paper 04: food production operation and management module
TRANSCRIPT
THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Principal Investigator Prof. S. P. Bansal,
Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari
Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Prashant K. Gautam,
Director, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Paper Coordinator Mr. Pulkit Bhambi
HOD, IHM Dehradun
Content Writer Mr. Vivek Kumar Lecturer,
IHM Dehradun.
Content Reviewer Prof. Sushma Rewal Chug Institute of Vocational Studies
Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
Paper 04: Food production operation and management Module 34: Laminated Pastries
ITEMS DESCRIPTION OF MODULE
Subject Name Tourism and Hospitality
Paper Name Food production operation and management
Module Title Laminated Pastries
Module Id 34
Pre- Requisites To know the classification of pastries, pastry faults and their
causes, guide lines for making pastries.
Objectives To understand pastries, understand the ingredients and
methods used to make pastries, factors affecting the
flakiness of pastries.
Keywords Pastry, Croissant, puff pastry, Danish Pastry etc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Learning Outcomes
2. Introduction
3. Classification
4. Ingredients Used
5. Laminated Pastries
6. Preparation of Flaky Pastry
7. Phyllo Pastry
8. Some other Varieties of Pastries
9. Characteristics and Guidelines for Making Pastries
10. Pastry Faults and Their Reasons
11. Factors That Affect Flakiness of Pastry
12. Summary
QUADRANT-I
1. Learning Outcomes:
After reading this units, you will be able to:-
i. Define pastries and classify them.
ii. Understand the ingredients and methods used to make pastries.
iii. Know the faults that occur when making pastries.
iv. Factors affecting flakiness of pastry.
2. Introduction
Definition of Pastries:-
Most kinds of pastry are made with a combination of flour, fat and a liquid to
bind. The texture, flavour and colour of the resulting pastry will vary
tremendously depending on the proportions and type of ingredients used.
Other ingredients may also be added to improve taste, quality and flavour of
pastries. These ingredients in dude sugar, flavoring additives, milk, egg etc.
Pastries may be served as a main dish, as snacks or as desserts. There are different
kind pastries such as short crust, choux, flaky, puff and Phyllo pastry.
These pastries are rich and have a high calorie value because they contain fat,
sugar, cream and other ingredients in large quantity.
Pastries are leavened primarily by steam, which is produced by baking in hot
ovens. Pastry is usually preferred if it is tender and does not break too easily when
served.
3. Classification:-
Pastries are classified as non-laminated and laminated pastries.
Non-Laminated Laminated
Short – crust Choux Pastry Puff Pastry Filo Pastry
(Rub-in-method) (hot water crust)
(Creaming method) Flaky
Rough Puff
Full Puff
Lavish
Pastry
4. Ingredients Used:-
1. Flour –
The flour used in pastry making is weak to medium strong. This type of flour
requires a longer fermentation period, yet has a better tolerance for extended
work on the bench, especially for dough’s such as puff or Danish which
require multiple rolls and folds.
2. Shortening / Fat –
Lard was probably the first fat used in pastry making, but has fallen out of
favor for health reasons. Pure butter gives pastry a rich flavor and color and a
crisp texture, but it can be difficult to handle. Most bakers use a combination
of butter and hard margarine to achieve a balance of good buttery colour and
flavor with the short, flaky texture provided by the margarine. Unsalted butter
is preferable because it has lower water content and amount of salt can be
controlled.
3. Liquid
Most pastry is bound with water, although mille or other liquids can be used.
Fresh milk is acceptable to use in any formula.
4. Sugar
It is used to both sweeten the find pastry and create a crisper texture. A
teaspoon or two is often added to savory dough’s, because the sugar helps the
pastry to color. The most common sugar used is the white granulated type.
This yields the finest product.
5. Eggs
They are added for richness in texture and flavour and because they help bind
all the ingredients together. Eggs improve the handling and quality of the
dough.
6. Yeast
Yeast content is increased in pastry dough because of the high sugar content.
7. Spices & Additives
A little grated orange or lemon rind should add just the right flavor to your
pastry, flavoring such as vanilla, almond can be used to enhance the dough, as
can spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger or cardamom.
5. Laminated Pastries:-
1. Puff Pastry –
The process of rolling, folding and turning creates hundreds of alternating
sheets of fat and dough. The heat of the oven melts the butter and creates
steam that puffs the dough into flaky layers. Ingredients used are:-
i. Flour must be form hard wheat bread flour. The amount of rolling
which the dough must with stand requires flour higher in gluten
contend.
ii. Shortening is used in relatively small quantities from which the puff is
made. The reason for incorporating such a small amount is the great
amount of roll-in fat that will be incorporated into the dough.
iii. Salt is included in some puff pastry dough for improvement of flavor.
iv. Roll-in fat is crucial to the quality of the finished puff pastry. It should
be of the same consistency as the dough itself. The fats most often
used are butter, margarine, shortening or puff paste (a fat specially
blending for puff pastry preparation).
v. Leavening agents are not normally used in this dough. As the dough is
folded and rolled with fat, multiple layers of dough scaled around fat
are formed. When the dough is placed in the hot oven, the fat begins to
melt, enriching and lubricating the dough surrounding it. The fat
thereby creates a small packet in the dough. The moisture released by
the fat evaporates as it is heated, creating steam. This steam pushes up
the pocket that has been formed. This steam pushes up the pocket that
has been formed. This same action is created in hundreds of pockets
within the pastry, creating the volume a minimum of 8 times its
original thickness, and forming the flaky texture that makes this a
grand pastry.
6. Preparation of Flaky Pastry
Prepare the base dough with flour, salt, small portion of shortening and liquid.
Allow chilling for 30 mint, cream roll is fat and keep aside.
Roll out dough into a rectangular shape with ½ “thickness.
Divide roll-in fat into three parts and apply one part to the dough, leaving a 1”
margin around the edges.
Fold both ends to the centre and shut like a book fold.
Repeat this rolling and folding with the other two portions of roll in fat,
chilling in between folding.
Repeat one more fold without fat.
Chill and use as required.
Puff pastry is made by repeatedly folding dough around a block of butter. When
the pastry is baked, steam trapped inside the dough separates the folded layers.
This process creates a puffy, flaky finished product. Puff pastry is used in making
several products including croissants.
The method of preparing puff pastry is slightly different from flaky pastry. Fat
which is used for making puff pastry should have a high melting point so that it
can endure the friction produced by heat to which it is subjected during sheeting
and folding operations. Dough should be made with chilled water so that fat does
not melt during these operations. It is always better to use a few drops of lemon
juice as it gives better extensibility to the dough. Dough should be smooth enough
so that it rolls out easily. Too stiff or too loose dough will be difficult to manage.
When the dough is mixed properly, it should be kept in the fridge by covering it
with a moist cloth to avoid crust formation for half an hour. Fat or shortening
should be made in a square block and should be chilled in the fridge. The
consistency of the fat and dough should be similar. If the dough is firmer than the
fat, refrigerate the fat for a little while. When the dough is properly chilled, roll
out the dough in square shape, slightly bigger than the block of fat. Roll each
corner of the square out into a thinner flap. Dusting flour can be used while
rolling the dough, but brush off the dry flour. Place the block of fat in the centre
of the square of dough. All four corners of fat should be covered with the flap.
Seal them properly but always remember to brush off the excess dry flour. Keep it
in the fridge for 25-30 min. After this the dough should be rolled lengthwise in a
rectangular shape and should be folded in a book form by bringing both the corner
in the centre. It should than be again folded over so that the entire sheet forms
four layers in a similar manner. After this the dough should be kept in the fridge
for half an hour. The same procedure is repeated four more time. This dough is
known as puff pastry and is used to make cream rolls, patties, etc.
2. Flaky Pastry –
The dough used for making flaky pastries is constitutes salt, flour, fat and
water. First, the flour and salt are sieved together. The dough is then smooth
evened by using chilled water. Generally 55 to 70 percent of fat is used to
make the dough. Approximately about 5 to 10% of fat is mixed in the dough
and the remaining fat is used for layering and sheeting. Fat is added after the
dough is mixed so that it allows gluten to develop. After proper kneading of
the dough, it is allowed to rest for half an hour in a refrigerator.
The dough is then rolled on a lightly flavored marble top into a rectangular
sheet is marked in three equal portions. The total amount of fat is also divided
into three equal portions. One portion of fat is made soft and pliable (so that it
can spread easily) and it is spread onto two thirds of the rolled sheet, leaving
the remaining one-third, half an inch of space on the edges should be left
without fat as it helps in sealing the edges. Then, one third portion of the
dough on which fat is not spread is folded over the one-third portion on which
the fat is stored. The remaining one-third portion with fat is folded over it.
One can easily see the alternate layers of dough and fat. The edges are then
sealed carefully and covered with moist cloth and kept the fridge for twenty-
five to thirty minutes.
After this, the dough is rolled and a second portion of the fat is spread. The
dough is again kept in the fridge for 25-30 mins.
The same procedure is followed for the remaining 1/3rd portion of fat.
After this stage two folds are given without using fat. At this stage, the pastry
has several thin layers. The pastry is the relaxed for one hour in the fridge. It
is chilled because a cold pastry when exposed to the heat of the oven rises
better.
Now the pastry is ready to be rolled out for different uses like cream horns,
patties etc.,
7. Phyllo Pastry
This pastry is mainly preferred commercially and traditional in Greece and
Turkey, including sweets, savory pies and pastries.
Phyllo pastry is an extremely thin pastry that is layered in sheets make phyllo
sheet is about the same as a sheet of paper or tissue paper and because of this
it is the most delicate of all of the pastries and breaks easily. To make phyllo
pastry, spread each sheet with butter and layer it in four or five layers before
wrapping it around a filling.
Like puff pastry, phyllo pastry is fairly difficult to make because it is hard to
get the pastry as thin as is required. Phyllo pastry dries out quickly that makes
it necessary to keep the phyllo sheets layered between parchment papers and
covered with a damp towel while it is being worked with. These can be baked
as well as deep fried.
8. Some other Varieties of Pastries :-
i. Danish Pastry –
Danish pastry is making with flour, egg, milk, yeast and butter. It is rich
sweet soft and crispy. This pastry is a combination of fermented dough &
flaky pastry. The rolling, buttering, folding and chilling operations are
repeated several times to create a fluffy, buttery and flaky dough. The
fermented dough is invariable made by sheeting out the roll, cutting it into
various shapes and then filling with sweets like fruit, jam, cinnamon etc.
After filling, it is kept for proofing, and then baked. To give a shiny crust,
they are coated with sugar, egg or milk.
Techniques used in making Danish pastry:
The techniques of laminating Danish pastry and the croissant are similar to
that of puff pastry and have some differences.
Step 1. Combine the flour, salt, sugar, milk and yeast together in a mixing
bowl and kneed it to smooth dough. Take care not to over mix the dough,
so that the end product is soft and flaky.
Step 2. Cover the dough and keep it for intermediate proving.
Step 3. Do the knock back.
Step 4. Rest the dough and meanwhile prepare the butter block.
Step 5. Roll the dough and laminate the butter in three folds.
Step 6. Cover the rolled pastry with plastic and freeze in the freezer until
used. This is so done, to avoid the proving of the dough in refrigerator.
Before using for final use the Danish pastry should be rested at room
temperate for sometime before shaping.
Some widely used Danish pastries are custard Danish, cinnamon roll, bear’s paw, pin
wheels, flower Danish etc.
ii. Croissant –
Croissants are a type of pastry in the shape of a crescent. Croissant is
made of a leavened variation of puff pastry. The dough is make with flour,
salt, sugar, yeast, butter, water and milk. The layer is rolled and folded for
a few times to get it characteristics shape. They are sometimes stuffed
with cheese or chocolate before being rolled into a shape which is like a
crescent.
Techniques used in making croissant:
Step 1. Combine the flour, salt, sugar, milk and yeast together in a mixing
bowl and kneed it to smooth dough. Take care not to over mix the dough,
so that the end product is soft and flaky.
Step 2. Cover the dough and keep it for intermediate proving.
Step 3 . do the knock back.
Step 4. Rest the dough and meanwhile prepare the butter block.
Step 5. Roll the dough and laminate the butter in three folds.
Step 6. Cover the rolled pastry with plastic and freeze in the freezer until
used. This is so done, to avoid the proving of the dough in refrigerator.
Step 7. Roll the pastry to about 7mm thick and around 6-7 inch wide
strips.
Step 8. Cut the strips into triangles. Ensure that the base of the triangle is 4
inches.
Step 9. Make a small slit in the base of the triangle and roll the triangle
like a cigar, from the base till the tip.
Step 10. Place onto baking sheets and prove until double in size. Glaze
with egg wash and bake until golden brown and crisp.
Croissant are usually baked plain, but sometimes they could be stuffed
with grated chocolate to make chocolate croissant. They can be glazed
with melted chocolate after baking or dusted with icing sugar.
iii. Fried Pies –
Fried Pies are consumed as popular disserts. Gluten is developed in the
dough of the pie. The dough is make like short crust pastry and it is rolled
in a circular form. The filling is placed on one-half of the circle and the
other half of the crust is folded over. The edges are then sealed with slight
moisture and pressure like other pastries.
This is then fried with half an inch of hot fat in a heavy bottomed pan.
While frying, fat is absorbed making the pastries soft. However, the
softness is not obtained in baked pies. The pies are then glazed with sugar
to add sheera.
9. Characteristics and Guidelines for Making Pastries –
i. It should be golden brown in colour and consistently even in
colour.
ii. It should have a pleasant aroma.
iii. The flakes should be separated.
iv. It should be soft and easy to cut.
v. It should not be crumbly.
vi. It should not have blisters on the surface.
vii. It should have smooth and neat edges.
viii. It should not be stuffed with extra filling.
ix. It should not be soggy.
x. It should not contain extra fat.
Guidelines for a Perfect Pastry –
1. Keep all ingredients and utensils cold. Do not allow the fat to melt
while kneading the dough as this can lead to hardening of dough, once
baked wash hands under a cold running tap to keep them as cool as
possible.
2. Sift the flour and other dry ingredients well so that air is incorporated.
3. Add just enough water. Too much liquid hardens the dough, causing
the pastry to shrink during baking, too little water gives a crumbly
result during rolling.
4. Mix the dough as quickly and lightly as possible. Hard mixing and
delayed mixing will develop gluten.
5. Wrap the dough in a cling film and chill in the refrigerator for thirty
minutes before rolling out, otherwise the pastry could shrink during
baking.
6. Use a lightly floured clean surface and rolling pin to roll out the
dough.
7. Roll the dough in one direction only, rotating to get an even shape.
8. Never stretch pastry dough while rolling, it will shrink during baking.
9. Bake the rolled and blind pastry quickly in a hot oven before adding
any filling.
10. Gloze pastry before baking to give sheer
11. Pre-heat the oven and do not open it too frequently.
10. Pastry Faults and Their Reasons :-
Fault Reason
Crumbly Crust Too little water, too much fat, insufficient mixing
Tough Crust Insufficient fat, too much water, too much dusting flour on
rolling board, over kneading.
Lower Crust Soggy Oven temperature too low, filling with too much moisture.
Shrink in Pan Over handling of the dough, pastry dough stretched tightly
when placing in the baking pan, recipe un balanced.
Blisters in Pastry Not pricked enough, oven temperature low.
Coloureing Even Uneven heat in the oven, unevenly rolled.
Too dark in Colour Temperature of oven very high.
Too light coloured Temperature of oven too low.
11. Factors That Affect Flackiness of Pastry –
o Character of fat that used, whether solid or liquid.
o The consistency of solid fat.
o The type of flour used.
o The proportion of water.
o The speed of mixing.
o The method of mixing.
o The number of times dough is rolled.
Note :-
1. Puff Pastry :- Proportion of fat to flour 3:4
Folding once with fat, three times without
2. Flaky Pastry :- Proportion of fat to flour 1:1
Folding three times with fat, once without
3. Rough Puff Pastry :- Proportion of fat to flour 3:4
The entire amount of fat is rubbed in with the flour and
kereaded to a soft dough. It is then rolled and folded three
times without any fat.
4. Danish Pastry :- Proportion of fat to flour 1:2
Folding once with fat