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1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2018

IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 207 (2019) 011001

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The 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture (ICoFA)

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The 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture (ICoFA)

INTRODUCTION OF ICoFA 2018

Nowadays, the population all over the world is about 7.4 billion. Huge quantities of high quality food and agricultural products are needed every day. Therefore, forceful agricultural knowledge and innovation systems assure that the global food system contribute to decent supplies of high quality food and agricultural products, in a sustainable way. The International Conference on Food and Agriculture (ICoFA) will be a paramount and valuable event for scientists, researchers, students and practitioners to meet and discuss recent issues in food and agriculture sectors. The conference will cover a series of presentations and discussions in plenary, concurrent and poster sessions. ICoFA is dedicated to present high quality researches delivered by reputable Keynote Speakers and invited speakers from Asia region.

The 1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture was held on 20-21 October 2018 in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. Hosted by Politeknik Negeri Jember, the event was intended to provide technical forum and research discussion on food, agriculture, and how technology is effectively employed for sustainable development of food and agriculture. It is aimed to bring researchers, academicians, scientists, students, and practitioners together to participate and present the latest research findings, developments, and applications related to various aspects of agriculture engineering, organic agriculture, agribusiness, animal nutrition, animal production, veterinary Science, food science and technology, food safety, food security and sovereignty, IT for Agriculture, renewable energy and other researches and studies related to agriculture with the theme of “Current Innovation and Implementation of Modern Technology in Food and Sustainable Agriculture”.

The conference was participated by 234 participants from whole part of Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke, from Malaysia, Thailand, India, Mozambique, and Saudia Arabia. There are 186 papers for oral presentations and the committee has selected 66 papers out of 186 papers to be published to IOP Conference series : Earth and Environmental Science.

1/11/2019 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 207, 2018 - IOPscience

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Accepted papers received: 12 November 2018

Published online: 7 December 2018

Preface

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011001OPEN ACCESS

1st International Conference on Food and Agriculture 2018 View article PDFView abstract%

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012001OPEN ACCESS

Potential of Beauveria bassiana Lowland Isolates against Spodoptera litura in TobaccoPlantD N Erawati, I Wardati and S Humaida

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012002OPEN ACCESS



012024OPEN ACCESS

Supplementation of probiotic and prebiotic on the performance of broilersM M D Utami and N D Wahyono


012025OPEN ACCESS

Sustainability status of integrated rice-corn and beef cattle farming agriculture businessin Jember regencyN B E Sulistyono, Z Fanani and M M D Utami


012026OPEN ACCESS

An analysis of marketing channels on broiler carcass in Jember RegencyN D Wahyono and M M D Utami


012027OPEN ACCESS

Current and future goat production in Jembrana Regency, Bali ProvinceL Doloksaribu, B P McLachlan, R S Copland and P J Murray


012028OPEN ACCESS

Body dimensions of primiparous Bali cattle (Bibos sondaicus) supplemented withconcentrate at their first three month of pregnancyA A Oka, N N Suryani, M Dewantari, N P Sarini and N P Mariani


012029OPEN ACCESS

Increasing antioxidant activity of quail (cortunix-cortunix japonica) eggs with the additionof sweet flag (acorus calamus) powder as a feed additiveY F Nuningtyas and E Widodo


012030OPEN ACCESS

Effects of Mount Agung eruption on botanical composition and nutritive value of rationfed and rumen performance of Bali cattle in evacuation zonesN N Suryani, I W Suarna and I G Mahardika


012031OPEN ACCESS

Allele frequency estimation of BLAD (Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) in dairycattle in Enrekang regency South Sulawesi IndonesiaM I A Dagong, L Rahim, R R S R Aprilita Bugiwati and Nurmulyaningsih



Food Safety

Food Science and Technology


012032OPEN ACCESS

Identify the diversity of helminth parasites in cattle in Jember district (East Java -Indonesia)A Awaludin, Nurkholis and S Nusantoro


012033OPEN ACCESS

The blood haematological profile on laying hens that treated by different levels of yeastsupplementationD Pantaya and M M D Utami


012034OPEN ACCESS

The effect of adding probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on dietary antibiotic-free onproduction performance and intestinal lactic acid bacteria growth of broiler chickenS Wulandari and T M Syahniar


012035OPEN ACCESS

Addition garlic extract in ration on fat deposition of broilerM M D Utami, D Pantaya, N Nofida, N H D Larasati and A Agus


012036OPEN ACCESS

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Indonesian medicinal plants against food-borne pathogensT Budiati, W Suryaningsih, S. Umaroh, B. Poerwanto, A Bakri and E Kurniawati


012037OPEN ACCESS

Increasing of fish quality using ice-sterofoam container for paseban fisherman at JemberRegency East Java, IndonesiaD E Rahmanto and N Nurhayati


012038OPEN ACCESS


PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Effects of Mount Agung eruption on botanical composition and nutritivevalue of ration fed and rumen performance of Bali cattle in evacuationzonesTo cite this article: N N Suryani et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 207 012030

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Effects of Mount Agung eruption on botanical composition and nutritive value of ration fed and rumen performance of Bali cattle in evacuation zones

N N Suryani, I W Suarna and I G Mahardika

Faculty of Animal and Husbandry, Udayana University, Jimbaran Campus Badung-Bali, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Mount Agung eruption, August to December 2017, that is located in Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, caused Bali cattle to be evacuated. This study was undertaken to compare botanical composition and nutritive value of forage fed to Bali cattle and rumen performance before and after eruption in evacuation zones i.e. Sidemen and Nongan Villages. The first phase was a survey conducted in December 2017 on farmers to collect information on botanical composition fed before and after the eruption. The second phase was laboratory forage sample analysis from January to May 2018 for their nutritive value and rumen performance i.e. pH, NH3 and total VFA, Digestible Organic Matter in Rumen (DOMR) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Data was analysed using Anova. Results showed that there was more composition of forage fed before eruption in both evacuation zones compared to those of after the eruption. In Nongan evacuation zone, DOMR was higher 4161.81b ± 188.18 g/head/day vs. 3318.36a2) ± 236.89 g/head/day but lower in Sidemen evacuation zones 4403.53a2) ± 143.81 g/head/day vs. 4818.17a ± 279.77 g/head/day. In summary, there was more botanical composition of forage fed to Bali cattle.

1. Introduction. Bali cattle as one of the Indonesian beef cattle that plays important role in national meat supply. Not only have to pay attention on genetic potential of Bali cattle, but also have to pay attention on their nutrient intake to be able to improve their breeding stock. The improvement of Bali cattle have strategy goals such as to conserve and to improve the Bali germplasm. Furthermore, [1] urged that its impact-oriented benefits could directly sustain pro-poor initiatives to reduce poverty and hunger that are consistent with income growth, socioeconomic benefits, improved livelihoods and self-reliance.

The availability of forage through years plays important role in ruminant farming system. Forage provided to livestock consisted of native grass and legume that took over 40% to 80% from the total DM feed or about 1.5 to 3% from bodyweight of livestock. Forage is source of crude fiber, mineral and protein that supply the nutrient requirement of livestock [2]. The eruption of Mount Agung affected the availability of forage due to its ash contaminated the forage thus the growth of forage in Sidemen and Nongan conservation zones. As a result, the availability and the quality of forage provided to their livestock around the Mount Agung zone decreased. Furthermore, villagers and their

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livestock who lived around the Mount Agung zone had to evacuate to Sidemen and Nongan villages that were about 20 to 23 km from the Mount Agung zone. Therefore, smallholder farmers had to cut and carry forage around the both villages to provide to their livestock as well as donated concentrate by donators. As the villagers and their livestock stayed over three months in both evacuation zones, the availability of forage became crucial problem whether to keep or to sell their livestock with low prices. There more livestock were sold with low prices during the evacuation period in both zones that influenced the number of Bali cattle thus influenced the meat supply from Karangasem Regency. Karangasem Regency has the highest number of Bali cattle and was officially promulgated a designation regency for improvement of goat farming by the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture [3].

One of important limiting factors for animal performance is the daily amount of absorbable amino acids (AA) in their small intestine [4]. The amino acids reaching small intestine are supplied by microbial protein, the un-degraded feed protein, amino acids and peptides from feed which escape degradation, and endogenous secretions. The microbes that are produced in the rumen, and then pass down the digestive tract, may supply 60 to 80 per cent of the amino acids absorbed from the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis is a major factor affecting the overall amino acid requirement of ruminants [5]. Adequate dietary fiber is very important to maintain rumen health and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) by sustaining a stable environment in the rumen [6].

Based on these current phenomena, this study was undertaken to compare botanical composition and nutritive value of forage fed to Bali cattle and their rumen performance i.e. pH, NH3 and VFA production, microbes protein synthesis before and after the Mount Agung eruption in evacuation zones i.e. Sidemen and Nongan Villages.

Based on these current phenomena, this study was undertaken to compare botanical composition and nutritive value of forage fed to Bali cattle and their rumen performance i.e. pH, NH3 and VFA production, microbes protein synthesis before and after the Mount Agung eruption in evacuation zones i.e. Sidemen and Nongan Villages.

2. Materials and Methods. Data collection was taken in two phases. The first phase was a survey conducted in December 2017 on farmers to collect information on botanical composition and nutritive value of forage fed before and after the eruption of Mount Agung in the Sidemen and Nongan evacuation zones. Nongan Village, Rendang District, Karangasem Regency and Talibeng Village, in Sidemen District in Karangasem Regency were about 20 and 23 km from Mount Agung zone. The second phase was laboratory forage sample analysis from January to May 2018 for their nutritive value as well as rumen performance of Bali cattle i.e. pH, NH3 and total VFA of rumen fluids, Digestible Organic Matter in Rumen (DOMR) and microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Nutritive value of forages were analysed using Official Method of Analysis [7] and in vitro digestibility was analysed using modified In Vitro Technique by [8] NH3 was analysed by Spectrophotometer according to [9], VFA was analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) by [7] and MPS was analysed by [10]. Data was analysed by using descriptive statistics and Anova using multivariate using SPSS version 24.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Nongan evacuation zone 3.1.1 Botanical composition and their nutritive value. Twenty five smallholder farmers were surveyed who had flock size ranging between 2-14 Bali cattle of different physiological state. There were total of 163 Bali cattle consisted of 48 mature males, 67 mature females and 48 calves. Observation focused on mature males and females Bali cattle. Botanical composition and their nutritive values provided by smallholder farmers in Nongan evacuation zone before and after the Mount Agung eruption were presented in Table 1.

Botanical composition of forage provided by smallholder farmers before Mount Agung



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eruption was more varied with no concentrate supplementation. However, when smallholder farmers and their livestock were evacuated in Nongan Village, they provided less varied of botanical composition to their livestock with 1 kg of concentrate supplementation per head per day. This was due to the farmers found more difficult to cut and carry the forage as the availability and quality of forage decreased after Mount Agung eruption particularly after 3 months of the eruption. This resulted in lower crude protein.

Table 1. Botanical composition and nutritive values of feed provided in Nongan evacuation zone

(a) Before Mount Agung Eruption in Nongan Evacuation Zone

Botanical Composition

Given

(kg)

Dry Matter

(%)

Crude Protein

(%)

Crude Fiber (%)

Ether Extract

(%)

Organic Matter

(%)

Gross Energy

(kkal/kg) Elephant grass 25.00 61.21 6.34 18.85 4.17 50.63 2166.94 Calliandra 3.00 17.90 5.65 4.80 2.63 16.68 776.74 Gliricidia sepium 2.00 9.76 2.51 1.30 0.39 8.94 463.68 Jackfruit leaves 3.00 9.37 1.17 1.87 0.41 7.03 337.36 Cassava 0.30 1.76 0.06 0.09 0.01 1.70 87.85 Total 33.30 100.00 15.73 26.91 7.62 84.97 3832.57

(b) After Mount Agung Eruption in Nongan Evacuation Zone


Given

(kg)

Dry Matter

(%)

Crude Protein

(%)

Crude Fiber (%)

Ether Extract

(%)

Organic Matter

(%)

Gross Energy

(kkal/kg) Elephant grass 20.00 37.31 3.86 11.49 2.54 30.86 1320.93 Calliandra 5.00 22.73 7.18 6.10 3.33 21.18 986.43 Concentrate 1.00 14.07 2.30 1.53 1.21 13.99 591.36 Sugar cane shoot 2.00 25.89 0.97 0.57 1.52 23.37 991.47 Total 28.00 100.00 14.32 19.68 8.60 89.40 3890.19

3.1.2 Nutrient intake. Nutrient intake of Bali cattle before and after Mount Agung eruption was shown in Table 2. Intake of DM, CP, CF, EE, OM and GE of forage were significantly higher (P<0.05) when the cattle were in Nongan eruption zone after the Mount Agung eruption. This higher intake was due to the cattle provided with concentrate 1 kg per head per day. Concentrate had lower CF and higher digestibility compared to forage. This resulted in higher nutrient consumption. 3.1.3 Rumen fermentation in vitro. Rumen fermentation in vitro before and after Mount Agung eruption showed pH of rumen fluid of both rations was in normal range (Table 2). The differences of forage composition of ration caused pH in vitro was not significant (P>0.05). Rumen pH was one of factors that supported the growth of population and activity of rumen microbes. Optimal rumen pH for the optimal growth of population and activity of rumen microbes was 6.0 – 6.9 [11] and normal pH of rumen fluid was 6 – 7 [12].

Total VFA concentration rumen fermentation in vitro was also not statistically different (P>0.05). VFA was the products of carbohydrate fermentation as energy resources. Although energy consumption of Bali cattle was significantly higher (P<0.05) after the Mount Agung eruption, their VFA productions were not significantly different (P>0.05) before and after the eruption. However, NH3 production was significantly higher i.e. 7.1156 mMol (P<0.05) after the Mount Agung eruption compared to 4.0698 mMol before the eruption. NH3 was the product of the degradation of crude protein by microbial rumen. Protein content of feed after the eruption was lower although their consumption was higher i.e. 49.30%. The higher protein consumption resulted in higher NH3 production. NH3 concentration resulted in rumen fermentation in vitro of the ration that consisted of 70% forage and 30% concentrate ranged between 8.78 – 10.71 mMol [13]. An ideal N-NH3 concentration that supported the growth of bacteria optimally was 6-21 mMol [14].



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Table 2. Nutrient intake, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in vitro in Nongan evacuation zone

Before Mount Agung eruption After Mount Agung eruption (a) Nutrient Intake : Dry Matter, kg 5.12 6.72 Crude Protein, g/d 805.67 1202.85 Crude Fiber, g/d 1378.52 1655.90 Ether Extract, g/d 390.07 509.60 Organic Matter, kg/d 4.35 5.67 Gross Energy, kkal/d 19630.82 26150.28 (b) Rumen fermentation in vitro : pH 6.8790 6.9760 Total VFA, mMol 62.9640 62.5400 N-NH3, mMol 4.0698a 7.1156b (c) Microbial protein synthesis in vitro : DOMR g 3318.36a2) ± 236.88608 4161.81b ± 188.17950 Microbial N, g 106.19a ± 7.58035 133.18b ± 6.02174 MPS, g 663.67a ± 47.37722 832.36b ± 37.63590 Purine Absorption, mMol 146.06a ± 10.42690 183.19b ± 8.28300

Means in a column with different superscripts differed significantly at the .05 level.

3.1.4 Microbial protein synthesis in vitro. Digestible organic matter in the rumen (DOMR) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in ration of Bali cattle when they were in Nongan evacuation zone after the eruption (Table 2). The higher crude protein consumption resulted in higher NH3 production. Microbial rumen required sufficient NH3. The more production of NH3 of the ration after the Mount Agung eruption was beneficial to the growth of rumen microbial and this was shown by the higher SPM i.e. 832.36b ± 37.63590 g compared to those of before the eruption i.e. 663.67a ± 47.37722g. DOMR and MPS of ration of Bali cattle in Nongan evacuation zone was significantly higher compared to DOMR and MPS before the eruption being 1843.08 g and 368.62 g [13].

3.2 Sidemen evacuation zone 3.2.1 Botanical composition and their nutritive value. Similarly to Nongan evacuation zone, king grass always dominated the composition of forage before and after the Mount Agung eruption (Table 3). Rearing Bali cattle by smallholder farmers was side job and done traditionally where the flock size ranged between 2 to 14, therefore, feeding their livestock was mostly forage and feeding concentrate was rare and costly. However, concentrate was fed to Bali cattle in both evacuation zones where in Sidemen zone it was 0.5 kg concentrate per head per day (Table 3). Feeding concentrate to Bali cattle after the Mount Agung eruption both in evacuation zones was due to donated by donators who were aware about livestock in evacuation zones. 3.2.2 Nutrient intake. Before the Mount Agung eruption, more botanical composition fed to Bali cattle in Sidemen evacuation zone. Forage fed as protein sources such as Calliandra, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala. In contrast, concentrate was the source of protein, so their protein content of ration was almost twice less than of the ration fed before the eruption being 8.85% and 17.94%, respectively (Table 3), and was the protein consumption (Table 4).



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Table 3. Botanical composition and nutritive values of feed provided in Sidemen evacuation zone

(a) Before Mount Agung Eruption in Sidemen Evacuation Zone


Weight (kg)

Dry Matter

(%)

Crude Protein

(%)

Crude Fiber (%)

Ether Extract

(%)

Organic Matter

(%)

Gross Energy

(kkal/kg) Elephant Grass 20.0 38.30 3.96 11.79 2.61 31.68 1355.74 Calliandra 2.0 9.33 2.95 2.50 1.37 8.69 404.97 Gliricidia sepium 4.0 15.27 3.92 2.03 0.61 13.99 725.25 L. leucocephala 4.0 17.77 5.30 3.49 0.93 16.68 835.48 Native grass 5.0 19.33 1.80 6.11 1.24 18.62 705.56 Total 35.0 100.00 17.94 25.92 6.77 89.67 4027.00

(b) After Mount Agung Eruption in Sidemen Evacuation Zone


Weight (kg)

Dry Matter

(%)

Crude Protein

(%)

Crude Fiber (%)

Ether Extract

(%)

Organic Matter

(%)

Gross Energy

(kkal/kg) Elephant Grass 25.0 47.40 4.91 14.60 3.23 39.21 1678.03 Concentrate 0.5 7.15 1.17 0.78 0.61 7.11 300.49 Gliricidia sepium 2.0 26.31 0.99 0.57 1.54 24.10 1007.60 Native grass 5.0 19.14 1.78 6.05 1.23 18.44 804.48 Total 32.50 100.00 8.85 21.98 6.62 88.85 3790.60

3.2.3 Rumen fermentation in vitro. Nutrient consumption affected the rumen fermentation. The product of rumen fermentation in vitro showed that pH rumen fluid was in normal range (Table 4). Optimal pH for the growth of microbial rumen was 6 – 6.9 [15] and normal pH rumen fluid was 6 - 7 [12]. The concentration of total VFA and NH3 was not significantly different (P>0.05) between before and after the Mount Agung eruption. Sufficient concentration of NH3 and total VFA was required for optimal growth and activity of microbial rumen being 50 mgNH3/l and 70 – 130 mMol [16]. The level of VFA concentration was affected by basal ration, type of carbohydrate of feed, the physical form of the feed, rate of consumption, feeding frequency and the usage of chemical additive [16].

Table 4. Nutrient intake, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in vitro in Sidemen

evacuation zone

Before Mount Agung eruption After Mount Agung eruption (a) Nutrient Intake : Dry Matter, kg 6.55 6.61 Crude Protein, g/d 1174.77 1082.96 Crude Fiber, g/d 1697.42 1769.47 Ether Extract, g/d 443.12 405.34 Organic matter, kg/d 5.87 5.88 Gross Energy, kkal/d 26374.82 25072.86 (b) Rumen fermentation in vitro : pH 6.9330 6.8600 VFA, mMol 77.274 66.1440 N-NH3, mMol 6.5051 5.5327 (c) Microbial Protein Synthesis in vitro : DOMR, g 4818.17a ± 279.76791 4403.53a2) ± 143.80926 Microbial N, g 154.18a ± 8.95257 140.91a ± 4.60190 MPS, g 963.63a ± 55.95358 880.71a ± 28.76185 Purine Absorption, mMol 212.08a ± 12.31441 193.83a ± 6.32998

3.2.4 Microbial protein synthesis in vitro. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by the level of DOMR. Before the Mount Agung eruption, DOMR was 4818.17a ± 279.76791 g and after the



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eruption, the amount of DOMR was 4403.53a2) ± 143.80926 g. The higher level of the DOMR before the eruption resulted in the higher level of SPM before the Mount Agung eruption (Table 4). Microbial protein synthesis was varied between livestock, as it affected by feed fed to the livestock and even the same quality of feed, their responses were also varied. Feeding forage and concentrate affected microbial protein synthesis variously 70-279 g MCP/kg DOMR [15]. 4. Conclusion. Botanical composition of forage provided to Bali cattle by smallholder farmers before the Mount Agung eruption was more varied compared to after Mount Agung eruption both in Sidemen and Nongan evacuation zones. Bali cattle in Nongan evacuation zone after Mount Agung eruption consumed more nutrient, produced more VFA, NH3 and SPM (P< 0.05). In contrast, Bali cattle were in Sidemen evacuation zone after Mount Agung eruption consumed less nutrient, produced less VFA, Total NH3 and SPM (P<0.05). Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge support by Rector of The University of Udayana for the Udayana Research Fund allocated through the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) and Faculty of Animal and Husbandry of the University of Udayana, Bali-Indonesia.

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