panel 4 the technological dimension of...
TRANSCRIPT
Expert Meeting onParticipation of Developing Countries in
New Dynamic Sectors of World Trade:Review of the Energy Sector
Adjusting to the New Energy Economy
Geneva, 29 November – 1 December 2006
Amilcar GuerreiroEPE – Empresa de Pesquisa Energética
Energy Research GroupDirector
Panel 4The technological dimension of biofuels
2
Favorable geographic andnatural conditions
land quantity available toagriculture
soil characteristics
privileged climate conditions(sun, rain and etc.)
Technology developed
ethanol
biodiesel
cogeneration from bagasse
other uses
Low production cost
Brazil has a great potential to bioenergy (biofuel and bioelectricity)
Ethanol ProductionCost (US$/liter)
Country/Region
0.22-0.28Brazil
0.45-0.55European Union
0.30-0.35United States
Sources: Henniges, O.;Zeddies, J.: Fuel Ethanol Production in theUSA and Germany – a cost comparison,F.O. Lichts World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, vol 1, nº 11, 11/02/2003.
Why biomass is an effective alternative for Brazil
3
1 ton sugar cane1,718 x 103 kcal
1 crude oil barrel1,386 x 103 kcal
153 kg sugars and alcohol 608 x 103 kcal
276 kg bagasse (50% humidity) 598 x 103 kcal
165 kg cuts & leaves (15% humidity) 512 x 103 kcal
1 ton sugar cane = 1.2 crude oil barrel
Sugarcane has a high energetic contents
Biomass from sugarcane is an effective alternative
4
Forests
Cities, rivers and othersSavannahs and fields
Agriculture andpastures
Sugarcane today
Sugarcanepotential area
Others
100%851BRAZIL
0,6%5,5• Sugarcane today
12%102,0• Sugarcane potential
54%468Forests
9%77Savannahs and fields
2%17Cities, rivers and others
35%299Agriculture and pastures
%106 haOccupation
23%197,0• Others
Occupied area by agriculture and biomass production in Brazil
5
Wet Land Atlantic Costal Rain Forest
Sugar Cane
Amazonia Rain Forest
Wet Land Atlantic Costal Rain Forest
Sugar Cane
Amazonia Rain Forest
(Pantanal)
Potential of expansion for agriculture area in Brazil
6
(Pantanal)
Potential of expansion for agriculture area in Brazil
7
Why technology is very relevant for biofuels strategy
Because technology providesManagerial agricultural practicesSustainable cropsPlant variety selectionMaintenance of disease-free crops and biomassEfficient harvesting transport and storageControl of the plant's maturity and crop's harvest periodMinimization of lossesEfficient industrial converting process
8
Taking into accountSoil lifeWater resourcesMinimization of environmental impactsSocial-economic small rural communities inclusionProjects legitimating (social and environmental acceptance)
Why technology is very relevant for biofuels strategy
9
• Industrial technology could be transferred successfully from country to country
• But, production chain is much complex and depends on domestic capabilities in all three technological dimensions
• For a worldwide biofuels market, all the technological dimensions are very relevant for developing countries and each one should be improved
• Regarding to industrial and agricultural dimensions, Brazil is in advanced stage, specially for sugarcane and crops
• Brazil has still to make improvements in its infra-structure system taking into account competitiveness and new technological in order to reach an worldwide scale
Technology
industrial
agricultural
Which technological conditions are necessary fordeveloping countries to become efficient biofuel producers
infra-structure
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
(US$/m3)
1980
1998200
300
400
500
600700800900
Ethanol Cumulative Consumption in Brazil (10Ethanol Cumulative Consumption in Brazil (1066 mm³³))
prod
uct io
n co
s tp r
o duc
t ion
cos t
Ethanol cost learning curveEthanol cost learning curve
~ 90 US$/bbl ~ 30 US$/bbl
Source: Coopersucar, 1998
Evolution of technology and production meant cost reduction(ethanol anhydrous)
11
Productivity, Actual production area and Saved area
Actual area
Saved area
Productivity
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.00019
7719
7819
7919
8019
8119
8219
8319
8419
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
03
Crop-year
Tota
l are
a cu
ltive
d (t
hous
and
ha)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Prod
uctiv
ity (
t Can
a/ha
)
Technological progress: productivity and saved area
FirstSteps Consolidation Stagnation Redefinition Current
Phase
Source: IBGE and UNICA
12
Biochemical conversion
Physical-chemical conversion
Thermochemical conversion (bio-refineries)
Which industrial technology routes are available
Sugar and ethanol plantAnaerobic digestionHydrolysis
Vegetable oil Bio-dieselH-bio
►
13
Catalytic hydro conversion of a blend of diesel oil and vegetable oil, in a HDT reactor, under controlled conditions (high temperature and pressure of hydrogen)
Diesel that comes from this process presents high quality: better ignition, lower density and lower sulphur index
Up to 2008,five Petrobras refineries will have installed HDT units, and the estimated production is 425 millions liters/yr
H – Bio process
14
BIOMASS
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
Gas
Directcombustion Gasification Pyrolysis
Thermochemical
Large scale
Charcoal
GasSteam Oil
CompressionExtraction
Physical-chemical
Vegetable oil
Anaerobicdigestion
FermentationDistillation Hydrolysis
Biochemical
Biogas Ethanol
Small scale
Developing
2nd industrial transformation stage
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
FUEL
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
FUEL FUEL
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
FUEL
Steamturbine
Gas turbine
Gas engine
Combinedcycle
Synthesisgas process
Synthesisgas process
Syntheticliquidsrefinery
Transesteri-fication(biodiesel)
Oil refinery(H-bio)
Gas engine
Steamturbine
Bioenergy products
Industrial technological routes
15
Possibility of ethanol and biodiesel integration
Agrosector
land
financingresources
technology
managementALCOHOL
PLANT
VEGETAL OILPLANT
BIODIESELPLANT
bioethanolvinassebioelectricity
biodieselglicerine
oilbran
sugarcane
biodiesel
grains
alcohol + wateranhydrous alcohol
vegetal oil
Technology is available for agro-industrial integration
Agro and industrial integration
EMPRESA DE PESQUISA ENERGÉTICA - EPE
Thank you!
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