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PAPER BATTERY

BY- RAMA CHANDRA MUDULI

ELCTRICAL ENGINEERING

REGD. NO.- 1201104022

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CONTENTINTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY

NEED FOR PAPER BATTERY

INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY

HISTORY

CARBON NANOTUBE

MANUFACTURING

WORKING

APPLICATION

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

REFFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY

• A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy.

• Batteries are classified into two broad categories, those are :

1. primary battery 2. secondary battery

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PRIMARY BATTERY• Primary batteries irreversibly

transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When initial supply of reactant is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means.

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SECONDARY BATTERY

• Secondary batteries can be recharged. That is they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.

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NEED FOR PAPER BATTERY Due to various disadvantages of ordinary

conventional batteries, we should prefer the paper battery. General disadvantages of ordinary batteries are:-

a) Limited life-timeb) Explosion, corrosion, leakagec) High costd) Environmental hazardse) High charging timef) Weight and sizeg) Lower specific power compared to fuelsh) Not easily biodegradable

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INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY

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. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

• It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or molded into any needed shape.

• A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.

• It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything that a conventional battery is not.

Cont…

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Cont…• Can be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different

applications without any loss of efficiency.• Can be stacked in multiples of power output.• 2.5 volts of electricity from a sample the size of a

postage stamp.

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HISTORY• The first and foremost method of

constructing paper batteries was proposed and initiated by Robert Linhardt, a chemist at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York.

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Cont…• A solution was found by Yi Cui, a

materials scientist at Stanford University, Palo Alto ( California ).

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CARBON NANOTUBE• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs, also known

as buck tubes) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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one layer atom of carbon i.e. carbon nanotube

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CONT…• Nanotubes are the members of fullerene

structural family, the diameter of the nanotube is on the order of few nanometers.

• These carbon nanotubes exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties and are essential thermal conductors.

• Because of the symmetry and unique electronic structure of carbon nanotube, it’s structure strongly affects its electrical properties.

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CONT…• For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n = m, the

nanotube is metallic; if n-m is a multiple of 3, then the nanotube is semiconducting with a very small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderate semiconductor.

• Carbon nanotube have structural differing in length, thickness & in type of helicity and number and number of layer.

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Characterization:-• Carbon nano tubes can be characterized by their structure.

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Multi –wall carbon nano tube(MWCNT)

Diameter of an ideal nano tube is

a=0.246nm

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MANUFACTURING CNT thin films were coated onto stainless steel (SS)

substrates with a solution based process. The concentration of CNT is 1.7 mg/mL. A dried film with a thickness of 2 micrometer was formed

after drying the CNT ink on the SS substrate at 80 °C for 5 min.This film is then peeled off from substrate.

These films act as electrodes of paper battery. one film is pasted to electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5O12) and the

other film is pasted to electrolyte LCO (LiCoO2). Paper is sandwiched between two electrolytes LTO and

LCO with PVDF(poly vinylidene fluoride) .

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STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY

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PROCESS…

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WORKING• Batteries produce electrons through a

chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.

• Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.

• Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow along a connected wire to the positive terminal.

• Electrons must flow from negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to continue.

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WORKING PROCESS

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APPLICATION• The paper-like quality of the battery combined

with the structure of the nanotubes embedded within - light weight and low cost.

• Paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to deliver functional drugs, local anesthesia, antichloristic, anodyne, etc into skin.

• In iontophoresis patch for whitening and wrinkless

. Medical path: paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to deliver functional drug i.e., local anaesthesia, antichloristic, anodyne etc., into the skin.

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• Research is going on around the world to replace the ionic

electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc. if this will successful, then such type of applications can be possible:-

• Paper battery can be used as Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)

• Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.

Cont….

•Pacemakers in heart flexible batteries for smart cards

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ADVANTAGES

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CONT…• The flexible battery can function

even if it is rolled up, folded or cut. • We can get 2.5 volts of electricity

from a sample the size of a postage stamp.

• If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.

• Conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

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CONT…• It has a more lifetime than the ordinary

batteries (at room temperature). Under extreme conditions it can operate within -75° to +150°C.

• Less energy lost in an integrated device.

• It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like mostly electric vehicles.

• The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing operation in extreme temperatures.

• Smooth and fast move of ions can be possible through the cellulose paper so it could charge 10-20 times faster than the conventional batteries

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DISADVANTAGES• Presently, the devices are only a few

inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.

• Carbon nanotubes are expensive.• The idea is still in the labs and a

commercially viable paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a reality.

• Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce nanotubes is promising.

• Replacing old batteries results wastage of old electronic goods creating e-wastage.

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FUTURE SCOPE• A piece of paper can power a small

light.• Flexible paper battery could meet

the energy demand of the next generation of gadgets.

• The paper battery is a glimpse into the future of power storage.

• The versatile paper, which stores energy like a conventional battery, can also double as capacitors of releasing sudden bursts for high power applications

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Paper battery would be the answer to electrical energy storage problems

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CONCLUSION• The life of battery is an important

parameter which decides the area of application of battery.

• The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost and weight which in itself may give birth to new applications.

• High energy storage leads to decrease the charging time, thus energy can be saved.

• They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet the requirements of each application.

• However the reality is still very far away, though the researches are promising.

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• In our country, which is a developing country, One of the major problems bugging is Energy crisis. Every nation needs energy and everyone needs power. So paper battery could be a one step towards to satisfy the energy demand.

SAVE ENERGY

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REFERENCES• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electri

city)• http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/p

apers/87%20paper%20battery.pdf• The youtube video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHw

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