ withvarious frequencies ofcarbohydrate consumption


with and without fluoridetoothpaste. J Dent Res, 80,1721-4.EFSA (2010) ScientificOpinion on DietaryReference Values forcarbohydrates and dietaryfibre. EFSA Journal, 8, 1462.FAO/WHO (1997)Carbohydrates in humannutrition (FAO Food andNutrition Paper - 66)Gibson, S. & Williams, S.(1999) Dental caries in pre-school children: associationswith social class, toothbrushing habit andconsumption of sugars andsugar-5 containing foods.Further analysis of data fromthe National Diet andNutrition Survey of childrenaged 1.5-4.5 years. CariesRes, 33, 101-13.Gustaffson, B. E., Quensel,C.-E., Swenander, L. L., etal. (1954) The VipeholmDental Caries Study. Theeffects of different levels ofcarbohydrate intake in 436individuals observed for fiveyears. Acta Odontol Scand,11, 232-364.IOM (2002) Dietaryreference intakes for energy,carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty

acids, cholesterol, proteins,and amino acids Issa, A. I.,Toumba, K. J., Preston, A. J.,et al. (2011) Comparison ofthe Effects of Whole andJuiced Fruits and Vegetableson Enamel Demineralisationin situ. Caries Res, 45, 448-452.Kandelman, D. (1997) Sugar,alternative sweeteners andmeal frequency in relation tocaries prevention: newperspectives. Br J Nutr, 77Suppl 1, S121-8.Kay, E. J. & Locker, D.(1996) Is dental healtheducation effective? Asystematic review of currentevidence. Community DentOral Epidemiol, 24, 231-5.King, J. D. et. al. (1955) Theeffect of sugar supplementson dental caries in childrenOFFICE, H. M. S., LondonKonig, K. G. (1990) Changesin the prevalence of dentalcaries: how much can beattributed to diet? Caries Res,24, 16-18.NHMRC (2003) DietaryGuidelines for AustralianAdults. IN AUSTRALIA, T.C. O. (Ed.). Canberra.Rugg-Gunn, A. J. (1993)Nutrition and Dental Health,

Oxford, Oxford MedicalPublications.Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Hackett,A. F., Appleton, D. R., et al.(1984) Relationship betweendietary habits and cariesincrement assessed over twoyears in 405 Englishadolescent school children.Arch Oral Biol, 29, 983-92.Ruxton, C. H., Garceau, F. J.& Cottrell, R. C. (1999)Guidelines for sugarconsumption in Europe: is aquantitative approachjustified? Eur J Clin Nutr, 53,503-13.Sreebny, L. M. (1982) Sugaravailability, sugarconsumption and dentalcaries. Community Dent OralEpidemiol, 10, 1-7.USDA/HHS (2005) DietaryGuidelines for Americans,2005.WHO (2003). The WorldOral Health ReportWHO/FAO (2003) Diet,nutrition and the preventionof chronic diseases.Woodward, M. & Walker, A.R. (1994) Sugar consumptionand dental caries: evidencefrom 90 countries. Br DentJ., 176; 297-302.


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THE STORY OF SWEETS

1. Banana Whip Cream Desert

Ingredients

Bananas 4Vanilla essence ¼ tsp

Cream 1 ½ cup

Walnuts 1 tbsp

Chocolate Chips 1 tbsp

Sponge cake 1

Gelatin powder 1 tsp

Cherries ½ cup

Strawberry sauce 2 tbsp

Sugar 4 tbsp

Cooking Directions

i) Cut the bananas.

ii) Dissolve the gelatin in half a cup ofwarm water.

iii) In a bowl beat together the dissolvedgelatin, vanilla essence, cream andsugar.

iv) Lay the sponge cake on a plate.

v) Pour the cream mixture on top of it.

vi) Then give a layer of bananas.

vii)Lastly sprinkle the walnuts, chocolatechips, strawberry sauce and cherries ontop.

2. Coconut Butter Balls

Ingredients

Egg yolk 1

Cherries 1 cup

Sugar 50 gm

Coconut 100 gm (desiccated)

Butter 125 gm

Plain flour 125 gm

Lemon rind 1 tsp

Vanilla essence ½ tsp

Lemon essence ¼ tsp

Cooking Directions

i) Beat together butter and sugar.

ii) Add coconut, plain flour, egg yolk, vanillaessence, lemon essence and lemon rind.

iii) Mix well. Fold in flour and knead to dough.

iv) Make small balls and press with thumb fromcentre.

v) Dip balls in beaten egg white, top withcherry, put in an oven proof tray and bake inpre heated oven for 150 degrees for 35minutes.


GROWER’S CORNER

Variety Development Program For High Sugar Recovery And Cane Yield

Arshad Ali Chattha, Muhammad Umer Chattha, & Muhammad Bilal ChatthaCorresponding Author: [email protected]

Sugarcane productiontechnologya. Deep ploughing up to 18inches should be done withsub soiler in both waysbefore sowing

of sugarcane

b. Dual row planting methodof 4-5 ft apart 1.5 ft deep,2.25 ft wide trenches with1.75 ft wide bed techniqueshould be adopted withincrease of 22% cane yieldand 47% saving of irrigationwater.c. Alternate skip irrigationsaves 25% water ascompared to flood irrigationwithout loss in yield(Chattha, 2007).

d. Autumn planting shouldbe in the month of Septemberand Spring planting shouldbe completed up to 15thMarch

e. Irrigation and fertilizer useefficiency can be increasedby application in the trenchesonly to save the water andfertilizer along with increasein cane yield

f. Weed management throughwider planting with inter rowcultivation on beds and useof herbicide in the trenches

g. Ratoon Management

To get the good ratoon ofsugarcane, harvest the crop inthe months of February andMarch. Cut the crop 1 inchbelow the soil surface and

run the stubble shaver justafter the harvest of the cropbefore the sprouting of thestubbles

h. Cropping pattern andinter-cropping systems

Winter vegetables, berseem,brasica, gram, lentil, wheat,sunflower, onion and garliccan be inter cropped withsugarcane in autumnplanting.

i. Earthing UpTo avoid lodging and checkthe unwanted tilleringearthing up 90 to 120 daysafter planting should be donein heavy soils while earthingup should be avoided in light(sandy) and salt affectedsoils.

Inter cropping of wheatwith sugarcane varietyS2003-US-633

Sugarcane is Being Plantedin the Deep Trenches at 4Feet Apart with Pair RowSystem

Inter cropping of gramwith September plantedsugarcane variety S2003-US-633 in sandy soil

Sugarcane technology

1. Harvesting schedule forpeak sugar recoveries

a. First early varieties shouldbe harvested, then mediumHardening of plant lets and

late sugarcane varietiesshould be crushed.

b. Irrigation should bestopped 25-30 days beforethe harvesting of the crop.Bring the clean cane forcrushing in the mill within 24hours after harvesting of the

crop to avoid staling and toreduce the post harvest lossesProduction of refined sugar,organic sugar and brownsugar should be adjustedaccording to the demand ofthe market.


WHIP SMUT OF SUGARCANE (Ustilago scitaminae)Aamir Shahazad & Syed Zia-ul-Hussnain, SSRI, Jhang

Sugarcane is a major cashcrop grown on 1.0 millionhectares in Pakistan. Pakistanranks 5th position in theregion and 7th in the worldfor sugarcane acreage andproduction. It plays asignificant role in the socio-economic development. Ouraverage cane yield is 52 tonsper hectare and sugar yield4.94 tons per hectare.

Sugarcane smut is caused byUstilago scitaminea H & PSydow., a bsidiomycetousfungus. It was first reportedin Natal, South Africa, in1877. The disease issometimes referred to as“Culmiculous” smut ofsugarcane because it effectsstalks of the cane. Sugarcanesmut does not always pose aserious problem where itoccurs. However, it mayremain unnoticed for years,then quickly devastate largeareas of susceptible varieties.Smut can cause significanttonnage losses as well asjuice quality losses. Diseasedevelopment is dependent onthe environmental conditionsand the resistance of thesugarcane varieties grown.

It is favored by hightemperature in April–May,dry weather and acuteshortage of water leading tohigh incidence of smut.Ratoon crops are sufferingmore than the plant crops.Incidence of whip smutdisease has been observedalmost all over Punjab onHSF- 240 especially onratoon crop. That was anappropriate occasion to takedecision for the eliminationof the variety under a phasedprogram. Seed nurseries ofthe new upcoming bettersucrose and disease resistantvarieties must be developedby each mills havingpredominantly HSF- 240.The same can be used forseed propagation.Development of seed bankby all the sugar mills forspreading the early maturingand high yielding canevarieties acceptable formillers and growers shouldbe developed.

SMYPTOMATOLOGY

A long whip like structureis developed from the apexof the stalk.

Whips begin emergingfrom infected cane by 2-4months of age with peakwhip growth.

It is covered by silverywhite thin coating afterrupturing blackish spores.

This disease stops thefurther growth of plant andreduces the yield upto 30%.

Losses due to smut aregreater with primaryinfection vs secondaryinfection and with ratooncrops vs plant crops.

Highly observed onsusceptible varieties.

Fig: A, B and C show whip smut disease symptoms

A B C


TRANSMISSIONThe primary transmission ofthe disease is throughdiseased seed pieces, whilethe secondary transmission is

through wind blown spores.In addition, spores orsporidia, present in or on thesoil surface, are also carriedto different fields through

rain or irrigation water. Lifecycle of sugarcane smut isgiven below:

CONTROL MEASURES

Remove the whip withthick cloth withoutallowing the spore toshed and destroy.

Use disease free sets forplanting.

Treat the sets with Nativo(Fungicide) @ 65 gramsper 120 liters of water.

Do not take ratoon of theaffected crop.

Crop rotation Use of resistant varieties

like CPSG-437, CSSG-2402, HoSG-315, US-114.


GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

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Write the title of your article in CAPITAL LETTERS in the center of the page. Write the complete name of all authors with their addresses, its compulsory In the text,

references should be cited by author and years as, for one, two or more authors (Hammer,1994, Hammer and Rouf, 1995; Hammer et al., 1993), respectively.

Write HEADINGS in bold letters and in the center of the page. Type your article only in TIMES NEW ROMAN format. Send TABLES and FIGURES on separate page with bold title and mark its numbers

correctly. Follow the following rule for Reference, for one author: Hussain, K 1991 for two authors;

Khan, M. and A. Habib 1995, for more than two; Ali, K., A. Hussain and S. Nasir, 1990. Always send two soft copies and one hard copy of CD, Please don’t use FLOPPY for this

purpose. Send copies on A-4 size page preferable LASER PRINT in word document PSJ publishers paper free of charges from authors Kindly send your papers to following address by mail or email.

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Dr. Shahid AfghanEditor - in-Chief Pakistan Sugar JournalShakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan)Phone: +92 47 765 2801 – 5 Ext. 602, 603Mobile: +92 312 382 0837Email: [email protected]

Asia NaheedAssociate Editor Pakistan Sugar JournalShakarganj Sugar Research Institute, Jhang (Pakistan)Phone: +92 47 765 2801 – 5 Ext. 603, 606E-mail: [email protected]

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