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Vulnerability of the urban poor

Liselore Havermans

ASKMI, Tata-Dhan Academy, DHAN Foundation

Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

07-02-2008

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Abstract

The area of vulnerability is of great interest for development of the poor because it goes

beyond poverty as it includes future well-being. The area calls for more research as consensus

on measurement does not exist and empirical studies are limited. The current study includes 5

group discussions and structured interviews with 148 urban poor households of self help

group members from federations supported by DHAN Foundation in Madurai, India. The

measurement of vulnerability includes household characteristics, shocks, and coping

mechanisms. Urban poor households are found to often experience health shocks and job loss,

and cope with most shocks by taking loans. The results call for better financial management

by poor households, development of micro insurance, and for poor urban households to move

out of the slums. Comparable research among other groups further developed from the current

study will add significantly to an inclusive view of vulnerability of the poor will lead to more

insight in how to decrease the vulnerability of the poor.

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Contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4

2 Methodology................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Group discussions ............................................................................................ 5

2.2 Household interviews ....................................................................................... 6

3 Context ........................................................................................................................... 9

4 Vulnerability ................................................................................................................ 12

4.1 Household characteristics............................................................................... 13

4.2 Shocks ............................................................................................................ 15

4.3 Coping mechanisms ....................................................................................... 17

5 Results interviews ........................................................................................................ 19

5.1 Household characteristics............................................................................... 19

5.2 Shocks ............................................................................................................ 27

5.3 Coping mechanisms used ............................................................................... 29

5.4 Correlations vulnerability measures............................................................... 30

6 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 35

7 Limitations and suggestions for future research ...................................................... 38

References............................................................................................................................ 39

Appendices........................................................................................................................... 42

Appendix 1 Tables .............................................................................................................. 43

Appendix 2 Group Discussion guide on risk and risk management .............................. 44

Appendix 3 List of Available Documents ......................................................................... 46

Appendix 4 Vulnerability Interview Schedule ................................................................. 47

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1 Introduction

The major objective of development policy is poverty reduction (Chaudhuri, 2003). Static

poverty assessments have been a major source of information for policy development

(Chaudhuri, 2003), but current wellbeing does not necessarily reflect future wellbeing (Elbers

& Gunning, 2003). In order to alleviate poverty, not only the current distribution of wellbeing

should be measured. In addition, the processes that lead to poverty should be better

understood (Hoogeveen, Tesliuc, Vakis & Dercon, 2004), and estimations of future well-

being should be made in order to facilitate “forward-looking anti-poverty interventions”

(Chaudhuri, 2003, p.1). Risk and vulnerability analysis is focused on future wellbeing instead

of an ex-post wellbeing measurement that can be a very valuable addition to existing poverty

assessments (Chaudhuri, 2003; Elbers & Gunning, 2003; Hoogeveen et al, 2004).

Vulnerability analysis is still a relatively new line of research, with a lack of consensus

on the definition of vulnerability and on the best way to measure vulnerability (Hoddinott &

Quisumbing, 2003). A limited number of empirical studies exist and although it is of great

importance to understand both the level and causes of vulnerability, available data does not

allow for thorough measurement of these concepts (Harttgen & Günther, 2006). This study

focusses on both measurement issues and the level and causes of vulnerability.

In order to develop a clear, applicable and relevant measure of household vulnerability

that includes the most important aspects related to it, household characteristics, occurred

shocks, and coping mechanisms have been studied. Based on the results found in these three

areas and the relationships between the different variables the best measures of vulnerability

within the data have been defined. From these measures, conclusions have been drawn on the

vulnerability of the urban poor and steps that can be taken to reduce this vulnerability can be

distilled from this. All this was done with group discussions with self help groups and

household interviews with the households of members of self help groups supported by

DHAN Foundation in Madurai city, Tamil Nadu, India. While the group discussions give

more insight in the dynamics of vulnerability and provide input for the structured interviews,

the interviews itself provide a more quantitative and generalizable measure of vulnerability.

This paper first handles the methodology of the study in more detail in chapter 2,

explain the context in which the study is performed in chapter 3, and describe vulnerability

and its aspects based on a literature study and findings from the group discussions in chapter

4. Chapter 5 handles the results of the interviews. In chapter 6 all results and possibilities to

decrease vulnerability are discussed, and chapter 7 handles the limitations of the study and

provide thoughts on future research.

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2 Methodology

In this research, the vulnerability of the urban poor has been studied. This was done among

the urban poor of Madurai city, and in specific among the members of self help groups

supported by DHAN Foundation in Madurai. Madurai is a class-I city in South India, and as

differences are expected between geographical regions and cities with different sizes, the

results of this study will be best generalizable to other class I cities in (South) India. A

considerable amount of the poor in Madurai city are members of the self help groups

supported by DHAN Foundation (see chapter 3 Context), and all members of the self help

groups have to be poor to be eligible for membership.

The families of self help group members can be expected to have more adequate risk

management strategies than other urban poor households as they are actively trying to

improve their financial situation, have more exposure to knowledge on risk management

strategies, and have the opportunity to get micro insurance through their federation of self

help groups. Because of this relatively high ability to manage risks, the inadequacies in their

risk management can be expected to be generalizable to other urban poor households, and

even underestimate them. Because of this the identified areas of vulnerability and possible

solutions for these gaps can be expected to be of importance to most urban poor households.

2.1 Group discussions

In order to gain more insight in vulnerability and the process of risk management of the urban

poor group discussions were held with self help groups. In the group discussions all available

members of one self help group (around 10 to 15 women) reflected on the shocks they have

coped with in the past, the impact of these shocks, the risk management strategies they used,

the effectiveness of these strategies, and how their vulnerability can be reduced. The five

discussions were held with self help groups living in Madurai city from 3 federations, 2 in

Gangai, 2 in Pudur, and 1 in Madurai Vattara Kalanjiam.

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Table 1. Topics discussed in group discussions

Natural risks

Health risks

Life-cycle risks

Asset risks

Risks faced

Economic risks

Characteristics of

vulnerable households

Vulnerability

Causes for vulnerability

Direct impact Impact of risk event

Indirect impact

Risk reduction

Risk mitigation

Risk management strategies

used (per risk)

Risk coping

Coverage

Timeliness

Accessibility

Affordability

Stress level

Effectiveness of risk

management strategies

Effect on future ability to

cope with risk

Gaps (uncovered losses)

Possibilities for decreasing

vulnerability

2.2 Household interviews

Based on a literature review, examples of other interview schedules, and the results from the

group discussions the structured household interview has been developed. The main topics in

the interviews were households characteristics, shocks, and coping mechanisms. The format

of the interview schedule and part of the questions on household characteristics have been

adjusted from the ‘Impact of Micro Finance Survey’ conducted by Esther Duflo and Rachel

Glennerster from J-PAL South Asia in Chennai and MIT in urban India. The main risks as

found in the literature and from the group discussions have been taken up in the interview

schedule.

The households for the interviews were selected from all members of the self help

groups supported by DHAN Foundation in Madurai city excluding default clusters. The urban

members of the following federations were included in the population list; Gangai Vattara

Kalanjiam, Jaihindpuram Block, Karumbalai, Madurai Vattara Kalanjiam, Pothigai Vattara

Kalanjiam, Pudur, Sellur Vattara Kalanjiam, Thenmadurai Vattara Kalanjiam, and

Thirunagar. The selection of households has been done with simple random sampling to

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ensure a representative sample of all urban poor in Madurai. No relevant data for stratification

is available for the poor in Madurai.

The interviews have been conducted by five field associates from DHAN Foundation

that have extensive practice in working with the self help group members. The interviewers

received two days of training with the interview schedule. A research associate from the Tata-

Dhan Academy was appointed as field manager to oversee the interview execution. The data

entry of the interviews was handled by Greenbrix Business Solutions.

A total of 148 interviews have been completed. In total 184 household have been

approached, leaving 19.6 percent non response.

Table 2. Topics handled in interviews

Education

Living conditions

Social characteristics

Occupation

Income

Loans

Assets

Expenses

Household members characteristics

Insurance

Health *

Funerals

Unemployment

Business failure

Flood *

Fire *

Theft *

Eviction *

Caste clash *

Shocks faced (* coping mechanisms

handled)

(Marriage son or daughter)

Savings

Government support

Gift

Borrowing from Micro Finance Institutions

Borrowing from relative/neighbour/friend

Borrowing from moneylender

Borrowing other

Cut down on expenses

Move to cheaper house

Selling productive assets

Selling other property

Pawning property

Advance from employer

Insurance

Seasonal/temporary migration

Withdrawing children from school

Coping mechanisms

Sending children to work

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3 Context

The district of Madurai hosts more than 2.5 million people, of which more than 1.4 million

people live in urban areas. Of these 1.4 million around 0.93 million live in the Madurai city,

which makes Madurai a class-I city as it has a population greater than 100,000 (Annual

statistical abstract of Tamil Nadu (ASATN), 2003-2004). In the BPL data from 2004 it can be

found that out of the 108,435 households found living in the slums of Madurai all but 197

household live below the poverty line. In the census data from 2001 however just 52,411

households have been identified in the slums of Madurai. The federations of self help groups

promoted by DHAN Foundation have a total of 16,129 members, which goes down to 14,692

members when excluding default clusters (DHANAM data, December 2007). Of all people in

urban parts of Madurai district 35.1 percent are either main or marginal workers. The average

income in the slums of Madurai is Rs. 15,227 household per year, and Rs. 325 per household

member per month (Madurai Corp., BPL data, 2004).

For every 1000 men in Madurai (the district as well as the town) there are 978 women

(ASATN, 03-04). The lower amount of women might be explained in part by a preference for

male children, but also by migration from rural to urban areas that is mostly initiated by men

(Desai, 2003). Women still fall behind compared to men in terms of education; while for

every 1000 men in Madurai 775 are literate, only 625 women are literate (ASATN, 03-04). In

addition, the median number of years of school completed in Tamil Nadu, is 4.5 for women,

and 6.3 for men (IIPS, 2007). The situation seems to have changed for the new generation

though: the difference between female and male children aged 6 to 17 attending school in

2005-2006 is only 0.1 percent, with 86.1 percent of the girls going to school, and 86.2 percent

of the boys (IIPS, 2007). The main reason people give for their children dropping out of

school is not being interested in studies (37.7 % for males, and 22.6 % for females), but being

required for household work (6.5 % for males, and 15.6 % for females) or outside work (10.8

% for males, and 5.6 % for females) are also major reasons in urban areas of India (IIPS,

2007). A lack of empowerment of women can also been seen from the fact that more that 85

percent of the women living in urban areas in Madurai district are classified as non-workers

by the Annual Statistical Abstract of Tamil Nadu (2003-2004), while this is around 45 percent

for men.

In Tamil Nadu 2,066,115 people have life insurance, of which 1,659,914 live in urban

areas (ASATN, 2003-2004). With 62,405,679 and 27,483,998 people living in Tamil Nadu in

total and in urban areas respectively, 3.3 percent and 6.0 percent of the total population in

Tamil Nadu and in urban areas respectively has life insurance (ASATN, 2003-2004).

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Before moving on to slum specific data it is interesting to see what the general housing

conditions are for all households in Tamil Nadu. Most people in Tamil Nadu have electricity

and access to an improved source of drinking water (88.6 and 93.5 percent respectively). The

proportion of households with toilet facility, using solid fuel for cooking and living in a pucca

house (see definition below) is much less though (42.9, 60.5, and 69.9 percent respectively)

(IIPS, 2007).

A slum can be defined as “a compact settlement with a collection of poorly built

tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and

drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions” (NSSO, p.15, 2003). Urban slums can be

divided into groups based on the structure of the majority of the houses in the particular slum.

In the National Sample Survey (NSS) on the condition of slums the division is made between

pucca, semi-pucca, and katcha structures (NSSO, 2003). Pucca structures can be defined as

structures with walls and roofs of materials of relatively high quality such as cement,

concrete, burnt bricks, stone, and wood (NSSO, 2003). Katcha structures are made of all other

materials such as unburned brick, bamboo, mud, grass, leaves, and thatch (NSSO, 2003).

Semi-pucca structures have either the walls or the roof made out of pucca materials, but not

both (NSSO, 2003). It is found that in Tamil Nadu around 30 percent of the slums consist of a

majority of pucca structures, around 30 percent of semi-pucca structures, and around 40

percent of katcha structures (NSSO, 2003).

The slums of Madurai are said to have grown because of the migration of a

considerable amount of people, mainly from rural areas, to Madurai (Madurai City

Development Plan (MCDP), 2006). In the city of Madurai 208 slums can be found, of which

64 slums are notified (Census 2001, from MCDP, 2006). The slums of Madurai house an

estimate of 303,000 people, around one third of the total city population (Census 2001, from

MCDP, 2006). The majority of the non-notified slums are located along the riverbanks of the

Vagai river, or next to roads and railways (MCDP, 2006).

The infrastructure facilities that are available in the slums fall short on different points.

First, a lack of toilet facilities can be seen as one of the major problems faced by slum-

dwellers in Madurai. According to the Madurai City Development Plan (2006) the

dependency on public sanitation facilities among the slum population is high, but due to a

lack of public toilets (with each toilet serving around 300 people, instead of the prescribed

norm of 30 people), and ill maintenance of these facilities most slum-dwellers resort to open

defecation, which leads to worsened health conditions (MCDP, 2006). Second, as there are no

waste collection points or waste bins in the slums in Madurai, people dispose of their waste in

vacant areas, leading to more unhygienic conditions (MCDP, 2006). Third, the amount of

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people depending on one public stand post for water is higher than prescribed, with 120

people per pump in stead of the norm of 75 (MCDP, 2006). In some cases up to a thousand

people depend upon one public stand post (MCDP, 2006). Furthermore a lack of roads

compared to prescribed norms, the absence of proper storm water drains, and the lack of street

lights add to the bad conditions in which slum-dwellers live (MCDP, 2006).

Efforts have been taken to improve the living conditions in the slums. The Tamil Nadu

Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB), the main authority in slum improvement, has focused its

attention on the provision of shelter, service connections, stand posts, public toilets,

electricity, and employment (MCDP, 2006). The Urban Local Body (ULB) has implemented

a range of slum improvement programs with the help of state and central government (MCDP,

2006). These programs include the National Slum Development Program (NSDP) focusing on

infrastructure facilities and Swarna Jayanti Shehari Rojgar Yojna (SJSRY) focusing on

employment, savings, and credit for the urban poor (MCDP, 2006).

The ULB has tied itself to some goals regarding basic services for the poor that will

require extensive improvements. Some of the goals for the year 2016 are pucca houses,

underground drainage, and network coverage for all slum households, education for all slum-

dwellers, and adequate roads and lighting for all slums (MCDP, 2006). Even though the slum

population forms a large share of the total city population, and the area within the city that

could be developed is limited, the ULB will not only improve basic services, but will also

emphasize on relocation and rehabilitation of slum areas (MCDP, 2006). Only notified or

declared slums are considered for slum improvement (MCDP, 2006).

The Madurai City Development Plan (2006) further shows that in 2001, 59 percent of

all slum-dwellers lived in non-notified slums. From a later baseline survey for Madurai

Corporation (2006) it can be found that only 24 out of the 79 slums studied are either notified

or recognized by the TNSCB. This implies that a considerable amount of the slums in

Madurai will not be considered for improvement. As the goals that are describes above are set

for all slum-dwellers in all slums, and it can be assumed that non-notified slums are not

developed to the aimed level for 2016, relocation of a considerable amount of slum-dwellers

will be necessary within the current plan. A reflection of this can be seen in the budget for

basic services for the poor as more than 11 times as much money is available for construction

of houses than for basic infrastructure facilities (Rs 4,821 million and Rs 428 million

respectively).

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4 Vulnerability

Most poverty assessments have defined poverty as inadequately low income (Sen, 1997).

However, this does not capture all aspects of economic deprivation. Household income alone

does not reflect the ability of a household to meet elementary needs, and thus does not give

sufficient insight into the lives people can live (Sen, 1997). Differences exist between low

income and low capability to provide for elementary needs, such as avoiding hunger, under

nourishment, homelessness, and social abilities, such as the ability to appear in public without

shame, and take part in life of the community (Sen, 1997). An income approach to poverty

does not take into account the relationship between income and capability that is affected by

variations in characteristics and circumstances of persons, coupling factors that cause both

lower income and lower ability to convert income into functionings, the possibility of unequal

distribution within the family, and relatively low income leading to deprivation of capabilities

(Sen, 1997).

Even a poverty analysis that takes into account all aspects of economic deprivation

does not reflect future wellbeing which is reflected by vulnerability. Vulnerability can be

defined as “the exposure to uninsured risk leading to a socially unacceptable level of well-

being” (Hoogeveen et al, 2004, p.5). Risk can be defined as a condition in which there is a

possibility of an adverse deviation from a desired outcome (Vaughan & Vaughan, 2003).

Uninsured risk can be seen as that part of the risk that affects welfare outcomes in the case of

a shock (Hoogeveen et al, 2004). Hoogeveen et al (2004) suggest that as unacceptable levels

of well-being can be taken form the Millennium Development goals, and can include falling

below the poverty line, malnourishment, not completing primary education, gender inequality,

and other outcomes. The vulnerability of individuals, households, communities, and countries

is determined by (1) the risks faced and risk realization (shock), (2) risk management, and (3)

the expected outcome in terms of well-being (Heitzmann, Canagarajah, & Siegel, 2002).

Harrtgen and Günther (2006) argue that vulnerability is always measured as a function of

household and community characteristics, the expected household consumption, shocks, and

the ability to manage risk.

In this study the aspects of vulnerability were divided into household characteristics,

shocks faced, and coping mechanisms used. Risk management can be divided into two types

of strategies; ex-ante strategies, in which actions are taken before a shock occurs (risk

reduction, or risk mitigation), and ex-post strategies in which actions are taken after the shock

has occurred (risk coping) (Heitzmann et al, 2002). Ex ante risk management strategies are

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reflected in the characteristics of the household, while risk coping mechanisms are discussed

separately.

4.1 Household characteristics

The household characteristics are the first important aspects of this vulnerability analysis.

These characteristics can lead to an increased exposure to a risk, an increased magnitude of a

shock when it occurs, or a decreased ability to manage the risk. Efforts done to reduce or

mitigate risk are reflected in these characteristics. Although some characteristics that are

related to vulnerability are at macro level, such as (1) macro economic volatility and sectoral

shocks, (2) entrepreneurial activity and job creation in a region, and (3) the natural

environment (adapted from Chaudhuri, 2003), most characteristics are found at the household

level. The focus of this study is on the household level. Some household characteristics that

lead to vulnerability are (1) lack of and volatility of income, (2) lack of tangible and financial

assets including quality of house and available facilities, (3) belonging to a ‘low’ caste, (4)

low educational level, (5) risky occupation and type of employment, (6) lack of social capital,

and (7) lack of insurance (adapted from Chaudhuri, 2003). The most important characteristics

are discussed below.

First, households that have with limited possibilities to earn a proper income are

vulnerable to risks, as they have a limited base of resources, such as savings and assets that

can be pawned or sold, to cope with shocks, and for people that experience higher income

volatility their income is less predictable leading to more uncertainty. A limited amount of

resources is not only an issue for non-workers, as a large number of slum-dwellers can be

counted under the working poor (Harris, 2006). In Tamil Nadu many people earn their income

with casual labour, having to work in marginal economic activities that provide low wages

and come with high income volatility (Harris, 2006). In his study in the slums of Coimbatore,

Harris (2006) shows that differences between people who have to resort to casual wage

workers and people who are able to find permanent wage work can be found in terms of caste

identity, and the influence caste has on occupation and residential background (the type of

slum a person comes from). The prevalence of hiring employees for permanent wage work on

the basis on recommendations restricts people from certain castes and residential backgrounds

in getting permanent wage employment because of their lack of access to the needed social

networks (Harris, 2006). In this case the sources of vulnerability related to a lack of resources

and high income volatility can be found in caste, residential background, and the resulting

occupation.

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Of all urban households in India 53 percent can be categorised as informal, with an

informal household defined as a household in which the major share of the household income

comes from informal activities (Sinha, Sangeeta & Siddiqui, 2003). A major characteristic

that distinguishes informal employment from formal employment is the absence of a contract

(Sudarshan, & Unni, 2003). The work performed can be similar as to that done in formal

employment, but some types of self-employed work are never done in formal employment,

such as street vending or home-based work (Sudarshan, & Unni, 2003). Households that

depend upon informal employment for their income are subject to high income risk as their

employers have no legal responsibility for them.

Apart from the wage insecurity caused by the prevalence of informal work, the low

participation rate of women in income generating work is another factor increasing the

vulnerability of the poor. A mere 14.2 percent of the women in India earns an income, with

only 6.5 and 9.6 percent of women living in urban areas working in informal and formal

employment respectively (Basanta, Pradhan, Roy & Salvja, 2003). This lack of economic

empowerment of women leaves them in a position where they cannot decide themselves in

the event of a social crisis (Suguna & Rani, 2007). In addition, in the case of a shock, such as

the death of the husband, a woman that has to start working for a wage with limited education

and work experience will earn less than a woman with a higher level of education and/or more

work experience, leaving her relatively unable to cope with the shock.

The Madurai City Development Plan (2006) speaks of vast amounts of rural migrants

who end up living in the slums of Madurai. It is possible that these groups have limited social

networks within the city of Madurai leaving them more vulnerable in the case of shocks, and

when looking for work.

As Hoogeveen (2004) defined vulnerability as the exposure to uninsured risk, lack of

insurance can be seen as an important source of vulnerability. Because regular insurance

schemes are often too expensive for the poor, a new type of insurance has been developed:

micro insurance. Micro insurance is targeted at the low income market, and involves risk

pooling across individuals that make small, regular payments in exchange for compensation in

the case of a financial loss (Cohen & Young, 2006). As micro insurance is still a relatively

new product and most poor people are unaware of the concept of insurance, a majority of the

poor are uninsured. The Indian government has required all new insurers to sell a percentage

of their products to the poor, increasing the access to insurance, but not necessarily improving

the quality of the product.

Increasing numbers of the members of self help groups promoted by DHAN

Foundation in the slums of Madurai have life or health insurance. Relatively affordable group

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life insurance is offered by multiple private organizations such as LIC and HDFC. Some

federations of the self help groups promoted by DHAN have started mutual insurance among

its members. Mutual insurance is a form of micro insurance in which the policy holders

themselves are the owners of the fund. In spite of efforts to improve insurance coverage, it is

still very low in the slums of Madurai, as in other parts of India.

4.2 Shocks

A second issue related to vulnerability is the shocks households face. In this study, only risk

to downside shocks that can negatively impact wellbeing are handled. Multiple household

characteristics can be related to the exposure to a risk and the magnitude of a shock when it

occurs. The urban poor face a wide range of risks, including natural, health, life-cycle, social,

economic, and political risks. From the literature study of the context and group discussions

with members from self help groups, the most important and common shocks for the urban

poor of Madurai were found to be the following:

- Flood

- Fire

- Theft

- Illness

- Accident

- Unemployment

- Business failure

- Eviction

- Caste clash

One type of risks that the urban poor in Madurai are faced with is that of excessive rain. The

first risk of this type is the risk of flood. Many of the slums in Madurai are situated alongside

the river in tank areas. As the slum-dwellers have encroached the tank areas, the households

run the constant risk of eviction. This leads to minimized investments in the house, leaving

most houses of low quality (katcha). As these areas are designed to store water in the case of

excessive rain, the risk of flood is high for households that live in the areas and, because of

the low quality, the houses and the belongings inside it will be considerably damaged by

flood. Another rain related risk is the decrease in work opportunities in times of rain in certain

jobs. For example, construction work and papad production are disrupted by rain. In addition,

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some women in the group discussions reported that they have more health problems during

the rainy season.

The risk of fire is highly related to the type of housing and facilities available. For

households with a thatched katcha house the risk of fire will be higher than for households

living in a house of higher quality.

The risk of theft is also partly related to housing. Although a household with a katcha

house without possibilities to lock the house will probably not have a large amount of assets

that can be stolen, the ease with which the assets available can be stolen is higher than in a

lockable pucca house. As even poor households often have gold jewellery the risk of theft can

be considerable.

The risk of illness is related to a number of different factors. Unhygienic conditions in

the slum, low quality drinking water, unhealthy nutrition, and risky occupations can all lead to

illnesses. From the 2003-2004 economic survey major diseases can be identified, such as

malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, blindness, cancer, and mental disorders. In the

group discussions illnesses such as a regular cold or fever, anemia, chikun gunia fever, and

delivery problems were pointed out as frequently occurring health problems in the slums of

Madurai. The main types of accidents discussed by the self help group members are traffic

accidents and occupational accidents. Construction work was most seen as an accident prone

occupation.

Unemployment and business failure are major shocks for any household but are

expected to occur more frequently among the urban poor. Low levels of education and social

networks that do not reach to high job levels are expected to influence unemployment.

A risk that only the poor in encroached areas face is the risk of eviction. Participants

of the group discussions living in houses on encroached areas felt that they could not afford

legal housing and resorted to live with the risk of eviction. In addition, the women build up

their houses, although often with limited investments because of the threat of eviction, and

social network in the slum which gives an incentive for them to stay in the encroached slum.

In one group discussion all of the women and their families had lived in a tank area that had

been encroached for 60 years. When they were evicted in 2005 all the women in the self help

group received an emergency loan to lease a house. Although not without problems, the

women who had always felt they could not afford to live anywhere else are now living in

legal housing of better quality. The vulnerability of these women can be said to have

increased by the relatively large loan they have taken up as they have to put some of their

limited income aside to repay the loan leaving them with diminished resources to spend for

the fulfilment of daily needs and to handle small shocks. On the other hand, their exposure to

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a wide range of risks, such as eviction, health problems due to unhygienic conditions in the

slum, and the risk of flood has decreased, making them less vulnerable.

Another risk identified through the groups discussions is the risk of a caste clash in a

slum. Although the participants of the discussions were usually not comfortable with talking

about this issue, the issue did finally come up in multiple discussions.

The marriage of the son or daughter is also included in a measure of shocks. Even

though a marriage is something that is wanted and thus in that way not a negative shock and

the household members influence whether it occurs, and how much they will spend on it, the

social pressure because of the status involved makes a marriage a very expensive event that

does not really feel like an option but an obligation that often leaves the household coping it

as if it were a shock.

4.3 Coping mechanisms

The characteristics of the household do not only influence the risks faced by the household,

but also the ability of the household to cope with a shock, as reflected in the coping

mechanisms used (see table 2 for a list of coping mechanisms). Receiving support from

outside such as gifts or government support are helpful and do not decrease future ability to

manage shocks, but are usually not very predictable. A household should be able to cope with

the shock itself in order to not be vulnerable on the long run. Household that are able to cope

with a shock through insurance or their own savings do not severely limit their future ability

to manage risk. Households that take up loans are more vulnerable as they spend money that

they have not earned yet, will have to pay interest for this service, and will have more

difficulty in receiving a new loan with low interest when the next shock occurs if the present

one has not been repaid yet, limiting their future ability to handle shocks.

A cut down on expenses, moving to a cheaper house, selling assets not used for work,

and pawning property might mean a step back in the living standard of the household but do

not need to have excessive influence on the future ability to manage risks. As long as the cut

down on expenses does not lead to malnutrition, and the cheaper house does not come with

more risks such as that of eviction and unhygienic conditions the household can relatively

easily come back to earlier living standards. Seasonal or temporary migration does not have to

increase vulnerability either, as it might increase income earning opportunities and should not

have a negative effect on long term earning and risk management abilities. Selling productive

assets, however, means a decreased income on top of the costs of the shock, resulting in a

situation that is more difficult to come out of.

18

As discussed above insurance is a predictable way of managing risk. Although the

household will have to spend a fraction of its income on this permanently, the risk of having

major costs at one time that the household can not manage is taken away for the insured risk.

The risk coping mechanism with the highest impact on future income earning and risk

management abilities is withdrawing children from school and sending them to work.

Although this might improve the current situation of the household the effects in the long term

are destructive as the younger generation that is also expected to take care of their elders will

have limited earning opportunities because of their low level of education.

The coping mechanisms used by the household reflect their ability to cope with risks

and their vulnerability. A household using a costly coping mechanism (either in terms of

money or future ability to handle risks) does not only limit its future ability to handle risk, but

will already be vulnerable as it is not able to handle the shock with preferable mechanisms. It

is possible though that part of the problem can already be solved by increasing the knowledge

of poor household on coping mechanisms available. It is possible that households are not able

to find the loan with the lowest interest rate or are not aware of affordable insurance products

and help provided for saving.

19

5 Interview Results

5.1 Household characteristics

The 148 interviewed households included 610 household members coming to an average

household size of 4.1 people. This includes 51.4 percent women, and 48.6 percent men. The

higher percentage of women in the sample than that of women living in Madurai can be

explained by the fact that in all households, at least one household member is a woman as the

sample was drawn from self help groups and all members of these groups are women. The

average age of all persons is 27.2 years. Seventy-five percent of all people are born in

Madurai district; people who were born in other districts and migrated to Madurai can mainly

be found among the older generations. On average, people married for the first time at the age

of 22 (21.8 years). Of all 610 people in the sample, 270 are or have been married, of which 22

spouses have died, 8 married couples are not living together yet, and 7 are separated or

divorced.

The vast majority of the households are Hindu (89.2%) and small minorities are either

Muslim (4.8%), or Christian (4.8%). The different social groups are represented in the

following manner: scheduled caste 28.6 percent, scheduled tribe 3.0 percent, other backward

class 55.6 percent, and other groups 12.8 percent (N=133). In the census data from 2001 only

11.6 percent of the people living in the slums of Madurai were found to be from a scheduled

caste and just half a percent from scheduled tribes. This shows that the vast majority of

households are members of a class that is backward to some extent, but that the majority

(55.6% other backward class) is not in the most backward positions based on their class.

Of all people in the sample (including infants) 15.2 percent are illiterate. A majority of

72 percent of all respondents attended or attends a government school, 13.0 percent attended a

private school, 11.2 attended a private aided school, 2.4 percent went to a government college,

1.4 percent went to a private college, and none of the respondents went to a madarsa. The

average educational level of all people that have finished studying lies between 7th and 8

th

standard. When looking at figure 1 it can be seen that a relatively large amount of people

stopped studying after finishing 5th, 8

th, 10

th, or 12

th standard. Possible reasons for dropping

out after 5th standard can be the fact that in the past government schools were only free of

costs up to 5th standard or because some schools, especially in villages, only provide

elementary school up to 5th standard. A reason for drop outs after 8

th standard could be that

girls reach puberty at that age (13 or 14) and parents want to limit their contact with boys to

prevent problems with arranging their marriage. The central exams at 10th and 12

th standard

20

could be reasons for drop outs as well. Although it is easier now to redo one subject instead of

the whole year, the shame resulting from a child redoing a year in school could lead them to

sending their children to work as an alternative respected by the community.

Figure 1. Level of education for all persons finished studying (%)

The majority of the households rents the house they live in (56.1%), a large minority owns

their house (29.7%), 10.8 percent lease the house, and 2.7 percent has another arrangement

(N=148). Although most people have secure rights on the land they live on (69.2%), a large

minority (29.2%) has no rights on their homestead land, and 1.7 percent does not know

whether they have secure rights (N=120). A majority of the households live in pucca (high

quality) houses (53.1%), another 6.2 percent live in semi-pucca houses, and 35.2 and 5.5

percent respectively tiled katcha houses and thatched katcha houses (N=145). Most

households have a house consisting of two rooms (49.7%), while one room (23.8%) and three

rooms (19.0%) are also common. While most household live in houses that are waterproof

(70.1%), 23.6 percent of the households live in houses where none of the rooms are

waterproof, and a few live in houses where some of the rooms are waterproof (6.2%). With

92.5 percent, most of the houses can be locked with a lock and key. A minority of the houses

(7.5%) did not have this prevention of theft.

21

The majority of all households gets at least some of their water from a tap (76.6%), 28.1

percent uses a tube well or hand pump as a water source, and 17.8 percent uses a tank or

reservoir. Almost none of the households in the sample used a well, river, canal, lake or pond,

or purchased water by pot or bottle. Even though the majority of the households uses a tap,

the vast majority of the households shares at least one source with other households (85.6%).

Of the households that share their water source 23.7 percent share it with 5 households or less,

25.9 percent share it with between 6 and 10 households, 20.6 percent with between 11 and 20

households, and 29.8 with 21 or more households. More than one third of all households

(37.6%) treat their water before anyone drinks it, with almost all of them treating it by boiling

the water.

Although the majority of the households (78.6%) uses a septic tank or pit toilet as a

latrine, 12.4 percent resorts to defecation in open air, while 8.3 percent uses a service latrine.

Almost half of all households (43.8%) share their latrine with other households. Waste is

collected from a bit more than half of the households (53.8%), while 40 percent still dumps

their waste, and 6.2 percent burns it.

Of all people in the sample, 44.4 percent do other work than housework (see table 3).

This is more than the percentage of 35.1 workers (main and marginal) in urban parts of

Madurai district (Census, 2001). It is possible that, because of the low incomes earned by the

households living in the slums, more people in the household have to work to earn enough. In

addition, it is possible that the women in the self help groups are more independent than other

women in Madurai and more of them have jobs, as 40.2 percent of all working people in the

sample are women, while this is 20.7 percent in urban parts of Madurai district (Census,

2001). Another reason for the difference might be that the census data is relatively old. It is

possible that at this point in time more women in urban areas of Madurai are working.

Table 3. Workers

Madurai District

Urban (Census ,

2001)

Slums of Madurai

(Census , 2001)

Sample Households

of SHG members in

slums of Madurai

Percentage of

workers 35.1 34.8 44.4

Fraction of workers

that are women 20.7 19.6 40.2

Of all working people 17.4 have their own business as their primary job. From the data

it can be found that 74.7 percent of all working people work for a wage, and that 7.8 percent

do casual labour. It is possible though that working for a wage was in some cases interpreted

as casual labour thereby over estimating the amount of people working in a steady job. The

22

relatively high amount of people getting paid daily for their primary job (37.9%, see table 4),

and the people getting paid irregularly (7.8%) suggests a frequent occurrence of casual labour.

The majority of all working people are employed by a private company (57.0%), a

considerable minority is employed by small businesses (21.0%), a small minority is employed

by the government (3.3%), and 18.7 percent has another type of employer. Out of the people

working for small businesses and the remaining ‘other’ types of employers, 41.2 percent

works for a business owned by someone in the slum in which the household lives. This shows

that a relatively big amount (12.9%) of the jobs performed by slum dwellers is created by

other slum dwellers. On average a working person works 51.2 hours per week on his primary

job. The average income per working person from their primary job is Rs. 2,792 per month. A

few people (18 people; 3.0% of all) receive financial support such as an old age pension,

disability pension, or scholarship. The majority receives this from the government (16 out of

18) and the average amount these persons receive is Rs. 1,236. The average income from

primary jobs, secondary jobs, and financial support such as pensions is Rs. 4,741 per

household per month, and Rs. 1,176 per person in the household per month.

Table 4. Payment for primary job (N=243)

Payment for primary

job

Percentage

Daily 37.9

Weekly 16.9

Monthly 37.4

Irregular 7.8

The average total income per household is Rs. 4,741 per month and, assuming that the

income earned in the last 30 days before the interview took place (end of November to end of

December) is a good estimate of the income earned each month in the last 12 months, the total

income per household per year is Rs. 56,893. One thing that has come out of the group

discussions is a belief in lowered income in months with more rain, especially for occupations

such as papad production and construction work. As the rainfall in Madurai in December is

normally a little below the average rainfall per month (the average rainfall is 70 mm per

month, while this is 54.2 for December, calculated from Annual Statistical Abstract 2003-

2004 Tamil Nadu) it is possible that the monthly income found in this study is a little higher

than the actual average income per month in the last 12 months.

On average the total expenses per household (including food, assets, shocks,

ceremonies and festivals, and other goods and services) are Rs. 73,500 per year. It is possible

that this amount is overstated as the expenses of ceremonies and festivals might overlap with

23

the expenses of for example food and clothes. Per household Rs. 15,420 per year is spent on

ceremonies and festivals (see table 5). A conservative statement of the household expenses

excluding the amount given for ceremonies and festivals is Rs. 58,126 per year. Even with

this conservative statement of expenses the expenses per household per year are somewhat

higher than the income per household per year. When taking the conservative statement of

expenses 26.4 of the expenses is spend on ceremonies and festivals. Part of this amount will

be spent on items that would have been bought anyway, such as clothes bought for Diwali,

but are chosen to be bought for the festival.

Table 5. Expenses on ceremonies and festivals

Festivities and ceremonies Rs. per year

Wedding (own daughter) 6,419

Wedding (own son) 2,304

Wedding (other person) 1,387

Funerals 848

Festivals (Diwali, Ramadan, Christmas etc.) 2,633

Ceremonies (naming, rice feeding, puberty etc. ) 1,829

Total 15,420

The average amount spent on food items is Rs. 1963 per household per month (see

table 6). From the households that have educational expenses an average of Rs. 157 per

household per month is spent on school and tuition fees, and another Rs. 375 a month goes to

educational articles such as books and uniforms. On average every household spent Rs. 570

on medical expenses including medicines and hospitalization in the last 30 days.

Table 6. Average food expenses per household per month (N=148)

Product Expenses (Rs.)

Cereals and cereal products 431

Pulses and pulse products 130

Milk and milk products 196

Edible oil 132

Vegetables 246

Fruits and nuts 35

Egg, fish & meat 276

Other food items 267

Food consumed outside the home 81

Pan/tobacco/intoxicants 53

Drinking water 12

Fuel 122

Total food expenses 1963

24

The 148 households in the sample have a total number of 253 outstanding loans. This

comes down to an average of 1.7 loans per household. The average amount each household

still has to repay is Rs. 32,620. The main providers of loans are self help groups. This is not

surprising as the sample is taken from self help group members. The fact that moneylenders

are a big source for loans for self help group members implies that other poor urban

households will be even more dependent on this group of providers.

Table 7. Percentage of outstanding loans per provider

Loan provider Percentage

SHG (self help group) or other savings group 40.7

Moneylender 25.1

Relative, neighbor, friend 14.7

Cooperative 8.7

Commercial bank 5.2

Shopkeeper 4.3

Finance company 3.5

MFI 3.0

Chit fund 1.7

Other 0.8

The reason most stated for taking loans is repaying old debt. It is possible that the

members of the self help groups in the sample have this purpose more often than the average

poor household. They have access to loans with low interest through the self help group, but

sometimes take more expensive loans from moneylenders first when loans from the self help

groups are not directly available or already had these loans when becoming a member, which

then leads to taking a loan from the self help group to repay old debt.

The second most stated reason for taking loans is for regular consumption. This

implies that the household has a general lack income to pay for all its expenses. On the one

hand the fact that these households can get a loan can be seen as positive as it might save

them from malnutrition in the short term, but if the problem of the lack of income is not

solved within a short period of time the household has only increased their vulnerability as

they have already spend money they have not earned yet and have to pay regularly for this

service increasing their expenses even further.

The third most stated reason for taking loans is marriage. A marriage seems the perfect

example of something that a household should save for. As the parents of the bride and groom

(but mostly the bride) usually pay for the marriage, the majority already knows at the birth of

the child that, if all goes according to plan, this expense will come in the future. The parents

also know that, because of the traditions and social status involved, they will want to spend a

25

large amount of money. As the average age of marriage in the sample is 21.8 years old, this

leaves the parents with almost 22 years to try and save for the marriage. Taking loans for

other ceremonies (10th), jewellery purchase (12

th), and buying new products (14

th) are also

matters that should have been saved for. Although the amount of money spend on marriages,

other ceremonies, and jewellery might feel as an obligation to the household because of the

tradition and social status involved, it is a choice the household is making to do what is

expected of them and spend their money for these purposes.

Health issues of household members and non household members (5th and 17

th resp.),

unemployment (7th), temporary difficulties (11

th), funerals (13

th), and home improvements or

repair (15th) are all relatively hard to predict when they will occur or whether they will occur

or not and often need to be solved as soon as possible. Although borrowing might not be the

best risk management strategy for these issues, it is possibly the only option available after the

shock has occurred.

All of the purposes for taking loans mentioned above do not decrease a households

vulnerability. The four purposes of taking loans that can decrease a household’s vulnerability

are education, home construction, starting a new business, and buying a plot. These reasons

are the 4th, shared 8

th, and 16

th most common purposes respectively. With only 21.3 percent of

all loans being taken up with a (possibly partial) purpose that might improve the household

situation, the amount of loans taken up is worrying. Education and starting a new business can

decrease vulnerability by increasing, among others, the expected earned income. Home

construction and the purchase of a plot can decrease vulnerability as the household builds up

assets that might increase in worth. The household has to have secure rights for the land and

the house though, as otherwise they are investing in something that is not legally theirs and

could be taken away from them at any time. In addition, the area in which the house is built

has to be safe, as building in areas that are prone to the risk of fire, flood, and health issues

might lead to increased vulnerability.

26

Figure 2. Purposes for taking loans by number of times of occurrence

The vast majority of the households (83.8%) have at least one type of insurance. This is a

good sign as this means these households have protected themselves against at least one type

of shock, but it can be assumed that this is not the average situation for all households in the

slums. The sample constitutes of households of members of self help groups promoted by

DHAN Foundation and through these self help groups micro insurance is promoted and

offered. To these self help groups insurance is offered that is more affordable than what can

be obtained individually. More than a third of all persons (36.7%) have life insurance;

accident insurance is also relatively well represented (14.9%), but this is probably in all of the

cases part of the life insurance as only households with life insurance have accident insurance.

None of the households in the sample has health or asset insurance, and a mere 2 households

have some other insurance. Most of the households (77%) reports to have insurance with their

self help group, 33 percent reports to have insurance with LIC. All insurances provided to this

group by LIC can be expected to be arranged through the self help groups. With the support

of People Mutuals from DHAN Foundation, the self help group federations can take LIC

insurance, provide mutual insurance, or use a combination of both.

27

5.2 Shocks

The most common shocks faced by the households are health shocks. 43.2 percent of all

households have at least faced one health shock that cost them more than Rs. 500 in the last

12 months. Only 3 out of 148 households faced two such shocks. A majority of 69.6 percent

of these health shocks were illnesses and 30.4 percent were accidents. The most common

health issues on which more than Rs. 500 was spent are fever (10 households), car or two

wheeler accidents (5 households), chikun gunia fever (4 households), and giving birth (3

households). Most of these health events on which the household spend money occurred to

someone within the household, but for 7.2 percent of all cases, the person experiencing the

health shock was not a household member. For a minority of the health shocks (37.3%) the

person had to stop working or going to school. For this group the average period of time the

person did not work or go to school was 49 days. The households that faced a health shock

spend Rs. 6792 on average. The main source of these costs is treatment or medicines, with

68.4 percent of the health events money was spend on this source, consultation fees were also

often paid (44.3%), as well as lab tests or x-rays (43.0%). Other sources are hospital stays

(38.0%), transportation (31.6%), living expenditure for those other than the patient (26.6%),

operations (20.3%), and religious offerings (5.1%).

Table 8. Percentage of health events for which each source of expenses was used (total number of

health events / number of times source of expenses recorded)

Source of expenses Percentage

Treatment / medicines 68.4

Consultation fee 44.3

Lab tests / x-ray 43.0

Hospital stay 38.0

Transportation 31.6

Living expenditure for those other than patient 26.6

Operation 20.3

Religious offering 5.1

Another type of shock is that of loosing a job or closing a business. None of the household

members included in the interviews had to close their business in the last 12 months, while 46

people lost their jobs. This means that in 31.0 percent of all households someone lost their

job. In most of the cases (73.9%) the person was fired because the employer laid of workers,

in a minority of the cases people were fired because of a health problem (13.0%) or because

the employer shut down (10.9%). The average amount of time it took to find a new job (based

on the 9 reported cases) is 121 days.

28

Shocks such as of flood, fire, and theft occurred less frequently. In the last 12 months

2 households experienced a flood, 7 households experienced a fire and 3 households a theft.

Because of these low numbers of occurrence within the sample no significant conclusions can

be drawn from these shocks individually. Eviction is a relatively more common shock in the

slums of Madurai, with 14 households getting evicted from their houses in the last 12 months.

In about half of the cases the house the household was evicted from was owned by them (the

land the house stood on was not owned though), and in the other half of the cases the house

was not owned but rented, leased or another arrangement. Surprisingly, most of the evicted

houses were pucca houses (8). Half of the households lost a few days of work because of the

eviction. Another shock that was only reported by a few households (4) was that of a caste

clash, with only one household reporting to have experienced damage from this shock. As the

experience from the groups discussions is that most people are not comfortable talking about

the issue, and caste clash is one of the last handled issues in the interview, it is possible that

households decided not to talk about the caste clashes they experienced, leading to an under

estimation of the occurrence and impact of this issue in this study.

A relatively common shock is death, with 29.7 percent of all households spending

money on funerals in the last 12 months. This relatively high percentage can be explained by

the fact that households will not only spend money on funerals of diseased household

members but also other relatives and neighbours. The average amount spend on funerals is

Rs. 4508, but the amounts paid range widely from Rs. 10 to Rs. 50,000. In the last 12 months

costs were incurred from 5 marriages of daughters and 4 marriages of sons. The average

expenses were Rs. 190,000 for daughters’ marriages and Rs. 85,250 for sons’ marriages.

The average amount every household spent on health, funerals, fire, flood, and theft is

Rs. 3945. Though, when including the costs of sons and daughters getting married this

amount jumps up to Rs. 12,668, and when including other festivities (marriages of others,

festivals and ceremonies) it goes up to Rs. 18,475. On average all households spend 11.1

percent of their income on health, funerals, flood, fire, and theft, but 25.9 percent when

including marriages from sons and daughters, and 41.2 percent when including marriages of

others, festivals, and ceremonies. An average of 4.6, 7.9, and 17 percent of expenses

(including assets, and all shocks and festivities) is spent on the above named shocks

respectively.

29

Table 9. Relative impact of shocks (percentage of income spend on shocks)

Percentage

Shocks 1 (health, funeral,

flood, fire, theft)

11.10%

Shocks 2 (Shocks 2 +

marriage son and daughter)

25.60%

Shocks 3 (Shocks 2 +

marriage others, festivals,

and ceremonies)

41.20%

5.3 Coping mechanisms used

The shocks faced by households can be handled in a variety of different ways. The types of

coping mechanisms used gives more insight into the vulnerability of the household. The

coping mechanism most commonly used in the households that faced a shock is borrowing

from relatives, neighbours, or friend (22 times). A possible explanation for the high frequency

with which this coping mechanism is used is the timeliness of this mechanism. When the

shock occurs an amount of money will have to be available as soon as possible, which is not

always possible with microfinance institutions and banks. Borrowing from microfinance

institutions was used less (9 times), and borrowing from moneylenders and other providers

occurred relatively often (both 15 times). Borrowing from other providers was mainly done

from commercial banks, shop keepers, and self help groups. One household got an advance

from their employer, which can also be seen as a form of borrowing. Another relatively often

used coping mechanism is withdrawing from savings (15 times). The fact that borrowing is by

far the most often used coping mechanism is somewhat worrying. Borrowing is not the coping

mechanisms with the highest negative impact on the ability to cope with shocks in the future,

but it does show that the household is already not able to cope with the shock with its own

resources and will most likely also not be able to do this when the next shock occurs.

All other coping mechanisms are used considerably less than the ones discussed

above. Some households cut down on expenses (6 times), received government support (4),

sold property that is not used for work (4 times), or pawned property, which are all

mechanisms that do not affect future ability to handle shocks to a very large extend, as long as

the cut down on expenses does not lead to under nutrition. In the sample, 1 household moved

to a cheaper house after a fire, and migrated temporarily after getting evicted. None of the

households reported to have coped with a shock by receiving a gift, selling an asset used for

work, insurance, withdrawing children from school, or sending children to work.

30

Table 10. Use of coping mechanisms (number of times of occurrence)

SAVINGS 15

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 4

GIFT 0

BORROWING FROM MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS 9

BORROWING FROM RELATIVE/ NEIGHBOR/FRIEND 22

BORROWING FROM MONEYLENDER 15

BORROWING (OTHER) 15

CUT DOWN ON EXPENSES 6

MOVED TO CHEAPER HOUSE 1

SOLD ASSET USED FOR WORK 0

SOLD ANY OTHER PROPERTY 4

PAWNED ANY PROPERTY 4

ADVANCE FROM EMPLOYER 1

INSURANCE 0

SEASONAL/TEMPORARY MIGRATION 1

WITHDRAWING CHILDREN FROM SCHOOL 0

SENDING CHILDREN TO WORK 0

OTHER 2

5.4 Correlations vulnerability measures

The correlations between the most important household characteristics and shocks and coping

mechanism measures are shown in table 11. As all three aspects together determine the

vulnerability of a household the relations between them are of great interest. After describing

the measurement of all different aspects of vulnerability, the Pearsons correlation coefficients

among the household characteristics, among the shocks and coping mechanisms, and between

household characteristics and shocks and coping mechanisms will be handled.

The educational level of a household is measured by assigning numbers from 1 to 20

to the different level of education shown in figure 1 and taking the average for all household

members that have finished studying. Household income is measured as the total income per

household from primary and secondary jobs and financial support such as pensions. Loans

outstanding is the total amount from all loans that the household still needs to repay. The total

expenses are all monthly expenses on food, ceremonies and festivals, shocks, assets, and other

goods and services. ‘Costs of shocks 1’ is measured by taking the costs incurred by the

household in the last 12 months because of heath issues, funerals, flood, fire, or theft. This

first measure of the financial impact of shocks is limited to events that can clearly be defined

as shocks. In ‘cost of shocks 2’ the costs incurred in the last 12 months because of a marriage

31

of a son or daughter are added to the amount in ‘costs of shocks 1’. This last measure includes

costs incurred by events that can be seen as shocks, but that are highly related to the

behaviour of the household itself and their sensitivity to reputation and status. Savings as a

coping mechanism is measured as the amount of times a household used savings as a coping

mechanism when facing a shock. The amount of coping mechanisms used is the number of

times any coping mechanism was used in the last 12 months when facing a shock. The

amount of shocks is the number of times any of the following shocks was faced: health issues,

flood, fire, theft, eviction, unemployment, business failure, and caste clash.

When looking at the correlations among the household characteristics it can be seen

that the educational level is significantly positively correlated with the other characteristics

(income, loans, expenses and assets). It is likely that education on the one hand and income,

expenses and assets on the other hand reinforce each other, with higher levels of education

leading to more income and expenditures, and higher income leading to a situation in which it

is easier to let children be educated up to a higher level. Household income is highly related to

expenses (a correlation of almost 0.6) and even more to outstanding loans (0.686).

Surprisingly household income is not significantly related to the amount spend on assets in

the last 12 months. The high positive correlation between household income and outstanding

loans seems surprising as households with a higher income should be more able to finance

their expenses with their own sources. Could it be that the more possibilities for loans, the

more loans a household will take and that the more a household earns the more it lives above

its standard? Outstanding loans are also highly related to expenses. As loans will be taken to

spend money this is not very surprising. As assets are included in the expenses measure these

two are also related.

The most interesting correlation among the measures of shocks and coping

mechanisms is the significant correlation between costs of shocks including marriage and

savings used as a coping mechanism. The fact that this correlation is higher than that between

savings used as coping mechanism and costs of shocks without marriage implies that

households planning to marry a son or daughter have more savings that they will use for other

shocks if necessary (the measurement of coping mechanisms does not include coping

mechanisms for marriages).

The fact that the costs of shocks (both 1 and 2) are highly related to assets suggests

that the total amount spent on shocks is not just related to how vulnerable a household is and

how many shocks it encounters, but that it is especially related to how much a household is

able to spend when facing it. Even though households spending more money on shocks are

expected to be more vulnerable, the correlation with expenses and assets implies that a

32

household with more money available will also spend more than a household without money

available in the case of a shock. While the cost of shocks without marriage are only

significantly related to expenses and assets, the costs of shocks including marriage are also

related to educational level, income and loans. This could imply that households with higher

education, higher income, and/or higher loans spend more on marriages, but not shocks that

are less status sensitive.

Savings as coping mechanism, the amount of coping mechanisms used and the

number of shocks faced are all most related to expenses excluding ceremonies and shocks.

All are also significantly related to total expenses. The relationship between using savings as

a coping mechanism and a household’s expenses can be explained by the logic that

households that have more to spend can also save more and use this in case of a shock.

Saving as a coping mechanism is also related to educational level and household income. The

fact that education is more highly related to savings used as a coping mechanism than income

is can imply that more educated household do not only earn more (see correlation between

education and income) but also place more importance on savings than lower educated

households.

The relationship between the number of coping mechanisms used, shocks faced and

expenses seems more complex. This relationship implies that households that have more to

spend will also spend more money on shocks. Indicating that the costs of shocks are not

linearly related to vulnerability as wealthier households spend more on shocks. A factor that

will have influenced this relation is the fact that in the interviews only health events on which

more than Rs. 500 was spent were handled. A household that did not have the money to spend

on a health event will not have reported this event in the interview strengthening the relation

between expenses and the amount of coping mechanisms used and shocks faced. When taking

health events out of the number of shocks the relationship between this variable and expenses

is not significant at a .05 level (0.19 at a level of .82 for expenses excluding ceremonies and

shocks, and .083 at a level of .315 for total expenses). This means that, without distortions,

the number of shocks is not significantly related to the level of well being of a household.

33

Table 11. Pearsons correlation coefficients

Educational level

Household income

Loans outstanding

Expenses (excl.

ceremonies and

shocks)

Total expenses

Assets

Costs of shocks 1

Costs of shocks 2

Savings as coping

mechanism

Amount of coping

mechanisms used

Number of shocks

Household income .343**

Loans outstanding .295** .686**

Expenses (excl.

ceremonies and shocks) .373** .593** .591**

Total expenses .363** .579** .610** (.767**)

Assets .198* 0.107 0.113 (.382**) (.514**)

Costs of shocks 1 0.077 0.019 0.044 .212** .226** .516**

Costs of shocks 2 .229** .383** .432** .358** (.865**) .499** (.190*)

Savings as coping

mechanism .292** .186* 0.01 .358** .295** 0.092 0.082 .171*

Amount of coping

mechanisms used 0.144 0.084 0.13 .320** .207* 0.182 (.279**) 0.07 (.250**)

Number of shocks 0.026 0.117 0.152 .204* .194* 0.122 0.098 0.14 0.159 (.668**)

N 140 147 148 147 147 110 148 148 147 147 148

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

( ). Variables are related because of overlap of measure

34

35

6 Discussion

Based on the results of the study, the measurement of vulnerability was adjusted from what was

originally planned. It was found that the costs spend on shocks are related to the ability to spend

money, implying that these costs do not have a linear relationship with vulnerability. More costs,

for example, do not necessarily imply a higher vulnerability as poorer households might spend less

on the same shock that a richer household. This leaves the current level of well being as reflected

by the household characteristics, the number of shocks faced, and the type of coping mechanisms

used as the best measures of vulnerability found in this study.

From the results on these three aspects of vulnerability some conclusions on the

vulnerability of the urban poor were drawn, and ways to decrease this vulnerability were distilled

from these conclusions. First of all it can be seen from the household characteristics that the

households spend more than they earn, with up to 26 percent of the expenses being spent on

ceremonies and festivals. In addition households have large outstanding loans mostly with

purposes that will not decrease the vulnerability of the household. By taking loans the household

spends money that it has not earned yet and in addition to that increases its expenses, which are

already too high to support with their income, by having to pay interest. This implies that by

limiting the tradition and status related expenses on ceremonies and festivals, and/or planning

better for them by saving enough to avoid loans, households improve their financial situation and

options for risk management, which will distinctively decrease their vulnerability.

Microfinance is a good step towards alleviating poverty, but it is also important to keep the

future and vulnerability of poor household in mind. Loans might sometimes be the only way to

solve problems when they have already occurred, and will sometimes be the only way of

advancing out of poverty by, for example, setting up a business. In these cases it is very helpful for

the poor to be able to access affordable loans. On the other hand, loans should not be a substitute

for good financial management in the household. The importance of savings should be clear to all

and households should be able to assess whether taking a loan will really help them, especially on

the long term. Microfinance institutions that are sincerely trying to help the poor should see a role

for themselves in moving beyond providing loans and train their clients to manage their finances

properly so that they might not need to take loans.

Secondly, the extremely high percentage of insured (83.8 % of all households in the sample

have at least one insurance product compared to 6 % of all people in urban areas in Tamil Nadu

who have life insurance (ASATN, 2003-2004)) shows DHAN Foundation is making a difference

for the members of the self help groups. From all shocks studied in this research, health issues are

36

the most common by far. The fact that only shocks with costs above Rs. 500 are handled, and the

costs of all shocks were highly related to the ability to spend money, implies that many more

households must have faced health issues but were not able to spend more than Rs. 500 on it. This

could very well mean that health issues were not solved in the poorest households. This could lead

to more costs resulting from increasingly severe health issues. Health insurance is a mechanism

that can help households to cope with the costs of health issues and encourage them to actually

seek treatment for health issues. The self help group federations supported by DHAN Foundation

have started including a limited claim amount for hospitalization in the life insurance product

offered solving part of the problem and is looking into the opportunity to offer more inclusive

micro health insurance. Based on the results of this study it is expected that the introduction of

health insurance will decrease the vulnerability of the self help group members and their families,

but more widely available micro health insurance is needed to decrease the vulnerability of all poor

households.

With its knowledge on and access to groups of poor DHAN Foundation and other NGOs

could be the perfect facilitators for mainstream insurers to design insurance that is reachable,

affordable, and helpful for the poor. It is important that insurance reaches further than members of

self help groups. Mainstream providers could make this possible as their products are available to

all and when offering a solid product, promoting its insurance among the poor will make good

business sense. As NGOs almost all inherently strive for decreasing the vulnerability of the poor,

their role could be to provide mainstream insurers, based on their own experience with the poor as

a target group for insurance, with the necessary input on product design based on the needs of the

poor and marketing to reach the poor. When more providers start offering fitting products and

marketing them among the poor, insurance will reach more poor, as marketing could increase the

awareness of the usefulness of insurance and with this the demand of the poor for insurance, and

the competition to serve this group could significantly decrease prices.

Mainstream insurers are not the only option though. Mutual insurance, in which the policy

holders own the organisation, is another form of offering insurance that can be very fitting to serve

the poor. Competition between this non-profit based form and mainstream for profit organisations

might leave the poor in a position where it is difficult to choose from all the available products, but

at least they will have a choice of several reachable, affordable and helpful options. In this new

forest of opportunities for the poor to get insured NGOs, self help groups, or associations of the

poor as consumer group could offer advice to poor households on the advantages and

disadvantages of different products on offer.

Another way in which the vulnerability of the urban poor could be greatly decreased is

moving out of the slums. Many risks are caused by living in the wrong house in the wrong place.

37

The risk of eviction is only a threat to households without secure rights on their house and land,

health issues can be caused by unhygienic conditions in the slums, flood is the most serious threat

to people living in tank areas and riverbeds, fire is the most serious threat to neighbourhoods where

flammable houses are huddled close together, and theft is easiest in unlockable katcha houses. All

of these characteristics related to vulnerability come together in many slums. Although many poor

household living in the slums feel that they cannot afford to live anywhere else than in the slums,

an example found in the group discussions shows it can be possible. The households of one entire

self help group supported by DHAN Foundation were evicted from their houses in a tank area.

Emergency loans were issued based on ability to repay to lease houses. All households now live in

leased houses outside of the slums. Although they now have a major loan to repay they have

significantly decreased the risks associated with living in the slums. In addition, the loan amount is

not being spent, and when the household has repaid the loan, if they move out of the house the

total lease amount will be returned to them, as the fee for leasing the house is only the interest the

house owner receives from putting the lease amount in the bank.

Madurai Corporation has big plans to have a slum free city by the year 2016 and only

notified slums are considered for development. These plans increase the risk of eviction for

households living in the slums and especially the non-notified slums. These households could

decrease their vulnerability by not investing in their houses any longer and exploring the

possibilities to move out of the slums, for example by leasing a house. This will not only take

away their risk of eviction and loosing all that they are yet to invest in their houses, but will

decrease many other slum related risks in addition. It will not be easy to repay the loan taken for a

lease, but if the household succeeds in this, it can greatly decrease their vulnerability and that of

generations to come as they are actually investing in building legal assets that cannot be taken

away from them at any moment.

38

7 Limitations and suggestions for future research

Because the households in the sample are randomly selected to ensure a representative sample, the

amount of households that have faces shocks such as theft, flood, fire, eviction, and caste clashes

in the last 12 months are fairly limited. Although the sample size is big enough for analysis of the

total impact of all those shocks, this does restricts the possibilities of predicting which groups of

households are more vulnerable to which specific shocks. For more specific data on the influence

of each shock and the types of households most vulnerable to it larger sample sizes are needed or

only sampling should be based on the types of shocks a household has experienced.

The current study focuses on urban areas and leaves rural, tribal, and coastal areas out of the

analysis. The vulnerability of households is expected to differ per group. This study gives insight

into vulnerability of the urban poor, specifically in class I cities in South India. In order to get a

more inclusive view of vulnerability of the poor and compare between different groups it will be

very useful if other studies with overlapping research designs will be performed. Although the

interview schedule used in this study will have to be adapted for different contexts, the basis of the

questions asked can be the same for all groups.

As no consensus exists on how to measure vulnerability, and the options for measurement are

wide, adjusting the interview schedule used in this study can be very useful. In order go beyond

addressing measurement issues in future research though, and be able to compare the results

between different groups, the same methodological basis should be used for each group. Research

on vulnerability shows which factors are related to vulnerability and with this knowledge

development policy can be evaluated and adjusted to the future needs of the poor. A comparison

between different groups in society will give more insight in which factors count for all poor, and

which factors cause the differences in vulnerability between different groups, leading to more

inclusive and distinctive view to base future development policy on.

In future research on vulnerability within DHAN Foundation the interview schedule can be

adjusted to each context (coastal, rural, and tribal) and questions can be added on aspects of

vulnerability that are seen as important and currently not included in the research. Possibly a

shortened list of occupations, more questions on the non financial impact of shocks, including

health shocks under Rs. 500, and lengthening the period of included shocks could improve future

interviews. Information on which to base adjustments for each context can be gathered, apart from

a context adjusted literature review, through qualitative techniques such as group discussions.

39

References

Annual Statistical Abstract of Tamil Nadu 2003-2004 (2005). Department of economics and

statistics, Chennai.

Basanta, Pradhan, Roy & Salvja, (2003). Savings from informal households. In R. Jhabvala, R.M.

Sudarshan, & J. Unni, Informal economy centre stage, new structures of employment. Sage Publications;

New Delhi, India.

Baseline Survey under basic services for urban poor (2006). Prepared for Madurai Corporation,

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

Below Poverty Line (BPL) data (2004). Prepared for Madurai Corporation.

Census of India 2001. Directorate of census operations Tamil Nadu.

Chaudhuri, A. (2003). Assessing vulnerability to poverty: concepts, empirical methods and

illustrative examples. Columbia University.

Cohen, M. & Young, P. (2006). Using micro insurance and financial education to protect and

accumulate assets. Reducing global poverty: the case for asset accumulation. The Brookings

Foundation.

Desai, V. (2003). Migration and labour characteristics of slum dwellers in Bombay. In R.S.

Sandhu, Urbanization in India, Sociological contributions. New Delhi: Sage Publications India.

DHANAM data (2007). Member database DHAN Foundation.

Elbers & Gunning (2003). Vulnerability in a stochastic dynamic model. Tinbergen Institute

Discussion Paper, TI 2003 – 070/2.

Harris, J. (2006). The working poor and the labour aristocracy in a south Indian city, a descriptive

and analytical account. In S. Patel & K. Deb (Eds.), Urban studies (pp.179-204). New Delhi:

Oxford University Press.

Harttgen, K. & Günther, I. (2006). Estimating vulnerability to covariate and idiosyncratic shocks.

Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Discussion Papers.

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Heitzmann, K., Canagarajah, R.S., & Siegel, P.B. (2002). Guidelines for assessing the sources of

risk and vulnerability. The World Bank, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, no. 0218.

Hoddinott, J. & Quimsumbing, A. (2003). Methods for microeconometric risk and vulnerability

assessments. The World Bank, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, no. 0324.

Hoogeveen. J., Tesliuc, E., Vakis, R., & Dercon, S. (2004). A guide to the analysis of risk,

vulnerability and vulnerable groups.

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International (2007). National

Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.

Madurai City Development Plan (2006). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

Municipal Administration and water supply Department government of Tamil Nadu, & Madurai

Municipal Corporation.

National Sample Survey Organisation (2003) Condition of urban slums 2002, salient features. NSS

58th round.

Sen, A. (1997). On Economic Inequality (with substantial annexe by Foster, J.E. & Sen, A.). New

Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Sinha, A., Sangeeta, N. & Siddiqui, K.A. (2003). Informal economy: gender, poverty and households. In

R. Jhabvala, R.M. Sudarshan, & J. Unni, Informal economy centre stage, new structures of employment.

Sage Publications; New Delhi, India.

Sudarshan, R.M., & Unni, J. (2003). Measuring the informal economy. In R. Jhabvala, R.M. Sudarshan,

& J. Unni, Informal economy centre stage, new structures of employment. Sage Publications; New

Delhi, India.

Suguna, B, & Rani, G.S. (2007). Women’s empowerment and self-help groups. In K.K. Misra & J.H.

Lowry, Recent studies on Indian women. Rawat Publications; Jaipur, India.

The Economic Survey 2003-2004 (2004). Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Economic

Division. New Delhi: Taxmann Publications.

Vaughan, E.J., & Vaughan, T. (2003). Fundamentals of risk and insurance. John Wiley & Sons,

Inc.

41

42

Appendices

Appendix 1 Tables

Appendix 2 Discussion List

Appendix 3 Interview Schedule

Appendix 4 List of Available Documents

43

Appendix 1 Tables

Table 5. Division of workers per industry

Industry Percentage

Labor 34.7

Other 8.3

Transportation 6.7

Construction 6

Tailor 4.7

Business 4.7

Food vendor 4

Retail 3.7

House keeping 3.3

Mechanic 2.7

Government 2.7

Product vendor 2.3

Carpentry 2.3

Technology 2.3

Protection services 2.7

Healthcare 1.3

Electronics 1.3

Metals 1.3

Agriculture 1

Manufacturer 1

Education 1

Finance 1

Publishing 1

Florist 1

Table. Number of times assistance received from government and non-government sources (N=148)

Government Non-government

Housing 0 0

House plot 2 0

Pension 4 0

Scholarship 1 3

Loan 11 52

Other 0 1

44

Appendix 2 Group Discussion guide on risk and risk management

Overview

- Thanks and explanation of purpose of discussion

- Most important risks

- Seasonality

- Impact of risks

- Ex post risk management strategies and their effectiveness

- Ex ante risk management strategies and their effectiveness

Core questions

- Introduction round; name, number of family members, group, occupation

- What are the biggest or most important risks that you and families similar to yours face in your

community? (list key risks)

- What are the risks you encounter in the course of running your business?

- In the course of your day-to-day life, what other risks do you face?

- In general, what other risks do people in your community face?

- Do these risks occur more frequently in some months than in others? (seasonality)

- Which months?

- Why do they occur more frequently in these months?

- Which of these risks have the greatest impact on family life?

- Describe the level of financial pressure related to this risk.

- How frequently does this risk occur?

- How widespread is the risk?

- What is the cost (estimated amounts broken down by cost components)?

- Does it lead to other problems?

- Is the impact short term or long term?

- How do families in your community cope with these risks when they happen? (ex post)

- How do families respond to or manage the shock when it happens?

- What do families do to acquire the necessary lump sum of money?

- E.g. self insurance (borrowing, use of savings, sale of assets), assistance from friends and

relatives.

- How effective is this response?

- Does this strategy cover the full cost of the loss? (coverage)

- Is it timely? (timeliness)

- Is the strategy accessible to everyone (gender, wealth level) (accessibility)? Who is it accessible

to?

- Is the strategy effective for risks which happen over and over again?

- Is the strategy effective for risks which effect everyone in your community (i.e., such as flood or

drought)?

- What are the costs of this strategy? Is the strategy very expensive relative to your income and

other resources?

- Is this strategy very stressful or burdensome on you or your family?

- Does the strategy reduce your ability to cope with future risks?

45

- How do families in your community protect themselves from these risks (in advance)?

- E.g. self insurance (borrowing, use of savings, sale of assets), assistance from friends and

relatives, participation in informal group based insurance systems, use of formal insurance,

precautionary measures that could be taken in the future to reduce mitigate the risk.

- How effective is this response?

- Does this strategy cover the full cost of the loss? (coverage)

- Is it timely? (timeliness)

- Is strategy accessible to everyone (gender, wealth level) (accessibility)? Who is it accessible to?

- Is strategy effective for risks which happen over and over again?

- Is strategy effective for risks which effect everyone in your community (i.e., such as flood or

drought)?

- What are the costs of this strategy? Is the strategy very expensive relative to your income and

other resources?

- Is this strategy very stressful or burdensome on you or your family?

- Does strategy reduce your ability to cope with future risks?

- How could the risks more effectively be managed in the future?

- Thank you for your input. Do you have any questions yourself?

46

Appendix 3 List of Available Documents

- Research proposal; proposing the study to DHAN Foundation

- Introductory letter to federations; introducing the research to the federations and requesting

support with arranging the interviews

- Sample lists; lists of sampled self help group members ordered by federation and ordered by

interviewer

- Daily interview list; list showing the progress of an interviewer for the day

- Household board; board on which the interviewers noted down the basic characteristics of

each household member in order to use for questions further back in the interview schedule

booklet and avoid skipping through the booklet during the interview to find information.

- Interview schedule in Tamil; the entire interview schedule has been translated to Tamil for the

Tamil speaking interviewers and to avoid misinterpretation of questions during the interviews.

- Data entry sheet; all data from the interviews is available in Excell and SPSS.

47

Appendix 4 Vulnerability Interview Schedule

48

Vulnerability of the Urban Poor Survey December 2007

ASKMI, Tata-Dhan Academy, DHAN Foundation 1. Survey number; ……………………………………………

2. Member code; …………………………………………….

3. Federation name; ……………………………………………. 4. Cluster name; ……………………………………………. 5. Group name; ……………………………………………. 6. Respondent name; …………………………………………. 7. Address; ……………………………………………

……………………………………………. ……………………………………………. 8. Date of Interview; …………………………………………….

9. Starting Time of Interview; …………………………………

10. Interviewer name;……………………………………………

We are doing a survey about your welfare and the risks that you face. We have selected a number of households in your area. We would like to ask you some questions about your welfare and the shocks you have faced this year. 11. Who is the head of the Household? FIRST NAME……………………………. LAST NAME……………………………..

Consent: We are doing a research survey about household welfare and risks in Madurai, conducted by ASKMI (Asian Knowledge Centre for Mutual Insurance), Tata-Dhan Academy, DHAN Foundation. We have selected ____ families in your area, including yours. We would like to ask you some questions about your welfare and the risks you face. First we would like to ask you some questions about each member of your family as well as about what your family consumes. Your participation is entirely voluntary and this form will take about 1.5 hours. You can choose not to answer a question or stop the interview at any time. The information you share with us will be kept fully confidential and not used to grant or deny access to any loan or assistance. Will you answer our questions? Yes……………….1 No………………..2 STOP INTERVIEW

49

Section A: Questions about the household READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

Name:

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 1.1

Record name of a person in the household

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

Male................................................................. 1

Female............................................................. 2

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 1.2

Is this person male or female?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

Head................................................................ 1

Spouse/Partner ................................................ 2

Son/Daughter................................................... 3

Son-In-Law /Daughter-In-Law........................... 4

Stepson/Stepdaughter...................................... 5

Grandchild ....................................................... 6

Brother/Sister ................................................... 7

Brother-In-Law /Sister-In-Law........................... 8

Father/Mother .................................................. 9

Father-In-Law /Mother-In-Law ........................ 10

Grandparent................................................... 11

Great-Grandchild............................................ 12

Household Help ............................................. 13

Lodger ........................................................... 14

Friend ............................................................ 15

Other Family (SPECIFY) ................................ 16

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997

1.3 What is his/her relationship to the head of household?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

50

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.1

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.2

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16

16 16 16 16 16

16 16 16 16

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.3

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

51

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

RECORD ........................................................... ...........

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.4 How old is he/she now?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

RECORD NAME OF CITY / TOWN / VILLAGE

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.5 Where was he/she born?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

RECORD NAME OF DISTRICT..........................

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.6 In what district was he / she born?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

Not literate........................................................1

Literate through school .....................................2

Literate through attending literacy campaign/ night school......................................................3

Literate, others .................................................4

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997

1.7 Is he/she literate?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

Currently studying ............................................1

Finished studying .............................................2

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.8

Is the person studying currently or has he / she finished studying?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

52

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.4

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.5

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.6

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.7

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.8

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

53

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

Kindergarten or less ..................................................... 1

1st standard .................................................................. 2

2nd standard.................................................................. 3

3rd standard .................................................................. 4

4th standard .................................................................. 5

5th standard .................................................................. 6

6th standard .................................................................. 7

7th standard .................................................................. 8

8th standard .................................................................. 9

9th standard ................................................................ 10

10th standard .............................................................. 11

11th standard / Junior college...................................... 12

12th std /HSC/ Junior college....................................... 13

1st year Degree College ............................................. 14

2nd year Degree College............................................ 15

3rd year Degree College............................................. 16

4th year Degree College............................................. 17

1st year Post Graduation ............................................ 18

2nd year Post Graduation........................................... 19

Open University –Distance education ......................... 20

Others (SPECIFY) ...................................................... 21

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997

1.9

FOR CURRENTLY STUDYING: In what

standard is he/she currently studying? FOR FINISHED STUDYING: Till what

standard has he/she studied? CIRCLE THE HIGHEST LEVEL

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

Government school ..................................................... 1

Private school............................................................... 2

Private aided school ..................................................... 3

Government College..................................................... 4

Private College ............................................................. 5

Madarsa ....................................................................... 6

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997

1.10 What type of institution does/did he/she attend?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

54

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

21

21

21

21

21 21

21

21

21

21

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.9

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.10

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

55

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

Married, living with spouse ........................................... 1

Married, not living with spouse yet ................................ 2 Separated/divorced ...................................................... 3 Spouse/partner died ..................................................... 4 Never married ........................................................... 5

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997

1.11 What is his/her marital status?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999 RECORD AGE

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 1.12

At what age, did he/she get married? (If multiple marriages, record age at first marriage.) DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

YES ............................................................................. 1

NO ............................................................................... 2

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 1.13

Is he/she working? (DO NOT INCLUDE HOUSEWORK)

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

56

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.11

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.12

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.13

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

57

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

1.14 For what type of industry does this person work in this primary job?

Tailor ...................................................................... 1 Labor ...................................................................... 2 Mechanic ................................................................ 3 Art........................................................................... 4 Food Vendor ........................................................... 5 Business ................................................................. 6 Chemical................................................................. 7 Agriculture............................................................... 8 Product Vendor ....................................................... 9 Transportation........................................................10 Government ...........................................................11 Engineer ................................................................12 House Keeping ......................................................13 Manufacturer..........................................................14 Carpentry ...............................................................15 Education...............................................................16 Construction...........................................................17 Technology ............................................................18 Administrative ........................................................19 Healthcare .............................................................20 Plumbing................................................................21 Protection Services ................................................22 Finance..................................................................23 Communications ....................................................24 Publishing ..............................................................25 Real Estate ............................................................26 Retail .....................................................................27 Electronics .............................................................28 Advertising .............................................................29 Grooming ...............................................................30 Automobile.............................................................31 Metals ....................................................................32 Industrial ................................................................33 Legal......................................................................34 Entertainment ........................................................35 Priest .....................................................................36 Social Service ........................................................37 Beggar ...................................................................38 Materials supplier ...................................................39 Florist.....................................................................40 Other (SPECIFY) ...................................................41 REFUSE TO SAY .............................................. -997 DON’T KNOW.................................................... -999

Write down the job title ID1 ID6 ID2 ID7 ID3 ID8 ID4 ID9 ID5 ID10

58

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33

34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37

38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38

39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

41

41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.14

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

59

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD IN GRID

Own business / HH business / self-employed................ 1 →→→→1.16

Work for a wage ........................................................... 2 ............................→→→→1.17

Casual labour ............................................................... 3 ............................→→→→1.17

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 →→→→1.17

1.15 What is the nature of his/her work in this primary job?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999 →→→→1.17

RECORD HH ID →→→→1.20

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 →→→→1.20 1.16 Who owns or has the primary responsibility for this business? DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999 →→→→1.20

Daily............................................................................. 1

Weekly ......................................................................... 2

Monthly ........................................................................ 3

Irregular........................................................................ 4

Other (SPECIFY).......................................................... 5

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997

1.17 How often is he / she paid for this primary job?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

Government ................................................................. 1 ............................→→→→1.20

Private company........................................................... 2 ............................→→→→1.20

Small business ............................................................. 3 ............................→→→→1.19

Others (SPECIFY) ........................................................ 4 →→→→1.19

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 →→→→1.19

1.18 For whom does he / she work in this primary job?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999 →→→→1.19

YES.............................................................................. 1

NO .............................................................................. 2

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 1.19

Is the business / household he / she works for in this primary job owned by someone in your slum? DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

Record hours per day

Record days per week

Hours per week (INTERVIEWER: SHOULD BE HOURS/DAY x DAYS/WEEK IF REGULAR HOURS)

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997

1.20

How much time in the previous week did he / she spend working in this primary job?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

RECORD AMOUNT IN Rs.

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 1.21

What are this person’s total earnings from this primary job/business for the previous month? (include profit only from own business or business for which the person has primary responsibility)

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999

YES.............................................................................. 1 →→→→1.23

NO ............................................................................... 2 →→→→1.25

REFUSE TO ANSWER ........................................... -997 →→→→1.25 1.22

Does this HH member have a secondary job i.e. another job other than his / her main job?

DON’T KNOW ......................................................... -999 →→→→1.25

60

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.15

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.16

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.17

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.18

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.19

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.20

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

Rs.

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.21

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.22

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

61

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD IN GRID

1.23 For what type of industry does this person work in this secondary job?

Tailor ...................................................................... 1 Labor ...................................................................... 2 Mechanic ................................................................ 3 Art........................................................................... 4 Food Vendor ........................................................... 5 Business ................................................................. 6 Chemical................................................................. 7 Agriculture............................................................... 8 Product Vendor ....................................................... 9 Transportation........................................................10 Government ...........................................................11 Engineer ................................................................12 House Keeping ......................................................13 Manufacturer..........................................................14 Carpentry ...............................................................15 Education...............................................................16 Construction...........................................................17 Technology ............................................................18 Administrative ........................................................19 Healthcare .............................................................20 Plumbing................................................................21 Protection Services ................................................22 Finance..................................................................23 Communications ....................................................24 Publishing ..............................................................25 Real Estate ............................................................26 Retail .....................................................................27 Electronics .............................................................28 Advertising .............................................................29 Grooming ...............................................................30 Automobile.............................................................31 Metals ....................................................................32 Industrial ................................................................33 Legal......................................................................34 Entertainment ........................................................35 Priest .....................................................................36 Social Service ........................................................37 Beggar ...................................................................38 Materials supplier ...................................................39 Florist.....................................................................40 Other (SPECIFY) ...................................................41 REFUSE TO SAY .............................................. -997 DON’T KNOW.................................................... -999

62

RECORD ANSWERS HERE ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23

24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26

27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28

29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33

34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34

35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37

38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38

39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

41

41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.23

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

63

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

RECORD AMOUNT OF EARNINGS FOR ONLY SECONDARY JOB

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.24

What are this person’s total earnings from this secondary job / business for the previous month? (include profit from business only for own business, business for which the person has the primary responsibility)

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

YES .................................................................1 →A1.26

NO ...................................................................2

� GO BACK TO A1.1 FOR NEXT

MEMBER OF THE HH

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 �A1.1

1.25

Does the person receive any income from the government / municipality / grampanchayat / private organization, such as an old age pension, a disability pension, a scholarship or any other pension?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999 �A1.1

Government source..........................................1

Private source ..................................................2

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 1.26

From who does he / she receive financial support? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

RECORD TOTAL FROM GOVT SOURCES RECORD TOTAL FROM PRIVATE SOURCES RECORD OVERALL TOTAL = GOVT TOTAL + PRIVATE TOTAL

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997

1.27 How much does he/she receive in financial support every month?

DON’T KNOW.............................................-999

INTERVIEWER CHECKPOINT: GO BACK TO A1.1 FOR NEXT MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD UNTIL INFORMATION HAS BEEN RECORDED FOR ALL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS.

64

RECORD ANSWERS HERE ID (1) ID (2) ID (3) ID (4) ID (5) ID (6) ID (7) ID (8) ID (9) ID (10)

Rs.

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.24

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.25

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 1.26

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

Rs

Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs

Rs

Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs

Rs

Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

1.27

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

65

SECTION B: HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, INCOME AND EXPENDITURES RECORD ANSWERS HERE

Hinduism ............................................. 1

Islam ................................................... 2

Christianity .......................................... 3

Others ................................................. 4

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.0 What is your religion?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

Scheduled caste.................................. 1

Scheduled tribe ................................... 2

Other backward class ......................... 3

Other................................................... 4

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.1 To what social group do you belong?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

Owned ................................................ 1

Rented ................................................ 2

Leased ................................................ 3

Other................................................... 4

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.2 What arrangement do you have for your house?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

YES, OWNED .................................... 1

YES, PATTA ...................................... 2

NO ...................................................... 3

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.3 Do you have secure rights on your homestead land?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

KATCHA/THATCH................................1

KATCHA/TILE.......................................2

SEMI-PUCCA .......................................3

PUCCA, THROUGH WEAKER SECTOR HOUSING SCHEMES...........4

PUCCA..................................................5

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.4 What type of structure is your house?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

_____________ ROOMS

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 B1.5

How many rooms does your house have? RECORD

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

YES, ALL ROOMS .............................. 1

YES, SOME ROOMS .......................... 2

NO, NONE OF THE ROOMS............... 3

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.6 Is your house waterproof?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

YES..................................................... 1

NO ...................................................... 2

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 B1.7

Can your house be locked, i.e. can the main door be locked with a lock & key to prevent thefts?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

TAP..................................................... 1

WELL .................................................. 2

TUBEWELL/HANDPUMP.................... 3

TANK/RESERVOIR............................. 4

RIVER/CANAL/LAKE/POND ............... 5

PURCHASED BY POT/BOTTLE ......... 6

Other................................................... 7 (SPECIFY) ___________________

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.8 From which type of water source did you get your drinking water today? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

66

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

YES..................................................... 1 →B1.10

NO ...................................................... 2 →B1.11

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 →B1.11 B1.9

Did you share any of the above sources with other households today?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 →B1.11

B1.10 How many households share this source?

______________HOUSEHOLDS

WITHIN PREMISES ............................ 1

LESS THAN 0.5 KM ............................ 2

0.5 KM OR MORE............................... 3

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.11

How far is this drinking water source from your dwelling? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

YES..................................................... 1 →B1.13

NO ...................................................... 2 → B1.14

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 → B1.14 B1.12

Do you treat the water before people drink it?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 → B1.14

BOIL IT................................................ 1

FILTER WITH A COTTON CLOTH ...... 2

PLASTIC FILTER ................................ 3

BLEACHING POWDER / POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE .............................. 4

WATER FILTER .................................. 5

Other................................................... 6 (SPECIFY) ___________________

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.13 How do you treat your drinking water before people drink it? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

OPEN AIR, E.G. RAILROAD TRACKS/FIELD................................... 1

→ B1.17

SEPTIC TANK/PIT TOILET ................. 2 →B1.15

SERVICE LATRINE............................. 3 → B1.17

PAID PUBLIC LATRINE ...................... 4 → B1.17

OTHER LATRINE................................ 5 →B1.15

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 →B1.15

B1.14 What type of latrine do you use?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 →B1.15

67

RECORD ANSWERS HERE YES..................................................... 1 →B1.16

NO ...................................................... 2 → B1.17

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 → B1.17 B1.15

Do you share this latrine with other households?

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 -999

B1.16 Exactly how many households share this latrine?

__________ HOUSEHOLDS

Waste is collected ............................... 1

Waste is burned .................................. 2

Waste is dumped................................. 3

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.17 How do you dispose your waste? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

Yes ..................................................... 1 →B1.19

No ....................................................... 2 → B2.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 → B2.0 B1.18

Have you done any repair or improvement (including room addition) worth more than Rs 500 to your house in the last year? DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 → B2.0

New room............................................ 1

Bathroom ............................................ 2

New roofing ......................................... 3

Painting/wall improvement ................... 4

Latrine................................................. 5

Plumbing ............................................. 6

Repair of damage to existing structure. 7

Wiring.................................................. 8

Flooring ............................................... 9

Plastering .......................................... 10

Other................................................. 11 (SPECIFY)____________________

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B1.19 What repair / improvement did you do? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

Rs. _____________

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997 B1.20

How much did you spend in house improvement, repair over the last year? (INTERVIEWER CHECK: AMOUNT HAS TO BE OVER RS. 500)

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

YES...............................................1 → B2.1

NO ................................................2 →B3.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER ............ -997 → B3.0 B2.0

Apart from your own house, do you own another house or plot (agricultural or residential) in the city? DON’T KNOW .......................... -999 → B3.0

B2.1 What is the approximate value of the house or plot? RECORD AMOUNT

Rs.

YES...............................................1 → B3.1

NO ................................................2 →B4.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER ............ -997 → B4.0 B3.0

Did the household buy any livestock, cattle, birds, etc this year? (DO NOT INCLUDE ANY OWNED AT NATIVE PLACE / VILLAGE.) DON’T KNOW .......................... -999 →B4.0

RECORD AMOUNT RS………………..

REFUSE TO ANSWER ............ -997 B3.1

How much did you pay for the animals bought this year?

DON’T KNOW .......................... -999

68

NOW WE ARE GOING TO ASK YOU ABOUT YOUR HOUSEHOLD ASSETS (RECORD ANSWERS HERE)

Items in HH Used for business?

If own any, How many?

Any sold in past 1 year?

Any purchased in past 1 year?

If purchased, how much did you pay?

B 4.0

Please tell me whether the household (HH) or anyone in the HH has the following items (irrespective of whether they are used for any of the HH business or in your HH life).

YES NO YES NO WRITE NO. YES NO YES NO AMOUNT

1 Landline phone 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

2 Cell phone…. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

3 Clock or watch……………… 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

4 Stove (electric, gas or kerosene)………………. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

5 Electricity connection............................... 1 2 1 2 N/A N/A N/A 1 2

6 Electric fan............................. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

7 Television set............................ 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

8 Radio, transistor or stereo/cassette..... 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

9 Sewing machine……………………. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

10 Bicycle………………………….…... 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

11 Push cart 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

12 Tricycle…………..… 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

13 Motorcycle/Moped/Scooter..……….. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

14 Auto-Rickshaw 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

15 Auto-Rickshaw Van 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

16 Car or jeep……………………….…. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

17 Van (Tempo or other) 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

18 Well/Tubewell....................……… 1 2 1 2 N/A N/A 1 2

19 Grain storage can…………..……….. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

20 Pressure Cooker 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

21 Rice Cooker 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

22 Water Filter 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

23 Mixer/grinder 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

24 Dosa Tawa 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 Pots (stainless steel or brass)…………………………… 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

26 Chair/stool 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

27 Cot 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

28 Wooden double cot 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

29 Sofa set 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

30 Iron safe/almira 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

31 Table 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

32 Sarees/salwar 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

33 Jewelry (silver and gold)........................... 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

34 Fridge…………………………………. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

35 Computer……………………………… 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

RECORD TOTAL FOR AMOUNT COLUMN TO BE USED IN QB8.0 Rs.

69

RECORD ANSWERS HERE ELECTRICITY ...............................1

KEROSENE ..................................2

GAS ..............................................3

OTHER..........................................4

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997

B5.0 What are your main sources of energy in the household? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

YES...............................................1 →B6.1

NO.................................................2 →B6.2

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997 →B6.2 B6.0

Did the household receive any assistance during the last 5 years from the municipality / government / gram panchayat? DON’T KNOW ..........................-999 →B6.2

HOUSING......................................1

HOUSE PLOT ...............................2

PENSION ......................................3

GAS ..............................................4

SCHOLARSHIP.............................5

LOAN ...........................................6

OTHER..........................................7 (SPECIFY)_____________________

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997

B6.1 What did the household receive from the municipality / government / gram panchayat?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

YES...............................................1 →B6.3

NO.................................................2 →B7.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997 →B7.0 B6.2

Did the household receive any assistance during the last 5 years from anyone other than the government?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999 →B7.0

HOUSING......................................1

HOUSE PLOT ...............................2

PENSION ......................................3

SCHOLARSHIP.............................4

LOAN ............................................5

OTHER..........................................6 (SPECIFY)_____________________

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997

B6.3 What did the household receive from non-government sources?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

YES...............................................1

NO.................................................2

MISPLACED..................................3

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997

B7.0 Does your household have a ration card / white (milk) card?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

City centre……………………………1

Along railway………………………...2

Along main road…………………….3

On riverbed………………………….4

In tank area………………………….5

Other…………………………………6

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997

B7.1 Where is your slum located?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

Encroachment………………………1

Patta (secure) rights………………..2

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997 B7.2

What is the ownership structure of the land you live on?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999

Number of years………………………..

REFUSE TO ANSWER.............-997 B7.3

For how many years has your slum existed?

DON’T KNOW ..........................-999 TELL THE RESPONDENT: Now we would like to ask you about the expenditure of the household in the last month, and in the last year.

70

71

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD ANSWERS HERE Now we would like to ask you some questions about some expenditures that you had last month for your household (do not include business expenditures).

Item group value of consumption (Rs) during

last 30 days

last 365 days

(1) (2) (3)

1. Cereals & cereal products

2. Pulses & pulse products

3. Milk & milk products

4. Edible oil

5. Vegetables

6. Fruits & nuts

7. Egg, fish & meat

8. Other food items (sugar, salt, spices, tea and coffee, processed food, etc.). Exclude tea/coffee consumed outside the home.

9. Meals or snacks consumed outside the home (include breakfast, tiffins, tea/coffee consumed outside the home).

10. Pan/tobacco/intoxicants

11. Drinking water

12. Fuel including gas

13. Total (items 1 to 12)

14. Miscellaneous goods & services (monthly expenditure)

14.1 Telephone and electricity

14.2 Entertainment (Cinema / theatre / cable / newspapers / magazines / fiction)

14.3 Lottery tickets/gambling

14.4 School and tuition fees (only those paid last month)

14.5 Medical expenses (non-institutional)

14.6 Toilet articles including washing soap & other cleaning agents

14.7 Regular (commuting type) and other journeys

14.8 House rent (formal)

14.9 Informal fee for the dwelling

14.10 Rent for any other household items

14.11 Water and other taxes

14.12 Informal payments (to police, market leader, slum leader, etc., excluding informal payment for house rental)

14.13 Legal expenses (for cases involving title, etc.)

14.14 Other miscellaneous goods & services (monthly expenditures)

14 Sub-total (items 14.1 to 14.14)

15. Miscellaneous goods & services (annual expenditure)

15.1 School books & other educational articles (including uniforms)

15.2 Hospital, nursing home (institutional)

15.3 Clothing (include festival clothes, winter clothes, etc.) and gifts

15.4 Footwear

16. Durable goods total (SUM FROM QUESTION B4.0)

17. Total (item 15.1+ item 15.2 + item 15.3+ item 15.4+16)

18. Average monthly expenditure for items 15.1+15.2+15.3+15.4+16 (item 17/12)

B8.0

19. Monthly total consumer expenditure (item 13 + item 14 + item 18)

72

INTERVIEWER: USE THIS WORKSHEET FOR CALCULATING HOUSEHOLD CONSUMER EXPENDITURE

CALCULATIONS. RECORD TOTALS ON PREVIOUS PAGE.

Item Group Value of consumption (Rs)

Monthly consumption In past 30 days

1. Cereals & cereal products (rice, maize, wheat, bajra etc..)

2. Pulses & pulse products (add different sorts of dal)

3. Milk & milk products (add milk, ghee, curd, etc.)

4. Edible oil

5. Vegetables (how many times they bought and for how much). [Onions and potatoes come here.]

6. Fruits & nuts (how many times they bought and for how much). Don’t forget home production (mangoes etc.)

7. Egg, fish & meat (how many times they bought and for how much). [Don’t forget if guests came etc.)

8. Other food items (sugar, salt, spices, beverages, processed food, etc.). [Add every item. Don’t forget outside food, tea leaves, garlic, gur, namkeens, biscuits.]

9. Meals or snacks consumed outside the home (include breakfast, tiffins, tea/coffee consumed outside the home).

10. Pan, tobacco & intoxicants (alcohol)

12. Fuel & light: wood, kerosene, petrol, light bill, candles, gas.

13. Total (items 1 to 12)

14. Miscellaneous goods & services (monthly expenditure)

14.1 Telephone and electricity

14.2 Entertainment (Cinema / theatre / cable / newspapers / magazines / fiction)

14.3 Lottery tickets/gambling

14.4 School and tuition fees (only those paid last month)

14.5 Medical expenses (non-institutional)

14.6 Toilet articles including washing soap & other cleaning agents

14.7 Regular (commuting type) and other journeys

14.8 House rent (formal)

14.9 Informal fee for the dwelling

14.10 Rent for any other household items

14.11 Water and other taxes

14.12 Informal payments (to police, market leader, slum leader, etc., excluding informal payment for house rental)

14.13 Legal expenses (for cases involving title, etc.)

14.14 Other miscellaneous goods & services (monthly expenditures)

14 Sub-total (items 14.1 to 14.14)

Annual expenditures In past 365 days

15. Miscellaneous goods & services (annual expenditure)

15.1 School books & other educational articles (including uniforms)

15.2 Hospital, nursing home (institutional)

15.3 Clothing (include festival clothes, winter clothes, etc.) and gifts

15.4 Footwear .

16. Durable goods total (SUM FROM QUESTION B2.0)

17. Total (item 15.1+ item 15.2 + item 15.3+ item 15.4+16)

Monthly expenditures

18. Average monthly expenditure for items 15.1+15.2+15.3+15.4+16 (item 17/12)

19. Monthly total consumer expenditure (item 13 + item 14 + item 18)

73

RECORD ANSWERS HERE 1 Wedding (own daughter) Rs.

2 Wedding (own son) Rs.

3 Wedding (other person) Rs.

4 Funerals Rs.

5 Festivals (Navratri, Holi, Diwali, Rakhi, Ramadan, Eid, Christmas, etc.) Rs.

B8.20 Now I would like to know how much the household spent in the last year on festivals and celebrations.

6 Ceremonies (naming, rice feeding, puberty etc) Rs.

75

76

READ QUESTIONS AND RECORD IN GRID

TELL THE RESPONDENT: Now, I am going to ask you about the household loans. INTERVIEWER: EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF AN OUTSTANDING LOAN. RECORD ANSWERS HERE.

YES.....................................................1 →B9.1

NO ......................................................2 →B10.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER………….. 997 →B10.0

B9.0 Does anybody in the household have one or more outstanding loans (taken for any purpose) INTERVIEWER: PROBE FOR SMALL LOANS, DAILY LOANS, OR LOANS AGAINST PAWNED ASSETS.

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999 →B10.0

___________ LOANS

REFUSE TO ANSWER .................. -997

B9.1 How many outstanding loans does the household have? ASK EACH & EVERY LOAN AMOUNT & RECORD IN THE LOAN BOARD

DON’T KNOW ................................ -999

Start a new business ........................................1 Buy new products.............................................2

Temporary difficulty ..........................................3

Health (household member) .............................4

Health (other) ...................................................5

Repay old debt .................................................6

Marriage...........................................................7

Funeral.............................................................8

Other ceremony................................................9

Home improvements/repair.............................10

Unemployment ...............................................11

Education .......................................................12

Home Construction.........................................13

Purchase of plot .............................................14

Jewellery purchase.........................................15

Regular consumption......................................16

Other, SPECIFY .............................................17

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997

B9.2 For what purposes did you take out the loan?

DON’T KNOW .............................................-999

Relative, friend, neighbor ..................................1 �10.4

Commercial bank .............................................2 �10.4

MFI (SPECIFY) ................................................3 �10.3b

SHG (Self-help group) or other savings group...4 �10.4

Moneylender ....................................................5 �10.4

Shopkeeper......................................................6 �10.4

Cooperative .....................................................7 �10.4

Chit fund……………………………………………8 �10.4

Finance company .............................................9 �10.4

Other, SPECIFY .............................................10 �10.4

REFUSE TO ANSWER ...............................-997 �10.4

B9.3 From whom did your household take the loan?

DON’T KNOW .............................................-999 �10.4

77

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

LOAN 1

LOAN 2

LOAN 3 LOAN 4 LOAN 5 LOAN 6 LOAN 7 LOAN 8 LOAN 9 LOAN 10

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

Rs.

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 B9.1

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

17

17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B9.2

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B9.3

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

78

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD IN GRID

Rs.

Per Month .................................................. 1

Per year ..................................................... 2

Per week.................................................... 3

Per day ...................................................... 4

Other Period (SPECIFY) ........................... 5

REFUSE TO ANSWER......................... -997

B9.4 What is the interest rate? (%) RECORD IN Rs. Per 100 AND CIRCLE FREQUENCY

DON’T KNOW....................................... -999

Rs.

REFUSE TO ANSWER......................... -997

B9.5

How much do you still need to repay of this loan?

DON’T KNOW....................................... -999

79

RECORD ANSWERS HERE USE THIS GRID FOR 1-10 LOANS

Loan (1)

Loan (2)

Loan (3)

Loan (4)

Loan (5)

Loan (6)

Loan (7)

Loan (8)

Loan (9)

Loan (10)

Rs.

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B9.4

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

Rs.

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B9.5

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

80

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

YES ........................................................... 1 → B10.1

NO............................................................. 2 → B11.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER......................... -997 → B11.0 B10.0

Does anybody in the household have any insurance policy (for life, health, accidents, etc.)?

DON’T KNOW....................................... -999 → B11.0

Life Insurance.................................. 1

Health Insurance ............................. 2

Accident / Medical Insurance .......... 3

Asset (auto, machine etc) Insurance4

Other ............................................... 5 SPECIFY:

REFUSE TO ANSWER......................... -997

B10.1

What type of insurance do members of your household have? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW....................................... -999

RECORD In whose name is the policy? (FILL FOR ALL TYPES OF POLICY THE ID NUMBER(S) OF ALL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS IN WHOSE NAME THE POLICY IS)

ID ID ID ID ID

Life Insurance

Health / Medical Insurance

Accident Insurance

Asset (auto, machine etc) Insurance

Other (RECORD CODE AND SPECIFY INSURANCE TYPE)

DON’T KNOW -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

B10.2

REFUSE TO ANSWER -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

LIC …………………………………………..……..1

HDFC…………………………………………..…..2

Self Help Group Federation, Mutual Insurance..3

Others, …………..…………………..…………….4 SPECIFY:

REFUSE TO ANSWER…..………….……..…-997

B10.3 With which organizations does the household have insurance? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW …………………….………….-999

81

82

NOW I WOULD LIKE TO ASK ABOUT SHOCKS THIS HOUSEHOLD HAS EXPERIENCED IN THE PAST YEAR. I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW ABOUT EACH HEALTH EVENT INDIVIDUALLY.

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

YES................................................................. 1 �B11.1

NO................................................................... 2 �B12.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 �B12.0 B11.0

During the last year, did the household spend Rs 500 or more on any one person’s sickness or injury?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999 �B12.0

RECORD INFORMATION FOR EACH EVENT IN TURN IN GRID

Accident........................................................... 1

Illness .............................................................. 2

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 B11.1

Was this health event due to an accident or an illness?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

RECORD

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 B11.2 What was the illness / accident?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

INSIDE ............................................................ 1 �B11.4

OUTSIDE ........................................................ 2 �B11.5

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 �B11.5 B11.3

Was it someone inside the household or outside the household?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999 �B11.5

RECORD ID NUMBER FROM HH BOARD

HH MEMBER WHO HAS DIED/LEFT THE HH... .................................................................... 998

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997

B11.4 If inside the household: who was it? RECORD ID NUMBER

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

YES ................................................................. 1 �B11.6

NO .................................................................. 2 �B11.7

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 �B11.7 B11.5

Did he/she have to stop working or going to school?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999 �B11.7

RECORD IN DAYS

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 B11.6 For how long did he/she stop working or going to school? DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

None................................................................ 1

RECORD AMOUNT ............................. 2 Rs. …………………………

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997

B11.7 How much household income was lost due to the illness / accident?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

CONSULTATION FEE ..................................... 1

HOSPITAL STAY............................................. 2

OPERATION ................................................... 3

TREATMENT /MEDICINES ............................. 4

RELIGIOUS OFFERING .................................. 5

LAB TESTS/XRAY........................................... 6

TRANSPORTATION........................................ 7

LIVING EXPENDITURE FOR THOSE OTHER THAN PATIENT............................................... 8

OTHER............................................................ 9 SPECIFY

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997

B11.8 What was the source of the expenses? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

Rs. REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 B11.9 How much did you spend in total?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

83

RECORD ANSWERS HERE EVENT 1 EVENT 2 EVENT 3 EVENT 4 EVENT 5 EVENT 6 EVENT 7 EVENT 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 B11.1

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.2

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 B11.3

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

998 998 998 998 998 998 998 998

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.4

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 B11.5

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.6

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.7

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.8

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B11.9

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

84

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD IN GRID

B11.10 How did you cope with this shock? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

SAVINGS......................................................... 1 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT.............................. 2 GIFT ................................................................ 3 BORROWING FROM MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIs) ..................................... 4 BORROWING FROM RELATIVE/ NEIGHBOR/FRIEND........................................ 5 BORROWING FROM MONEYLENDER .......... 6 BORROWING (OTHER)................................... 7 CUT DOWN ON EXPENSES .......................... 8 MOVED TO CHEAPER HOUSE....................... 9 SOLD ASSET USED FOR WORK.................. 10 SOLD ANY OTHER PROPERTY ................... 11 PAWNED ANY PROPERTY........................... 12 ADVANCE FROM EMPLOYER ...................13 INSURANCE.................................................. 14 SEASONAL/TEMPORARY MIGRATION........ 15 WITHDRAWING CHILDREN FROM SCHOOL16 SENDING CHILDREN TO WORK .................. 17 OTHER (SPECIFY)

...................................................................... 18 REFUSE TO ANSWER ............................... -997 DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

YES ................................................................. 1

� B11.1 AND ASK ALL QUESTIONS FOR THE NEXT EVENT

CHECK-POINT

Are there any additional health events which we have not discussed?

NO................................................................... 2 �B12.0

85

RECORD ANSWERS HERE EVENT 1 EVENT 2 EVENT 3 EVENT 4 EVENT 5 EVENT 6 EVENT 7 EVENT 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B 11. 10

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

86

RECORD ANSWERS HERE FOR B12.0; RECORD ANSWERS TO B12.1 AND B12.2 ON NEXT PAGE YES……………………………………...…………1 �B12.1

NO……………………………………………….…2 �B13.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER ……………………..-997 �B13.0 B12.0

Did anyone in the household lose their job/close their business in the past year?

DON’T KNOW ………………………………-999 �B13.0

Lost job – employer shut down ......................... 1

Lost job – employer laid off workers ................. 2

Lost job – health problem ................................. 3

Lost job – other reason (specify) ...................... 4

Closed business............................................... 5

REFUSE TO ANSWER. ……………………..-997

B12.1

Who in the household lost their job/closed their business? (RECORD ID NUMBER AND REASON CODE ON NEXT PAGE FOR EACH PERSON WHO LOST THEIR JOB / CLOSED THEIR BUSINESS. IF CODE IS ‘4’, WRITE CODE AND SPECIFY)

DON’T KNOW....………………………………-999

RECORD IN DAYS

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 B12.2 How long did it take to find a new job or start a new business?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

RECORD INFORMATION FOR EACH EVENT IN TURN IN GRID YES, FLOOD ……………………………………1

YES, FIRE…………………………………….…2

YES, THEFT………………………………….…3

NO………………………………………………..4

REFUSE TO ANSWER ……………………..-997

B13.0

Did your household experience a flood, fire of theft in the last year? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY ON THE NEXT PAGE)

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

Damage to dwelling.……………………………1

Damage or loss of assets..………………….…2

Could not work ……………………………….…3

REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997

B13.1 What type of damage did your experience from this shock?

DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

B13.2 How much damage did you experience from this shock?

RECORD……………………………..Rs.

B13.3 How did you cope with this shock? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

SAVINGS......................................................... 1 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ............................. 2 GIFT ................................................................ 3 BORROWING FROM MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIs) ..................................... 4 BORROWING FROM RELATIVE/ NEIGHBOR/FRIEND........................................ 5 BORROWING FROM MONEYLENDER.......... 6 BORROWING (OTHER) .................................. 7 CUT DOWN ON EXPENSES .......................... 8 MOVED TO CHEAPER HOUSE ...................... 9 SOLD ASSET USED FOR WORK.................. 10 SOLD ANY OTHER PROPERTY ................... 11 PAWNED ANY PROPERTY........................... 12 ADVANCE FROM EMPLOYER .................. 13 INSURANCE.................................................. 14 SEASONAL/TEMPORARY MIGRATION........ 15 WITHDRAWING CHILDREN FROM SCHOOL16 SENDING CHILDREN TO WORK.................. 17 OTHER (SPECIFY)

...................................................................... 18 REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

87

RECORD ANSWERS HERE ID 1 ID 2 ID 3 ID 4

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3

4

4 4 4

5 5 5 5

-997 -997 -997 -997

B12.1

-999 -999 -999 -999

-997 -997 -997 -997

B12.2

-999 -999 -999 -999

RECORD ANSWERS HERE SHOCK 1 SHOCK 2 SHOCK 3 SHOCK 4 SHOCK 5 SHOCK 6 SHOCK 7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B13.0

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B13.1

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

Rs.

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B13.2

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

8 8 8 8 8 8 8

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 11 11 11 11 11

12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13

14 14 14 14 14 14 14

15 15 15 15 15 15 15

16 16 16 16 16 16 16

17 17 17 17 17 17 17

18

18 18 18 18 18 18

-997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997 -997

B13.3

-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999

88

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

YES…………………………………………..……1 →B14.2

NO…………………………………………….…..2 → B15.0

REFUSE TO ANSWER…………………..…-997 → B15.0

B14.1 Did you get evicted from a house in the last year?

DON’T KNOW…………………………..…...-999 → B15.0

YES, OWNED..……………………………..……1

NO, RENTED, LEASED ETC. …………….......2

REFUSE TO ANSWER………………..……-997 B14.2

Did you own this house you left because of eviction?

DON’T KNOW………………………..……...-999

KATCHA/THATCH...........................................1

KATCHA/TILE..................................................2

SEMI-PUCCA ..................................................3

PUCCA,………………………………….............4

REFUSE TO ANSWER………………….....-997

B14.3 What type of structure was this house?

DON’T KNOW………………………………-999

YES, RECORD IN DAYS………..………..……1

NO………………………………………...……....2

REFUSE TO ANSWER………………….....-997 B14.4

Did you loose days of work because of this eviction?

DON’T KNOW………………………………-999

B14.5 How did you cope with this eviction? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

SAVINGS......................................................... 1 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT.............................. 2 GIFT ................................................................ 3 BORROWING FROM MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIs) ..................................... 4 BORROWING FROM RELATIVE/ NEIGHBOR/FRIEND........................................ 5 BORROWING FROM MONEYLENDER .......... 6 BORROWING (OTHER)................................... 7 CUT DOWN ON EXPENSES .......................... 8 MOVED TO CHEAPER HOUSE....................... 9 SOLD ASSET USED FOR WORK.................. 10 SOLD ANY OTHER PROPERTY ................... 11 PAWNED ANY PROPERTY........................... 12 ADVANCE FROM EMPLOYER ...................13 INSURANCE.................................................. 14 SEASONAL/TEMPORARY MIGRATION........ 15 WITHDRAWING CHILDREN FROM SCHOOL16 SENDING CHILDREN TO WORK .................. 17 OTHER (SPECIFY)

...................................................................... 18 REFUSE TO ANSWER ............................... -997 DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

89

RECORD ANSWERS HERE

YES………..….………………………….…..……1

NO..…………………………………………..……2

REFUSE TO ANSWER …………………….-997

B15.0 Has this tension led to a clash involving violence in your slum in the last year? DON’T KNOW…………..……………………-999

YES………..….……………………….……..……1

NO..…………………………………………..……2

REFUSE TO ANSWER …………………….-997

B15.1 Did you experience any damage from this clash?

DON’T KNOW………..………………………-999

B15.2 How much damage did you experience from this shock?

RECORD……………………………..Rs.

B15.3 How did you cope with this shock? (CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY)

SAVINGS......................................................... 1 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ............................. 2 GIFT ................................................................ 3 BORROWING FROM MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS (MFIs) ..................................... 4 BORROWING FROM RELATIVE/ NEIGHBOR/FRIEND........................................ 5 BORROWING FROM MONEYLENDER.......... 6 BORROWING (OTHER) .................................. 7 CUT DOWN ON EXPENSES .......................... 8 MOVED TO CHEAPER HOUSE ...................... 9 SOLD ASSET USED FOR WORK.................. 10 SOLD ANY OTHER PROPERTY ................... 11 PAWNED ANY PROPERTY........................... 12 ADVANCE FROM EMPLOYER .................. 13 INSURANCE.................................................. 14 SEASONAL/TEMPORARY MIGRATION........ 15 WITHDRAWING CHILDREN FROM SCHOOL16 SENDING CHILDREN TO WORK.................. 17 OTHER (SPECIFY) ...................................................................... 18 REFUSE TO ANSWER............................... -997 DON’T KNOW............................................. -999

90

READ QUESTIONS & RECORD IN GRID

Y16 INTERVIEWER EVALUATION: RECORD ANSWERS HERE ENDING TIME OF MODULE

HOUR: MINUTE:

Y16.1

DON’T KNOW -999

Did you have to go back a second time? Yes……………………1 →→→→ Y16.3

No…………………….2 →→→→ Y16.4

Y16.2

DON’T KNOW -999

When did you go back? Day Month Year

Y16.3

DON’T KNOW -999

COMPREHENSION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT EXCELLENT............................ 1 VERY GOOD............................ 2 GOOD.........……....................... 3 FAIR...................…................... 4 POOR....................………......... 5

Y16.4

DON’T KNOW -999

COOPERATION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT EXCELLENT............................ 1 VERY GOOD............................ 2 GOOD.........……....................... 3 FAIR...................….................... 4 POOR....................………......... 5

Y16.5

DON’T KNOW -999

Y16.6 ANY ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ABOUT SPECIFIC QUESTIONS OR DATA QUALITY: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

THANK YOU