palimpsest - university of washington wk 1...rome and its tensions (for livy, ab urbe condita, and...
TRANSCRIPT
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• Palimpsest
• A parchment, etc. that
has been written more
than once, the previous
texts having been
imperfectly erased and
remaining still partially
visible.
• Urban palimpsest
– A time-laden space
with multiple layers
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Capitoline Hill: sacredness of place
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Capitoline Hill and surrounding area
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Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776-
1788
• “It was at Rome, on the 15th of October, 1764, as I sat musing
amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the bare-footed fryars were
singing Vespers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the
decline and fall of the City first started to my mind.”
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• La Dolce Vita
• Federico Fellini (1960)
• What is the palimpsestal image in the opening scene?
• What story is being told about Rome and what tensions
does it contain?
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Rome and its tensions (for Livy, Ab urbe condita, and beyond)
• Palimpsest
• (Re)foundings
• Problems with greatness: ambition and wealth (vice)
• Mores maiorum and exemplum virtutis: ways of the ancestors and
examples of virtue (virtus, pietas, gravitas / pudicitia)
• Public vs. private (gender issues)
• Conservative society: innovation through accretion / religious
syncretism
• Growth through incorporation of others (tensions of a multicultural,
cosmopolitan society: rape of the Sabines).
• Horace: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes intulit agresti Latio
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Iron age cultures in
central Italy, c. 1000-
800 BC
-development of “material
culture”
--graves = “closed find
deposits”
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Latial hut urn from Rome
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Etruscan hut urn from Vulci
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Palatine Hill, hut post holes, mid-8th century BCE
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Etruscan, Greek and Phoenician territories in 8th-6th
centuries (orientalizing period in Etruscan art)
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Golden fibula, Cerveteri, Regolini-Galassi Tomb, 650-40 BCE
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Caisra = Cerveteri
Tarchna = Tarquinia
• Etruscans (Rasenna), Etruria
(Tuscany):
• 750-500 BC period of expansion
• --city states built on hill tops
(Cerveteri, Tarquinia, Veii)
• --elite, aristocratic culture (kings)
• --economy: wealth based on mining
(iron and copper), agriculture and
trade
• Etruscan women (relative freedom)
• 616-509 BC Etruscan kings at Rome
• 474 BC naval defeat by Greeks at
Cumae
• 396 BC Veii falls to Rome
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--Romans borrow many Etruscan features:
• Fasces and lictors, curule chair
• Toga
• City planning and road-building techniques [pomerium;
cardo n-s / decumanus –e-w]
• Architecture (arch, temples, houses)
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• “Mysterious” origins
• Etruscan language: non-Indo-European
• borrowed alphabet from Greeks in 8th century
• mainly short and formulaic inscriptions survive
• DNA analysis: some traces to Asia Minor (Turkey)
Linen Book
of Zagreb
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Etruscan religion
• --Ritualistic, aristocratic, priestly (lucumones): “disciplina
etrusca”
• --local gods adapted to Greek Pantheon
– Tinia=Zeus/Jupiter—thunderbolt; Uni =Hera/Juno
– Heaven mapped onto earth / deterministic religion
– Divination / augury (interpreting the will of the gods):
Interpretation of lightening, reading flight of birds;
haruspicy (reading entrails of animals, especially
sheep’s liver), portents
– Importance of the cult of ancestors, afterlife and
necropoleis (cities of the dead)
Etruscan lars (lord), whence Roman lares (ancestral
guardian deities)
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Tinia,
5th century
--three types of
thunderbolts:
-warning
-fear
-destruction
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Augur Vel Saties in
toga picta,
c. 350 BCE, Vulci
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Etruscan map of heavens
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Liver of Piacenza (bronze), 3rd to 2nd century BCE
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Aule Lecu, 2nd century BCE, Volterra
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Etruscan votive offerings
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Etruscan Cities of the Dead
Cerveteri, Banditaccia necropolis, 7th-2nd centuries BCE
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Cerveteri, Banditaccia necropolis, 7th-2nd centuries BCE
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Etruscan houses of the dead
Tomb of shields and chairs, Ceverteri, c. 520 BCE
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Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri, 4th century BCE
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Tomb of Leopards, Tarquinia, c. 480 BCE
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Greek symposium: Tomb of the Diver, Paestum,
480 BCE
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Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia, 520 BC
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Funereal games: augur with lituus
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Torture of a prisoner: origins of gladiatorial games
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Tomb of hunting and fishing, Tarquinia, c. 520-500 BCE
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Tomb of the Diver (Greek), Paestum 480 BC
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“Married couple” sarcophagus, Cerveteri, 520 circa,
terracotta
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Etruscan couple: 2nd century BCE, Volterra
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LARS PULENA, EARLY SECOND CENTURY, Tarquinia