paper - human rights approach on trans-national hazardous environmental programs

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  • 8/4/2019 PAPER - Human Rights Approach on Trans-National Hazardous Environmental Programs

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    @{bdg Vio`}q D||vcda` cg ]vdgq"Gd}icgdj

    @d~dvmc{q Kguivcgbkg}dj \vcovdbqfy Vcqq \i}}bdg* Qyjudig @kgvy* Kvi @dvicgc

    \vk|dvkm ecv }`k =}` Ig}kvgd}icgdj Acgekvkgak cg @{bdg Vio`}q % @{bdg Mkukjc|bkg}

    Avi}iadj Acggka}icgq> @{bdg Vio`}q* @{bdg Mkukjc|bkg} dgm @{bdg Qka{vi}y

    ]`k =}` Ig}kvgd}icgdj Acgekvkgak cg @{bdg Vio`}q % @{bdg Mkukjc|bkg}

    A`{jdjcgohcvg [giukvqi}y* Fdgohch* ]`dijdgm

    40"49 D{o{q} 6

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    Dfc{} }`k Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm (BDM)

    Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm iq }`k igecvbdj ovc{| }`d} igi}id}km }`k imkd ce d |d|kv }`d} wc{jm miqa{qq

    d `{bdg vio`}q |kvq|ka}iuk ce }vdgq"gd}icgdj `d~dvmc{q kguivcgbkg}dj q|vdy |vcovdbq' ]`k

    jcoc ecv Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm mkqavifkq }`k ovc{| q|ivi} wkjj* &Bdqq* gc} djcgk8 Da}icg* gc}

    acb|jdig}q* Mkbdgm* gc} vkt{kq}q'& ]`iq da}icg"cvikg}km ovc{| ce dfc{} 1* `}}|>##bdqqda}icgmkbdgm'wcvm|vkqq'acb

    ]`k dfq}vda} dgm |d|kv iq fkigo |vk|dvkm dgm wvi}}kg fy bkbfkvq ce }`k Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm

    (BDM) y|kvgk}wcvh dgm* ig |dv}ia{jdv* Kvi @dvicgc* Qyjudig @kgvy* dgm Vcqq \i}}bdg'

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    ACG]KG]Q

    DAHGC_JKMOKBKG]Q

    DFC[] ]@K D[]@CVQJIQ] CE DFFVKUID]ICGQ

    4' IG]VCM[A]ICG6' @IQ]CVY CE JDVOK QADJK OKCKGOIGKKVIGO QA@KBKQ

    6'4 Okckgoigkkvigo Qa`kbkq @duk Fkkg C|kvd}icgdj ecv Cukv 6< Ykdvq

    6'6 Gkw Vkqkdva` dgm Q}{mikq

    6'1 Nk} E{kj Kbiqqicgq

    6'= _kd}`kv Bcmieiad}icg dgm Bi}iod}icg Kp|kvibkg}q

    6'; Ojcfdj Okckgoigkkvigo Ocukvgdgak

    1' @KDJ]@ IQQ[KQ

    =' KGUIVCGBKG]DJ IQQ[KQ

    ='4 Mkdm dgm Myigo ]vkkq

    ='6 Dovia{j}{vk Iqq{kq

    ='1 @cgky Fkkq dgm C}`kv \cjjigd}cvq

    ='= _d}kv Ud|cv iq d Ovkkg`c{qk Odq

    ='; Ojcfdj Mibbigo

    ='5 Qcjdv \cwkv \vcm{a}icg

    ='? Igavkdqigo [U dgm Igevdvkm Vdmid}icg Vkdmigoq dvc{gm }`k _cvjm

    ='0 Dj{big{b Acd}km Eifkvojdqq (A`dee)

    ='9 Dmmi}icgdj Viqhq dgm Mdgokvq ce Okckgoigkkvigo

    ;' @[BDG VIO@]Q \KV]DIGIGO ]C ]@K KGUIVCGBKG]

    ;'4 ]`k Vio`} }c d @kdj}`y Kguivcgbkg}

    ;'6 ]`k Vio`} }c \dv}iai|d}k ig Mkaiqicgq }`d} Deeka} }`k Kguivcgbkg}

    ;'1 ]`k Vio`} ce Daakqq }c N{q}iak

    ;'= ]`k Cfjiod}icg ce Ocukvgbkg} }c \vc}ka} }`k Kguivcgbkg}

    5' VKACBBKGMD]ICGQ

    D]]DA@BKG]Q

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    Dggkp 6 " T{kq}icggdivk \{fjia C|igicg cg Q}vd}cq|`kvia Dkvcqcj Okckgoigkkvigo \vcovdb

    Vkq|cgqk ce }`k Acgakvgkm _cvjmwimk Ai}i~kgq evcb 6? Ac{g}vikq

    Dggkp 1 " Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm Jk}}kv Adb|diog

    Ocukvgbkg} Vkq|cgqkq

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    }`k |vc}ka}icg ce }`k kguivcgbkg} iq ' ' ' d ui}dj |dv} ce acg}kb|cvdvy `{bdg

    vio`}q mca}vigk* ecv i} iq d qigk t{d gcg ecv g{bkvc{q `{bdg vio`}q q{a` dq }`k

    vio`} }c `kdj}` dgm }`k vio`} }c jiek i}qkje' I} iq qadvakjy gkakqqdvy }c kjdfcvd}k cg

    }`iq* dq mdbdok }c }`k kguivcgbkg} adg ib|div dgm {gmkvbigk djj }`k `{bdg

    vio`}q q|chkg ce ig }`k [giukvqdj Mkajdvd}icg dgm c}`kv `{bdg vio`}q

    igq}v{bkg}q'

    N{mok _kkvdbdg}vy

    Ig}kvgd}icgdj Ac{v} ce N{q}iak* 499?

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    DAHGC_JKMOKBKG]Q

    ]`k d{}`cvq wc{jm jihk }c kp|vkqq ovd}i}{mk dgm d||vkaid}icg }c>

    ]`k Acgekvkgak Acbbi}}kk* =}`

    Ig}kvgd}icgdj Acgekvkgak cg @{bdg Vio`}q dgm @{bdg

    Mkukjc|bkg}

    Bdq}kv ce Dv}q ig Ig}kvgd}icgdj Mkukjc|bkg} Q}{mikq (BDIMQ) |vcovdbbk* Dqidg Vkqkdva`

    Akg}kv ecv Biovd}icg* dgm Akg}kv ecv Qcaidj Mkukjc|bkg} Q}{mikq* Eda{j}y ce \cji}iadj Qaikgak*

    A`{jdjcgohcvg [giukvqi}y* ]`dijdgm

    Igq}i}{}k ecv @{bdg Vio`}q dgm \kdak Q}{mikq

    Bd`imcj [giukvqi}y* ]`dijdgm

    Ig}kvgd}icgdj Acc|kvd}icg dgm @{bdg Qka{vi}y (@Q4

    Mcggd Adjk

    Kji~dfk}` D' Mcgdqqc

    Kq"}kk D' Bijjkv

    Kudg @dv|kv

    @kd}`kv Bdv}ig

    Nkggi Fdjiq

    Nkqqk @iahqJiqd _dgmjkv

    ]id Biqvd`i

    ]cgk _kq}kvg

    ]viq`d Ndbkq

    &_k qkgm d wdvb }`dgh yc{ }c }`k bkbfkvq ce }`k Bdqq Da}icg Mkbdgm ovc{| w`c wkvk }`k

    bc}iud}icgdj ecvak fk`igm }`iq |d|kv'&

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    FICOVD\@Y CE D[]@CVQ(dj|`dfk}iadj cvmkv)

    Kvi @dvicgc `dq d jkodj fdahovc{gm ig ig}kvgd}icgdj jdw' Q`k igi}id}kq }`k adb|diog dgm ekjigk

    |d}vcg* Igmcgkqid Advkq ecv Ad}q w`ia` `dq cukv =*

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    JIQ] CE DFFVKUID]ICGQ

    AMA Akg}kvq ecv Miqkdqk Acg}vcj dgm \vkukg}icg

    AVVKQ Acbfigkm Vkjkdqk dgm Vdmid}icg Keeka}q Qd}kjji}k CV

    K\D Kguivcgbkg}dj \vc}ka}icg Dokgay

    I\AA Ig}kvocukvgbkg}dj \dgkj cg Ajibd}k A`dgok

    GDQD Gd}icgdj Dkvcgd{}iaq dgm Q|dak Dmbigiq}vd}icg

    GADV Gd}icgdj Akg}kv ecv D}bcq|`kvia Vkqkdva`

    GCDD Gd}icgdj Cakdgia dgm D}bcq|`kvia Dmbigiq}vd}icg

    QVB Qcjdv Vdmid}icg Bdgdokbkg}

    [ADV [giukvqi}y Acv|cvd}icg ecv D}bcq|`kvia Vkqkdva`

    UCA Ucjd}ijk Cvodgia Acb|c{gmq

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    DFQ]VDA]

    ]`iq |d|kv eca{qkq cg }`k iqq{kq ce `{bdg vio`}q uicjd}icgq davcqq gd}icgq m{k }c `d~dvmc{q

    kguivcgbkg}dj |vcovdb* }`k dkvcqcj q|vdyigo okckgoigkkvigo dq |dv} ce wkd}`kv bcmieiad}icg'

    [qigo kpiq}igo mca{bkg}q dgm dudijdfjk igmk|kgmkg} vkqkdva`* }`k bk}`cmq ce wkd}`kv

    bcmieiad}icg dgm }`kiv |c}kg}idj ib|da} cg `{bdg qka{vi}y dvk kp|jcvkm' Ig }`iq q}{my* 6=4

    acgakvgkm ai}i~kgq evcb 6; ac{g}vikq dvc{gm }`k wcvjm acb|jk}km d t{kq}icggdivk cg dkvcqcj

    q|vdyigo okckgoigkkvigo |vcovdb* vk|cv}igo w`d} }`ky }`igh vkodvmigo }`iq |vcovdb dgm i}q

    bc}iuk* ig acggka}icg wi}` }`kiv |kvq|ka}iuk dfc{} }`k gd}icgdj jkdmkvq dwdvkgkqq dgm }`k

    vkdqcg ce vkjkudg} da}cvq qijkgak }`d} `duk avi}iadj vcjk ig }`iq |vcovdb' ]`k kguivcgbkg}dj

    n{q}iak evdbkwcvh iq {qkm }c dgdjy~k }`k q}vd}cq|`kvia dkvcqcj ignka}icg qa`kbkq ig gd}icgq w`c

    {gmkvoc }`iq |vcovdb' ]`k gkakqqi}y }c q}vkgo}`kg ig}kvgd}icgdj gcvbq |vc}ka}igo {bdg vio`}q

    }c d qdek dgm qc{gm kguivcgbkg} iq d vkt{iqi}k ecv `{bdg mkukjc|bkg}'

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    4

    @{bdg Vio`}q D||vcda` cg

    ]vdgq"Gd}icgdj @d~dvmc{q Kguivcgbkg}dj \vcovdbq

    Vcqq \i}}bdg* Qyjudig @kgvy* Kvi @dvicgc

    4' IG]VCM[A]ICG

    @{bdg qka{vi}y dgm `{bdg mkukjc|bkg} dvk edaigo }`k ovkd}kq} }`vkd} kukv evcb cgocigo dgm

    |vc|cqkm jdvok"qadjk d}bcq|`kvia kp|kvibkg}q' ]`kqk jdvok"qadjk kp|kvibkg}q dvk gcw fkigo

    acgm{a}km dgm |jdgq dvk fkigo okgkvd}km }c acgm{a} bdqqiuk d}bcq|`kvia dgm cakdg

    kp|kvibkg}q ig }`k gkdv e{}{vk' Q{fq}dgakq dvk ig}kg}icgdjjy vkjkdqkm ig}c c{v d}bcq|`kvk d}

    udvic{q }ibkq }c }`k mk}vibkg} ce }`k Kdv}`q kguivcgbkg} dgm bdgy jiek ecvbq* djj ecv }`k fkgkei}

    ce ukvy ekw' ]`k [gi}km Q}d}kq iq acgm{a}igo bdgy ce }`cqk d}bcq|`kvia kp|kvibkg}q }cmdy'461

    D ovcwigo acgakvg iq }`d} bdgy a`kbiadjq* |dv}iajkq* dgm odqkq }`d} dvk vkjkdqkm* cg dg

    cgocigo fdqiq ig }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq ce Dbkviad* Evdgak* Qkvfid* Iqvdkj* ]`dijdgm* dgm ig bdgy

    ac{g}vikq dvc{gm }`k wcvjm* dvk `duigo d gkod}iuk ib|da} cg }`k Kdv}`q kguivcgbkg}' Bcvk

    qa`kbkq dvk |jdggkm {gmkv gkw |vc|cqkm okckgoigkkvigo ocukvgdgak acc|kvd}icg fk}wkkg

    }`k ['Q' @c{qk ce Vk|vkqkg}d}iukq Qaikgak % ]ka`gcjcoy Acbbi}}kk dgm }`k [H \dvjidbkg}

    (Ojcfdj Okckgoigkkvigo Ocukvgdgak)* w`ia` fkodg ig 6

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    6

    Gkw |vc|cqkm okckgoigkkvigo qa`kbkq wijj `duk dg kukg ovkd}kv ib|da} dq }`ky dvk |vc|cqkm

    }c fk {gmkv}dhkg cg d wcvjmwimk fdqiq' E{v}`kvbcvk* |vc|cqkm ojcfdj okckgoigkkvigo

    ocukvgdgak v{jkq dgm vko{jd}icgq wijj jkduk }`k bdncvi}y ce }`k wcvjmq |c|{jd}icgq wi}`c{} e{jj

    hgcwjkmok ce }`k qac|k ce }`kqk kp|kvibkg}q* wi}` gc dfiji}y }c |vc}kq} }`kiv {qdok cv }c fk

    wdvgkm ig dmudgak ce }`kqk kp|kvibkg}q' \dq}* a{vvkg}* dgm e{}{vk kp|kvibkg}q dvk d qkvic{q

    }`vkd} }c }`k kpiq}kgak ce jiek cg Kdv}`'

    Bdgy |viud}k igmiuim{djq dgm acv|cvd}icgq* igaj{migo }`k ['Q' ocukvgbkg}* dvk `kduijy kgodokm

    ig acgm{a}igo d}bcq|`kvia kp|kvibkg}q d} }`iq }ibk' Gkw okckgoigkkvigo qa`kbkq dvk t{iahjy

    fkigo |vcbc}km fy ig}kvgd}icgdj cvodgi~d}icgq* }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq* Fvi}dig* |viud}k acv|cvd}icgq

    dgm igmiuim{djq djcgo wi}` GDQD dgm }`k ['Q' biji}dvy' _i}` }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq kgodokm ig

    d}bcq|`kvia }kq}igo c}`kv ac{g}vikq wijj djqc fk |vkqq{vkm }c acgm{a} qibijdv kp|kvibkg}q'

    Ig 6

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    1

    fkgkei} eigdgaidjjy evcb }`iq kp|jci}d}icg dgm kp|jci} }`k biji}dvy dmudg}dokq evcb acg}vcjjigo }`cqk

    dvkdq';

    6' @IQ]CVY CE JDVOK QADJK OKCKGOIGKKVIGO QA@KBKQ

    6'4 Okckgoigkkvigo Qa`kbkq @duk Fkkg C|kvd}icgdj ecv Cukv 6< Ykdvq

    Nk} kgoigk |vcm{akm acg}vdijq `duk fkkg }{vgigo ig}c bdg"bdmk ajc{mq dgm w`i}k `d~k ecv cukv

    }wkg}y ykdvq' ]`iq a`dgok fkodg }c fk gc}iakm davcqq }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq* ig }`k jd}k 490

    GDQD q}{mikq q`cw }`d} igavkdqigojy |kvqiq}kg} nk} acg}vdijq bdy }{vg ig}c bdg"

    bdmk ajc{mq }`d} dvk}vd||igo wdvb}` ig }`k d}bcq|`kvk dgm kpdakvfd}igo

    ojcfdj wdvbigo' GDQD ockq cg }c q}d}k }`d} dgy a`dgok ig ojcfdj ajc{m

    acukv bdy acg}vif{}k }c jcgo"}kvb a`dgokq ig Kdv}`q ajibd}k' Acg}vdijq*

    kq|kaidjjy |kvqiq}kg} acg}vdijq* vk|vkqkg} d `{bdg"ad{qkm igavkdqk ig }`k

    Kdv}`q ajc{migkqq* dgm dvk jihkjy }c fk deeka}igo ajibd}k dgm {j}ibd}kjy c{v

    gd}{vdj vkqc{vakq' ?

    ;AGG Gkwq Q|kaidj Vk|cv} Iak _dvq @kd}igo {| }`k Dva}ia N{jy 4;* 6##www'agg'acb#6

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    =

    Qaikg}iq}q `duk ec{gm }`d} aivv{q ajc{mq* ecvbkm evcb divavde} kgoigk kp`d{q}*

    dvk ad|dfjk ce igavkdqigo dukvdok q{vedak }kb|kvd}{vkq kgc{o` }c daac{g} ecv

    d wdvbigo }vkgm ig }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq }`d} caa{vvkm fk}wkkg 49?; dgm 499='

    Daacvmigo }c \d}viah Biggiq* d qkgicv vkqkdva` qaikg}iq} d} GDQDq Jdgojky

    Vkqkdva` Akg}kv ig @db|}cg* UD'* }`kvk `dq fkkg d cgk |kvakg} |kv mkadmk

    igavkdqk ig aivv{q ajc{m acukv cukv }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq* jihkjy m{k }c div

    }vdeeiaAivv{q ajc{mq kpkv} d wdvbigo igej{kgak cg }`k (kdv}`q)

    q{vedak'''}vd||igo `kd} kbi}}km fy }`k q{vedak dgm jcwkv d}bcq|`kvk'''0

    GDQDq \d}viah Biggiq> _k `dm ec{gm }`d} (nk}) acg}vdijq wkvk |vcm{aigo b{a`

    bcvk ajc{m acukv }`dg wk kukv }`c{o`} }`ky mim' ]`iq cgk |dv}ia{jdv divavde}

    |vcm{akm d acg}vdij }`d} acukvkm dg dvkd ce ec{v }`c{qdgm qt{dvk hijcbk}kvq

    dgm jigokvkm ecv qip `c{vq' F{} wk djqc ec{gm } d} }`kvk wkvk acg}vdijq acukvigo

    b{a` jdvokv dvkdq dgm jdq}igo bcvk }`dg }wkg}y `c{vq'9

    6'1 Nk} E{kj Kbiqqicgq

    Dg K\D vk|cv}* }i}jkm Kudj{d}icg ce Div \cjj{}dg} Kbiqqicgq evcb Q{fqcgia Acbbkvaidj Nk}

    Divavde}4 Advmicudqa{jdv Keeka}q

    Gi}vcokg Cpimkq> J{go ivvi}d}icgq* |vkbd}{vk bcv}dji}y* (dq}`bd}ia dvk kq|kaidjjy

    qkgqi}iuk)* daim vdig'

    0Vkekvkgak> GDQD D|vij 60* 6

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    ;

    Ucjd}ijk Cvodgia Acb|c{gmq> Kyk dgm vkq|ivd}cvy }vda} ivvi}d}icg* `kdmda`kq*

    mi~~igkqq* uiq{dj miqcvmkvq dgm bkbcvy ib|divbkg}' (Igavkdqigo Dq}`bd djqc

    dqqcaid}km wi}` UCAq')

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    d}bcq|`kvia c~cgk* wd}kv ud|cv (d ovkkg`c{qk odq)* dgm |dv}ia{jd}kq jihk

    qcc}'(]`{q* nk}q e{kj kbiqqicgq dvk gc} fkgiog ig }`k kguivcgbkg}')

    Biji}dvy nk} e{kj iq mieekvkg} }`dg acbbkvaidj divjigk nk} e{kj dgm `dq bdgy mieekvkg}

    dmmi}iukq }`{q dmmigo }c acgakvgq dfc{} kukv"igavkdqigo div |cjj{}icg'

    6'= _kd}`kv Bcmieiad}icg dgm Bi}iod}icg Kp|kvibkg}q

    ]`kvk dvk cukv 5< wkd}`kv bcmieiad}icg |vcovdbq cgocigo ig }`k [gi}km Q}d}kq daacvmigo }c

    GCDD vkacvmq'44 ]`k [giukvqi}y Acv|cvd}icg ecv D}bcq|`kvia Vkqkdva` ([ADV) |{fjiq`km d

    bd| ig D|vij 6

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    5

    acg}vdijq41* dgm c}`kv duid}icg ib|da}q ig }`kiv Bdva` 6##www'gaqj'cvo#|vcovdbq#kguivcg#kgu@kdj}`#k`dq}`bd'`}b45

    D{}iqb Q}{mikq> `}}|>##dva`|kmi'dbd"dqqg'cvo#aoi#acg}kg}#dfq}vda}#456#44#4

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    ?

    wi}` c}`kv dqqcaid}km `kdj}` keeka}q' ]`kvk d||kdvq }c fk d fvkdq} adgakv acggka}icg }c

    Ui}dbig M mkeiaikgaikq gc}km ig vkakg} q}{mikq' @kdv} dgm igedg} `kdj}` |vcfjkbq dvk djqc

    dqqcaid}km wi}` d jdah ce Ui}dbig M' (Jdah ce Ui}dbig M fkodg q`cwigo {| ig }`k jd}k

    490

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    0

    wimk q|vkdm mkajigk ig djbcq} djj q|kaikq* ig djj dvkdq* evcb d wimk dqqcv}bkg}

    ce igqka}q* e{go{q* bcjmq* bijmkwq* fda}kvid dgm uiv{qkq' I `duk qkkg dvkdq

    w`kvk kukvy }vkk dgm q`v{f ig d mvdigdok dvkd `dq qcbk ecvb ce `kdj}`

    |vcfjkb]`k jdvokv t{kq}icg ce n{q} kpda}jy w`y }`ky dvk djj igeka}km* dgm w`d}

    i} iq }`d} ac{jm }viookv q{a` d fvcdm vkq|cgqk }c dg kg}ivk q{i}k ce |jdg} dgm }vkk

    acbb{gi}ikq3

    _`d} dvk }`k acbbcg ad{qkq ecv mk}kvicvd}igo }vkk `kdj}` ig qc bdgy dvkdq ce }`k [gi}km

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