paper- ethanol blend fuel performance on evaporative emission of motorcycle in thailand...

8/14/2019 Paper- Ethanol Blend Fuel Performance on Evaporative Emission of Motorcycle in Thailand (Thummarat-Thai Spea

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8thAsian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Feb 23-24,2010 Tokyo, Japan 1

ETHANOL BLEND FUEL PERFORMANCE ON EVAPORATIVE EMISSION OF

MOTORCYCLE IN THAILAND

Thummarat ThummadetsakPadol Sukajit

Somchai Siangsanorh

PTT Research & Technology Institute

PTT Public Company Limited

ABSTRACT

The ethanol blended fuel performance evaluation are performed on

motorcycles in Thailand. The evaporative emission from four models of four-stroke

motorcycle fuel with E0 , E10 and E20 are tested in this study. The are totally 8motorcycles; two motorcycles from each selected models, are use for performing

the tests. The evaporative emission and tailpipe emission are measured in

difference legislation. The emissions from MC model A and C (fuel injection) are

measured according to TIS 2350- 2551 (equivalent to 97/24/EC , Euro 3). MC

model B and D (carburetor) are tested according to TIS 2130- 2545 (combination

of 97/24/EC & JASO T 902-95, Taiwan). The evaporative emission, hydrocarbon

emitted from SHED (Sealed Housing Evaporative Determination) chamber are

quantified. Evaporative emission testing consists of a hot soak losses (HSL) test

and tank breathing losses (TBL) test. Only MC model A can be used ethanol

blended gasoline up to 20%. The three test fuels; E0, E10 and E20 were tested with

all vehicles operating both of tailpipe emission and evaporative emission. E0 (RON

91) is use as a baseline fuel for this study.

The total evaporative emission, (HSL + TBL) results from all models of

motorcycle fuel with E10, E20 in comparison to E0 show the same tendency. It

was found that baseline fuel (E0,RON91) show the highest evaporative emission.

Considering the fuel properties RVP and T50 which are effect to the variation of

evaporative emission, E0 give the highest RVP and T50 compared to E10 and E20.

With this reason the evaporative emission from E0 is highest one. The evaporative

emission from E10 and E20 are not difference. TBL is the majority of total

evaporative emission from motorcycle cause by the permeation of HCs through the

rubber seal of the fuel tank. E0 show the highest of TBL for all MC model.Fuel distribution to the engine system is also one of the factors that effect to

evaporative emission. The test result show MC model B and D, carburetor system,

show the higher evaporative emission than MC model A and C which are fuel

injection system and still in the range of 2 6 g/test which may meet TIS 2130-

2545 legislation. However MC model A and C is meet Euro 3 limit (less than 2

g/test) for all kind of test fuel (E0, E10 and E20). The carburetor system is more

influence to HSL contribution than injection system.


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INTORDUCTION

The motorcycle population in Thailand up to 2008 is 15-16 million unit

approximately. Especially, it is expected that there are 3 million units in Bangkokcity. The 2 stroke motorcycle is a major cause of hydrocarbon emission and white

smoke emitted to the atmosphere which is concern on health effect. However since

2002, the motorcycle release in Thai market must be 4 stroke engine because of the

more stringent of MC emission legislation (TIS 2130-2545). Before 2002, the 80%

of motorcycle in Thailand is 2 stroke engine. Now a day the ratio of 2 stroke and 4

stroke MC in Bangkok city is very close.

Almost of motorcycle required the fuel of RON 91. Most of them can used

the gasoline fuel only (E0). However after the oil crisis , the alternative fuel such as

ethanol blended fuel so called Gasohol become a key play role of alternative fuel

in Thailand because of its produce from agriculture. An the tax except of Thai

government for gasohol fuels led to the lower price compared to the fossils fuels.Ethanol blended fuel, E10 RON 95 have been introduced to Thai market

since 2002. In present day there are E10 RON 95, E10 RON 91, E20 and E85 are

commercialized in Thailand. Almost of motorcycle produce since 2005 can used

the ethanol blended fuel up to 10% (E10). And some motorcycle produce in 2008

onward can used ethanol fuel up to 20%. Most of motorcycle manufacture use

material for carburetor system and fuel hose of motorcycle are compatible to

ethanol. However the majority of motorcycle in Thailand is carburetor motorcycle

and if it use E10 , the emission come out from such kind of MC are changed.

Especially the higher HCs evaporative emission can be assumed.

The vehicle evaporative emission control (EVAP) system is a key play role

the reduce the hydrocarbon emitted from fuel system of the vehicle which is use the

ethanol blended fuel. However, it is the fact that the EVAP is not equipped in

motorcycle in Thailand.

The propose of this study is to evaluate the effect of E0, E10 and E20 on

evaporative emission from the new motorcycle model with is meet TIS 2130-2545

and TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3) introduce in Thailand.

EVAPORATIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM

The evaporative emission is hydrocarbons vapors loss from the fuel system

of a vehicle other than those from exhaust emission. The emission control system

of vehicle mostly equipped with carbon canister as shown in Figure 1.The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store

evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used

to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is

started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that

they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture.

The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then

be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow

into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum. One common

problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws

fuel directly into the intake system. Most charcoal canisters have a filter that should

be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel mileage drops.


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Figure 1. The Evaporative Emission Control System in Gasoline Vehicle

(Orbital Engine Company , 2002)

However, for motorcycle in Thailand which is now conform to emission

legislation TIS 2350-2551 (equivalent to Euro 3) mostly is not equipped with

evaporative emission control system. Because of the new motorcycle is injection

system the HCs emitted from engine is trend to be less compared to the carburetor

system. But the carbureted motorcycle is a majority of MC population in Thailand

so the evaporative emission from MC may come from HCs emitted from carbureted

system , the permeation from fuel hose and tank breathing loss (from fuel tank lid).

EFFECT OF ETHANOL CONTENT ON EVAPORATIVE EMSSION

Evaporative emission are influenced by the volatility of fuel. An increase in

RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure measure of the fuel volatility) due to the presence of

oxygenates such as ethanol, will give a corresponding increase in evaporative

emissions (Orbital Engine Company , 2002)

When the small amounts of ethanol are added to gasoline, the vapor

pressure of the mixture is greater than the vapor pressure of either the gasoline or

alcohol alone. The molecules of pure alcohol are strongly hydrogen-bonded, but

with small amounts of alcohol in a non-polar material (gasoline) the hydrogen

bonding is much less extensive and the alcohol molecules behave in a manner more

in keeping with their low molecular weight.Thus the alcohol become more volatile.



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The graphical show the behavior of RVP from various ethanol content in fuel as

shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2.The effect of ethanol blend fuel on RVP.

Solid line : Experiment data from Furey & Jackson (1997)

Dashed line : Experiment data from Guerrieri et,al (1995)

Automotive emission handbook (1995) have the conclusion of effect of

ethanol blended in fuel on RVP and evaporative emission. The RVP of fueldecrease by 10 kPa results in decreasing of evaporative emission by 23%.

T50 is also the fuel properties which is effect by adding ethanol into fuel as

shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.The effect of ethanol blended into fuel on T50.



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TEST FUELS

The test fuels for this test program are consist of 3 kind of fuels, E0 RON91

is a commercial gasohol fuel use for baseline, E10 and E20 are also a commercialgasohol fuel. All kind of test fuels are meet the Thailand fuel specification.

-Gasoline E0 RON 91

-Gasohol E10 RON 91 (10% vol. of ethanol blended)

-Gasohol E20 RON95 , (20% vol. of ethanol blended)

The current Thailand gasoline and gasohol fuel specification and the test

fuels E0, E10 and E20 fuels properties are shown in Table 1

Table 1 Gasohol Fuel Specification and E0, E10, E20 Fuels Compositions and

Properties .Properties Gasoline

RON91

Gasohol

E10 Spec.

E20 Spec. E0

RON91

E10

RON91

E20

RON95RON 91.0 Min 91.0 Min 95.0 Min 91.1 94.2 98.6MON 80.0 Min 80.0 Min 84.0 Min 83.0 83.5 85.3RVP @ 37.8 oC, kPa 62 Max 62 Max 64 Max 61.4 59.0 58.8Sulfur Content ,%wt.

Before Jan1,2012

From Jan1,2012

0.05 Max.

0.005 Max.

0.05 Max.

0.005 Max.

0.05 Max

0.005 Max

0.0047 0.0076 0.0069

Density @ 15.6oC , g/cm

3- - - 0.7340 0.7487 0.7487

Sp.Gr. @ 15.6oC, g/cm3 - - - 0.7348 0.7495 0.7495Distillation

IBP,oC

10% Evaporated,oC

50% Evaporated,o

C90% Evaporated,

oC

End point,oC

-

70 Max.

70-110170 Max

200 Max

-

70 Max.

70-110170 Max

200 Max

-

65 Max.

65-110170 Max

200 Max

35.651.6

78.3156.5186.1

39.552.5

73.0157.5185.5

39.754.2

71.1153.1185.0

Denatured Ethanol ,% vol - 9-10 19-20 0 10.2 20.2Oxygenate Content, % vol 0-11.0 -

Benzene Content, % vol.

Before Jan1,2012

From Jan1,20123.5 Max

1.0 Max

3.5 Max

1.0 Max

3.5 Max

1.0 Max

1.93 1.73 1.84

Aromatic Content, %vol.

Before Jan1,2012

From Jan1,201235 Max

35 Max

35 Max

35 Max

35 Max

35 Max

30.0 28.4 29.3

Olefins Content, %vol.

Before Jan1,2012From Jan1,2012

-18 Max

-18 Max

-18 Max

N.D. N.D. N.D.

Residue ,%vol. 2.0 Max 2.0 Max 2.0 Max 1.0 1.0 0.9Water content, %wt. 0.7 max 0.7 max 0.7 max 0.014 0.039 0.048Gross heating value, J/g - - - 45,975 44,136 42,238Silver strip corrosion,

Number

No.1 Max. No.1 Max. No.1 Max. No.1 No.1 No.1

Oxidation stability, min 360 Min 360 Min 360 Min >360 >360 >360Solvent washed gum,

mg/100 mL

4 Max 4 Max 4 Max 1.0 0.9 0.5

Carbon Content, %wt. - - - 86.20 82.94 79.66Hydrogen Content, %wt. - - - 13.53 13.32 12.94

Oxygen Content, %wt. - - - 0.27 3.74 7.40Note : Selected Properties Only


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TEST VEHICLES

There are total number of 8 motorcycles were selected and used to test on

evaporative emission in this research work. The motorcycles were selected to cover

the range of difference manufacturer, fuel distribution system, and emission controltechnology. From 8 motorcycles, consist of 4 models (each of 2 MC) most of them

are 4 stroke engine which are engine capacity less than 150 cc. Model A and C are

injection system but Model B and D are carburetor system. Technical data are

given in Table 2.

MC model A (A1, A2) which is meet Thailand emission legislation TIS 2350-2551

(equivalent to 97/24/EC , Euro 3) can be use with ethanol blended fuel up to 20%

(E20). MC model C (C1 ,C2) are also meet TIS 2350-2551 but can be use with

ethanol blended fuel up to 10% (E10). MC model B (B1,B2) and model D (D1,D2)

which is meet Thailand emission legislation TIS 2130-2545 (combination of

97/24/EC & JASO T 902-95, Taiwan), can be use with ethanol blended fuel up to

10% (E10).

Table 2 Technical data and characteristic of test vehicle.

Description A1 , A2 B1, B2 C1, C2 D1 , D2

Model year 2009 2008 2009 2008

Odometer (km) 1000 1000 1000 1000

Engine Type 4T Overhead

camshaft

4T Overhead

camshaft

4T SOHC 4T SOHC

Displacement (cc.) 109.1 124.9 134.4 113.0

Transmission 4-M/T 4-M/T 4-M/T A/T

Vehicle weight (kg) 95.0 98.0 105 91Number of cylinder 1 1 1 1

Bore/Stroke (mm) 50.0 / 55.6 52.4/ 57.9 54.0/ 58.7 50/ 57.9

Compression ratio 9: 1 9.3: 1 10.9: 1 8.8: 1

Injection system PGM-FI Carburetor Single cylinder

equipped with

FI

Carburetor

Cooling system Air cooled Air cooled Water cooled Air cooled

Fuel tank capacity (liter) 3.7 4.0 3.6 4.1

Catalyzer Metal

honeycomb

N/A Air induction

system

N/A

Fuel Specification E20 E10 E10 E10

Emission Legislation TIS.2350-

2551 (level 6)

TIS.2130-

2545 (level 5)

TIS.2350-2551

(level 6)

TIS.2130-2545

(level 5)


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PROTOCOL FOR MOTORCYCLE TESTING

Before starting the evaporative emission test, all of test MC were running

on chassis dynamometer with E0 RON91 for engine break in until mileage reach to1000 km. The engine oil were drained and replace with a new engine oil.

The 4 stroke motorcycles were concocted on evaporative emission test with

E0 RON91, E10 RON91 and E20 RON95 test fuels. The evaporative emission

were measured in VT-SHED (Variable Temperature- Sealed House Evaporative

Determination). All the test work was carried out at PTT Research & Technology

Institute, PTT public company limited, Thailand. Each MC was test on a series of 3

test fuels (E0, E10 and E20 respectively) with a single test.

MC were preconditioned prior to the first test on any new fuel by driving on the

chassis dynamometer at constant speed of 100 km/h for one hour to reduce the

carry over effect from one fuel to another.

EVAPORATIVE EMISSION TEST PROCEDURE

The definitions of evaporative emission, which is specified in Thailand

emission legist ration TIS. 2130-2545 and TIS 2350-2551, is hydrocarbons vapors

loss from the fuel system of a motorcycle other than those from exhaust emission.

The evaporative emission measured from motorcycle composed of HCs vapors loss

from two sources.

1. Tank breathing loss (TBL) ; The hydrocarbons emission caused by

temperature changes in the fuel tank.

2. Hot soak loss (HSL) ; The hydrocarbons emission from the fuel system

of a stationary vehicle after a period of driving.

The total evaporative emission is the sum of tank breathing evaporative

emission loss and hot soak evaporative emission loss.

The Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED) is used to

capture hydrocarbon evaporative emissions as the sequence of diurnal temperatures

fluctuation, hot soaks during parking, and urban driving.

SHED, a fully equipped variable-volume, variable-temperature (VV/TT),

consists of a computer control system, a climate control system, a mixing fan, a

volume compensation system and a flame ionization detector (FID) analyzer for

measuring total hydrocarbon concentration. The SHED chamber at PTT RTI test

laboratory is shown in Figure 4The eight tested MC are a new motorcycle which is driving on chassis

dynamometer for run in of 1000 km by E0 RON 91 fuel.


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Figure 4SHED Chamber at PTT RTI, Thailand

Test Motorcycle Preparation

After fuel in the fuel tank was drained, the fuel tank was equipped with

temperature sensor to enable to measured the fuel temperature at the midpoint when

filled to the level 50 + 5 % of its capacity and measured the evaporated gas

temperature at the middle of its volume. The heating pieces are installed at outside

of fuel tank to cover at least 10% of area which is contact to test fuel. The sensors

are set away from the heating pieces installation point for at least 25.4 mm. The

photo of heating pieces and the fuel tank preparation as show in Figure 5 andFigure 6 respectively.

Figure 5 Heating pieces for heat up the fuel tank



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Figure 6The architecture of the fuel tank preparation

Evaporative Emission Test Preparation

The test fuel is poured into the fuel tank to the level of 50 + 5 % of fuel

capacity. Then the motorcycle was preconditioning by running on chassis

dynamometer at constant speed of 50 km/h for 12 minute to get the mileage for 10

km. Within 5 minute after preconditioning , the test motorcycle was parked in

soaking area at least 6 hours.

Evaporative Emission Test Method

The measurement of the tank breathing and the hot soak evaporative

emission are as following.

1. Tank Breathing Loss (TBL) Test

The brief of tank breathing loss test procedure are following

1.1 With in 5 minute before conducting the test, the air inside the SHED

chamber was cleaned and removed by the blower until the hydrocarbon

concentration is equal to the atmosphere.

1.2 The test motorcycle was taken in to the draining room to drain out the

fuel and fill it back with the test fuel of 50 + 2.5 % of its capacity. The temperatureof the test fuels should be less than 8 degree C.

1.3 The test motorcycle will take into the SHED chamber, at that time the

led of fuel tank is still kept removed. The temperature sensor was connected to the

temperature recorder ant the temperature controller.

1.4 The blower is on at the same time of the fuel was heating up and reach

to temperature of 13.5 degree C. then close the led of fuel tank and switch off the

blower. The SHED chamber was closed and seal immediately.

1.5 When the fuel temperature reach 16.5 + 0.5 degree C (For non-exposed

type fuel tank), the hydrocarbon concentration , barometric pressure and

temperature in SHED chamber were record as initial value.


1.6 Continue heating the fuel so that the temperature is raised by 13.3degree C (For non-exposed type fuel tank) with in 60 minutes, the hydrocarbon was


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measured at the same time. The temperature of the fuel during heating was conform

to the following equation (1) and shall be within the tolerance of + 1.7 degree C

--------------------- (1)(2 / 9) 16fT t= +

Where ; Tfis the required temperature of fuel, degree Ctis elapsed time, min

The final temperature shall be 29.3 + 0.5 degree C for non-exposed type

fuel tank.

1.7 The hydrocarbon concentration, barometric pressure, and temperature in

the chamber were record as the final values.

1.8 The evaporative emission from tank breathing loss was calculated by

using the following formula (2)

MHC = K *V * 10-4*( CHC,f * Pf - CHC,i * Pi ) ----------------- (2)

Tf Ti

Where ; MHC= Mass of hydrocarbons measured over the test phase, g

CHC = Measured hydrocarbons concentration I the chamber, ppm

V = Net volume of chamber , m3(corrected for the volume of

motorcycle)

T = Ambient temperature in chamber , degree C

P = Barometric pressure , kPa

H/C = Hydrocarbon to Carbon ratio

K = 1.2*(1.2 + H/C)

When ; i is the initial value

f is the final valueH/C is taken to be 2.33 for tank breathing loss and 2.20 for hot soak loss

The tank breathing loss test procedure is shown in Figure 6.

2. Hot Soak Loss (HSL) Test

The brief of hot soak loss test procedure are following

2.1 The test was continued after TBL test was completed. The test

motorcycle was preconditioning by running on the chassis dynamometer at the

constant speed of 50 km/h for 12 minute to get the mileage of 10 km.

2.2 The air inside the SHED chamber was cleaned and removed by the

blower until the hydrocarbon concentration is equal to the atmosphere.

2.3 Within 7 minute after preconditioning, the test motorcycle are pushedinto the SHED chamber and seal immediately.

2.4 The hydrocarbon concentration , barometric pressure and temperature in

SHED chamber were record as initial value.

2.5 The motorcycle was kept in the chamber for 60 minute. The

hydrocarbon concentration, barometric pressure, and temperature in the chamber

were record as the final values.

2.6 The evaporative emission from hot soak loss was calculated by using

the following formula (2)

The hot soak loss test procedure is shown in Figure 7.



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Figure 7The Tank breathing loss and Hot soak loss evaporative emission

test procedure

EVAPORATIVE EMISSION EVALUATIONThe total evaporative emission is sum of tank breathing evaporative

emission loss (TBL) and hot soak evaporative emission loss (HSL). For TIS.

2350-2551 the limit of the total evaporative emission is 2 g/test. However in this

study, the engine capacity of all 8 test motorcycles are less than 150 cc. so the limit

of the total evaporative emission is 2.0 6.0 g/test (HC from tailpipe emission has

to be not more than 0.6 g/km).

The evaporative emission limit according to Thailand legislation (TIS 2130-

2545 and TIS 2350-2551) are related to the tailpipe emission measurement value as

show in Table 3 and Table 4. The tailpipe emission test cycle for TIS 2130-2545

and TIS 2350-2551 legislation , MC engine capacity less than 150 cc. as show in

Figure 8



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Table 3.Tailpipe emission limit according to Thailand MC emission legislation

Legislation Engine

capacity

CO, g/km HC, g/km NOx , g/km HC +NOx ,g/km

TIS.2130-2545

(Level 5)

All capacity 3.5 - - 2.0

< 150 cm3 2.0 0.8 0.15 -TIS.2350-2551

(Level 6) 150 cm3 2.0 0.3 0.15 -

< 150 cm3 2.0 0.8 0.15 -Euro 3

Directive

2003/77/EC

150 cm3 2.0 0.3 0.15 -

Table 4.Evaporative emission limit according to Thailand MC emission legislation

Legislation Engine

capacity

Limit of Total Evaporative Emission (HC) ,g : Tank

breathing losses + Hot Soak loss

TIS.2130-2545

(Level 5)

All capacity < 2 g / test or

2 - 6 g / test (CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx < 1.8 g/km)

< 150 cm3 < 2 g / test or

2 - 6 g / test (HC < 0.6 g/km)

TIS.2350-2551

(Level 6)

150 cm3 < 2 g/test

< 150 cm3 < 2 g / test or

2 - 6 g / test (HC < 0.6 g/km)

Euro 3

Directive

2003/77/EC 150 cm3 < 2 g/test

Figure 8. ECE-40 Test Cycle according to TIS 2130-2545 and

TIS 2350-2551 for MC engine capacity less than 150 cc



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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All of 8 test motorcycles were test on evaporative emission with E0 ,E10

and E20. The results were reported in to 2 groups; the motorcycle which is fuel

with injection system (MC mode A and C) and the second group is motorcycle withcarburetor (MC model B and D).

Evaporative emission test result for Injection system MC (Model A and C)

Model A test results

The evaporative emission test result for E0, E10 and E20 and percent

change of those relative to baseline E0 for motorcycle which are injection system

(MC model A and C) as shown in Table 5 and Table 6 respectively. All these

results are shown graphically in Figure 9, 10 and Figure 11

The MC A-1 and A-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test

results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was foundthat HSL is increase when adding more ethanol in fuel. That means E20 show the

highest HSL (0.14-0.17 g/test) which is contributing 15% of total evaporative

emission.

For TBL in overall results, It was found that E0 result in the highest TBL

range of 1.34 1.39 g/test. E10 and E20 show a close TBL which is range of 0.75

0.78 g/test for E10 and 0.83 0.91 g/test for E20.

In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), E0 give the highest

total evaporative emission (1.38 1.42 g/test) where as E20 and E10 show a closer

evaporative emission which are 1.05 and 0.83 g/test respectively. However, total

evaporative emission for MC model A is within TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3 limit) 2.0

g/test

Table 5. Evaporative Emission Test Results Test MC:Model A,Injection system

THC Mass Emission (g) % ChangeMotorcycle Evaporative

Emission

EURO 3

Limit E0 E10 E20 E0 vs

E10

E0 vs

E20

E10 vs

E20

TBL - 1.3399 0.7820 0.8385 41.64 37.42 -7.23

HSL - 0.0453 0.0542 0.1742 -19.65 -284.55 -221.40

Total 2 g/test 1.3852 0.8362 1.0127 39.63 26.89 -21.11

Model A-1

HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 6 / 94 17 / 83 - - -

TBL - 1.3782 0.7530 0.9137 45.36 33.70 -21.34

HSL - 0.0438 0.0802 0.1436 -83.11 -227.85 -79.05

Total 2 g/test 1.4220 0.8332 1.0573 41.41 25.65 -26.90

Model A-2

HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 10 / 90 14 / 86 - - -

A-1 & A-2 HLS/TBL(%)

(avg) - 3 / 97 8 / 92 15 / 85

Model C test results


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The MC C-1 and C-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test

results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was found

that ethanol content in fuel is not effect to HSL mass emission; by the way E0 , E10

and E20 show the close of HSL (range of 0.04-0.07 g/test). However, E10 show thehighest HSL (0.06 0.07 g/test) which is contribute 8% of total evaporative

emission.

For TBL in overall results, It was found that E0 result in the highest TBL

range of 1.05 1.21 g/test. E10 and E20 show a close TBL which is range of 0.75

0.76 g/test for E10 and 0.71 0.85 g/test for E20.

In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), E0 give the highest

total evaporative emission (1.10 1.25 g/test) where as E20 and E10 show the same

total evaporative emission which are 0.82 g/test in average. However, total

evaporative emission for MC model C is within TIS 2350-2551 (Euro 3 limit) 2.0

g/test

Table 6. Evaporative Emission Test Results Test MC:Model C,Injection system

THC Mass Emission (g) % ChangeMotorcycle Evaporative

Emission

EURO 3

Limit E0 E10 E20 E0 vs

E10

E0 vs

E20

E10 vs

E20

TBL - 1.0478 0.7649 0.7151 27.00 31.75 6.51

HSL - 0.0506 0.0674 0.0463 -33.20 8.50 31.31

Total 2 g/test 1.0984 0.8323 0.7614 24.23 30.68 8.52

Model C-1

HLS/TBL(%) - 5 / 95 8 / 92 6 / 94 - - -

TBL - 1.2102 0.7552 0.8466 37.60 30.04 -12.10

HSL - 0.0402 0.0601 0.0420 -49.50 -4.48 30.12

Total 2 g/test 1.2504 0.8153 0.8886 34.80 28.93 -8.99

Model C-2

HLS/TBL(%) - 3 / 97 8 / 92 5 / 95 - - -

C-1 & C-2 HLS/TBL(%)

(avg) - 4 / 96 8 / 92 5 / 95

Evaporative Emission : Hot soak Loss

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

THC

(g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 0.0453 0.0438 0.0506 0.0402

E10 0.0542 0.0802 0.0674 0.0601

E20 0.1742 0.1436 0.0463 0.0420

MC A-1 MC A-2 MC C-1 MC C-2

MC - Injection System

Figure 9. Hot soak loss evaporative emission for MC model A ,C (Injection system)



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Evaporative Emission : Tank B reathing Loss

0.00

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

THC(

g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 1.3399 1.3782 1.0478 1.2102

E10 0.7820 0.7530 0.7649 0.7552

E20 0.8385 0.9137 0.7151 0.8466



Figure 10. Tank breathing loss evaporative emission for MC model A ,C

(Injection system)

Evaporative Emission : HSL + TBL

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

THC

(g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 1.3852 1.4220 1.0984 1.2504

E10 0.8362 0.8332 0.8323 0.8153

E20 1.0127 1.0573 0.7614 0.8886


TIS 2350-2551 Level6 Limit < 2.0 g


Figure 11. HSL + TBL evaporative emission for MC model A ,C

(Injection system)

Evaporative emission test result for Carburetor system MC (Model B and D)

The evaporative emission test result for E0, E10 and E20 and percent

change of those relative to baseline E0 for motorcycle which are carburetor system

(MC model B and D) are presented in Table 7 and Table 8 respectively. All these

results are shown graphically in Figure 12, 13 and Figure 14.

Model B test results

The MC B-1 and B-2 show the same tendency in evaporative emission test

results for E0, E10 and E20 that is TBL is higher than that of HSL. It was found

that ethanol content in fuel effect to HSL; E0 show the lowest HSL 0.37 0.40



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g/test, E10 result in the highest HSL of 1.30 1.40 g/test which are contribute 50%

of total evaporative emission.

For TBL results, It was found that E0, E10 and E20 show the same level of

TBL (range of 1.34 1.62 g/test). However, E0 provide the highest TSL of 1.50 1.62 g/test.

In term of total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL), MC B-1 and B-2 show

the same tendency. E10 give the highest total evaporative emission (2.70 2.74

g/test) where as E20 and E10 show a closer evaporative emission which are 2.12

and 1.94 g/test respectively.

However, total evaporative emission for MC model B according to TIS

2130-2545 is higher than limit of 2.0 g/test for E10 and E20. It would not say that

MC model B are meet TIS 2130-2545 if the tailpipe emission test results are not be

considerate.(evaporative emission 2-6 g/test is accepted if CO from tailpipe


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Evaporative Emission : Tank Breathing Loss

0.00

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

THC(

g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 1.4950 1.6221 1.5093 1.5982

E10 1.4020 1.3415 1.3271 1.1692

E20 1.3382 1.3358 1.1835 1.0781

MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2

MC - Carburetor System

Figure 13. Tank breathing loss evaporative emission for MC model B ,D

(Carburetor system)


0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

THC

(g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 1.8613 2.0256 2.7154 2.9628

E10 2.7052 2.7382 1.8077 1.7615

E20 2.1003 2.2497 1.6551 1.6144

MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2

TIS 2130-2545 Level 5 Limit 2.0 - 6.0 g

(CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx


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0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

THC

(g)

E0 E10 E20

E0 1.3852 1.4220 1.0984 1.2504 1.8613 2.0256 2.7154 2.9628

E10 0.8362 0.8332 0.8323 0.8153 2.7052 2.7382 1.8077 1.7615

E20 1.0127 1.0573 0.7614 0.8886 2.1003 2.2497 1.6551 1.6144

MC A -1 MC A -2 MC C-1 MC C-2 MC B-1 MC B-2 MC D-1 MC D-2

TIS 2130-2545 Level 5 Limit 2.0 - 6.0 g

(CO < 3.5 g/km and HC+NOx


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Effect of RVP and T50 on Evaporative Emission

The test fuel properties as seen in Table 2 are plot in order to the more

understanding of effect of ethanol content in fuel on RVP and T50 as shown inFigure 15

Effect of Ethanol Content on RVP and T50

57.5

58.0

58.5

59.0

59.5

60.0

60.5

61.0

61.5

62.0

E0 E10 E20

Ethanol Content (%vol)

RVP

(kPa)

66.0

68.070.0

72.0

74.0

76.0

78.0

80.0

T50(C)

RVP T50

Figure 15The effect of ethanol in fuel on RVP and T50

As seen in figure 15, it was clear that because of the test fuels (E0, E10,

E20) use for this study are commercial fuel which are from various base fuel so it

can see that E0 show the highest RVP and T50. The evaporative emission come out

from E0 testing may the highest compare to E10 and E20.From test results, it was found that evaporative emission from injected

motorcycle (MC model A and C) tested with E0 show the highest evaporative

emission. The assumption of RVP and T50 which is effect to evaporative emission

are confirmed.

CONCLUSSIONS

The study on effect of E0, E10 and E20 on evaporative emission was

conducted on MC model A and C which is an injection system and on MC model B

and D which is a carburetor system.

The results in this study lead to the following conclusions:

1. All test fuels (E0, E10 and E20) show tank breathing loss (TBL) ishigher than hot soak loss (HSL) according to the test condition.

2. MC with injection system, E0 shows a highest TBL because the RVPand T50 of E0 is higher than that of E10 and E20.

3. MC with carburetor system, E0 , E10 ,E20 did not show significantdifference in HSL. E0 shows the highest TBL.

4. The carburetor system is more influence to HSL contribution thaninjection system.

5. The total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL) test results with E0 forinjected MC is highest level (1.10-1.42 g/test) however, still within Euro

3 limit. (< 2 g/test).


6. The total evaporative emission (TBL + HSL) test results for carburetedMC are various among E0 , E10 and E20 depend on vehicle technology.


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However, total evaporative emission from all fuel are still within TIS

2130-2545 limit (2 6 g/test)

7. The ethanol content in gasoline fuel greater than 10 % (>E10) may notresult in the increasing of evaporative emission. RVP and T50 is acritical properties that effect to evaporative emission.

8. Permeation of ethanol fraction in gasoline fuel through the fuel systemwhich made of rubber may a key play role of increasing of evaporative

emission

9. The differences in evaporative emission control technology among MCmanufacturer results in independent of evaporative emission.


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REFFERENCES

1. Orbital Engine Company, A Literature Review Based Assessment on the Impactsof a 20% Ethanol Gasoline Fuel Blend on the Australian Vehicle Fleet .November,2002

2. Keith Owen , Trevor Coley. Automotive Fuels Reference Book 2nd Edition,1995

paper- ethanol blend fuel performance on evaporative emission of motorcycle in thailand...

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