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WORDSmake up a

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PHRASE makes up

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SENTENCESmake up a

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PARAGRAPH- a group of sentences organized around a central topic.

“A solidly written paragraph takes its readers on a clear path, without detours.”

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PARTS OF A

Topic Sentence - tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about. - It also helps the writing under control. - sometimes called the “controlling idea" of a paragraph.

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2Supporting Sentence – make the topic more interesting or help explain it more clearly .- It helps support a topic sentence through providing sensory details, facts, or examples that expand upon, explain, or prove a paragraph’s main idea or topic sentence.

Clincher/Concluding Sentence –provides a logical conclusion based on the information found in the supporting sentences.-also used to cement the main idea in the reader’s mind. 3

PARAGRAPH

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My mother is neither tall nor heavy, but she’s the biggest person in my life. There has been no other person with a greater influence on me. Most mothers feed, wash, and clothe their children, and my mother is no exception. But more than this, she made sure that I received the finest education possible. This education was not at expensive schools or famous universities, but at home, by her knee, patiently. My mother explained to me the difference between right and wrong; the virtues of generosity, honesty, and hard work; and the importance of family and social ties. From her I understood who I was, where I belonged, and how I should spend my energy. No matter how big I might grow to be, I hope to be as great as my mother.

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My mother is neither tall nor heavy, but she’s the biggest person in my life. There has been no other person with a greater influence on me. Most mothers feed, wash, and clothe their children, and my mother is no exception. But more than this, she made sure that I received the finest education possible. This education was not at expensive schools or famous universities, but at home, by her knee, patiently. My mother explained to me the difference between right and wrong; the virtues of generosity, honesty, and hard work; and the importance of family and social ties. From her I understood who I was, where I belonged, and how I should spend my energy. No matter how big I might grow to be, I hope to be as great as my mother.

Topic SentenceSupporting SentenceClincher © Jam Olazo

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FOUR ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

UNITY

ORDER

COMPLETENESS

COHERENCE

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UNITY• Refers to the extent to which all of the ideas

contained within a given paragraph ‘hang together’ in a way that is easy for the reader to understand.

• Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence.

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ORDER• Refers to the way you organize your

supporting sentences.Whether in chronological order, order of importance, or another logical

presentation detail.• Helps the reader grasp the meaning and avoid

confusion

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COHERENCE• The quality the makes your writing

understandable.• Closely related to UNITY.Paragraph need to connect each other and work together as a whole.• Uses transition words that show order (first

second, third); logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact)

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COMPLETENESS• Completeness means a paragraph is well-

developed.• If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support

the main idea.

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Paragraph writing is the foundation of all essay

writing, whether the form is expository, persuasive,

narrative, etc.

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If you take the parts of a paragraph and expand them, you can create an essay.

ESSAY1. generally much

shorter than an essay

2. should be centered on one idea only or write about only one topic

1. Consists of many paragraphs

2. you could explore many ideas while talking about one general topic

PARAGRAPH

DIFFERENCE?

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PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENTDeveloping paragraphs in a variety of patterns

that reflect your thinking about the material. As you write the topic sentence and its supporting

sentences, look for ways to structure your thinking. Where one author advances his or her material by narrating a series of events, another undertakes a physical description and another

undertakes an analysis of the topic.

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PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

Exposition Paragraph

Classification Paragraph

Narration Paragraph

Description Paragraph

ProcessAnalysis

Paragraph

Persuasion Paragraph

Definition Paragraph

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NARRATION PARAGRAPH• are most frequently used in fiction

and personal statements. • Requires consequently, accounting

for sequential order of events and chronology.

• like telling the reader a story.

ELEMENTS

Protagonist Setting Goal Climax Resolution

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Example of a Narrative ParagraphThe one day I spent in Morocco, Africa was an

experience of a lifetime. When I finally reached Morocco and got off the bus, there were four little girls standing shoeless in the hot sun. After I swallowed my tears, I could not even try to picture this in America as it is not something you often see in the U.S. Meanwhile my tourist guide instructed me not to give them money as it encouraged the children to beg; however, I was wearing four silver bracelets. As I walked over to the girls, their eyes watched my every move. Then I kneeled down to their level while I gave each girl a bracelet. They stood there gleaming at me, for they were pleased. I felt completely in disbelief that this tiny gesture could mean so much. Though this experience was upsetting, and a huge culture shock, it will stay with me forever.

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Narrative ParagraphThe one day I spent in Morocco,

Africa was an experience of a lifetime. When I finally reached Morocco and got off the bus, there were four little girls standing shoeless in the hot sun. After I swallowed my tears, I could not even try to picture this in America as it is not something you often see in the U.S. Meanwhile my tourist guide instructed me not to give them money as it encouraged the children to beg; however, I was wearing four silver bracelets. As I walked over to the girls, their eyes watched my every move. Then I kneeled down to their level while I gave each girl a bracelet. They stood there gleaming at me, for they were pleased. I felt completely in disbelief that this tiny gesture could mean so much. Though this experience was upsetting, and a huge culture shock, it will stay with me forever.

Protagonist – the narrator itself

Setting – Morocco, Africa

Goal – narrator wanted to give something to the shoeless girls

Obstacle – the tourist guide instructed

The narrator not to give them money

Resolution – the narrator gave a

bracelet for each girl and tells

his/her mind that the experience

will forever stay

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ELEMENTS

EXPOSITION PARAGRAPH • written in order to clarify or explain problems

and phenomena, and requires strict focus on evidence and objective language.

• provides essential examples as well as comparison &contrast, or cause & effect writing as both facilitate accurate exposition of the subject matter

Formal Language Evidence Explanation Background

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Example of an Exposition ParagraphA disease that causes chronic gastrological

disorders, IBD, is envisioned in a spectrum of severities. Cats can vomit heavily, and suffer from continuous diarrhea. Reasons for the disease are yet unknown. Bacterial infections, gastrological irritation, lack of vitamins are often quoted as factors contributing to the development of the disease. Veterinarians, treating IBD in cats, usually prescribe medicine and advice on the dietary management as well as make surgical choices. If untreated, IBD, can be fatal for cats. Research - conducted mostly by pet owners - shows that a cat’s diet can be critical. Further research will include inspection of several vaccines. So far, grain-free, raw meat diet has already proved to be largely beneficial. © Jam Olazo

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Exposition ParagraphA disease that causes chronic

gastrological disorders, IBD, is envisioned in a spectrum of severities. Cats can vomit heavily, and suffer from continuous diarrhea. Reasons for the disease are yet unknown. Bacterial infections, gastrological irritation, lack of vitamins are often quoted as factors contributing to the development of the disease. Veterinarians, treating IBD in cats, usually prescribe medicine and advice on the dietary management as well as make surgical choices. If untreated, IBD, can be fatal for cats. Research - conducted mostly by pet owners - shows that a cat’s diet can be critical. Further research will include inspection of several vaccines. So far, grain-free, raw meat diet has already proved to be largely beneficial.

Formal Language –scientific terms

are used Instead of informal,

emotive vocabulary

Evidence – references to research,

Practical example and comparisons

Explanation – accounts the variety of

ailments characteristic, explaining the

Risk and symptoms

Background Info. – relates to already

Conducted researches and their

preliminary results

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DEFINITION PARAGRAPH• used in order to explain the

meaning, origin and function of things. They are used both in academic writing and fiction.

• Serves the purpose of giving a reader a complete definition of a concept, a term or an idea.

ELEMENTS

Explanation of Meaning

Account of the

Origin of Things

Method Examples and Comparisons

Citing Verifiable Sources

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Example of a Definition ParagraphThe IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets

differentiated from planets by a parameter of “planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not satellites). Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Their physical properties have been calculated through routine Earth-based observations as well as advanced image-searching software. Since current data may not be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide.

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Definition ParagraphThe IAU has so far recognized

five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of “planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not satellites). Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Their physical properties have been calculated through routine Earth-based observations as well as advanced image-searching software. Since current data may not be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide.

Explanation of Meaning - explains why

certain celestial objects are called

“dwarf planets”

Account of Origin of Things - briefly

recounts the history of astronomical

scrutiny relating to dwarf planets

Method – how astronomical observations

influenced contemporary knowledge of

the solar system

Citing verifiable sources – references to

encyclopedia, quotation from dictionaries,

and other authoritative sources

Examples and Comparisons – explained

through comparisons with regular planets,

as well as other celestial objects

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ELEMENTS

CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH• concentrated on defining as well

as making relevant comparisons.

Definition

ComparisonMultiple Contex-

tualization

Descriptive Vocabulary

Performed on Multiple Levels:

Semantic – comparing different meanings of thingsLinguistic – using vocabulary to show contrast

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Example of a Classification ParagraphA first date can end up being categorized as successful,

a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the parties practically begging for information about the other. However, the non-clinger is not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they can generally fall into one of these categories.

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Classification ParagraphA first date can end up being

categorized as successful, a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the parties practically begging for information about the other. However, the non-clinger is not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they can generally fall into one of these categories.

Definition – term, idea, or an object

presented briefly define its own terms

Comparison – define things by comparing and contrasting showing crucial functions and diverse use of meaning

Multiple Contextualization – describe

things in different situations

Descriptive Vocabulary – adverbs & adjectives should point to the contrast between two or more things (boring vs interesting)

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ELEMENTS

Information Context DescriptiveLanguage

DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH• Describing and creating a dominant

sensory impression to the readers.• Help the readers to understand a story

setting by creating visual pictures and giving readers a mental image of a scene.

• Should be detailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically.

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Example of Description Paragraph“Let’s walk,” she says serenely, slipping her arm in mine and heading into Central Park. As she strolls along, folks check her out and occasionally point. She is tall, strong, and straight-backed, glowing with vegan health and moving confidently through the crowds in her all-black ensemble. In videos and photos, she looks like she has a prominent jaw, but in person it is much softer, as are her other features (Windex-blue eyes, glossy black hair). Her voice is gentle and melodious, and she looks you square in the eye when she speaks.—from Jancee Dunn’s “The Cole Truth,” Rolling Stone 786, May, 1998.

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ELEMENTS

PROCESS ANALYSIS PARAGRAPH- very concise and uses formal, non-descriptive vocabulary.

- It should be written in chronological order accounting for subsequent actions or events.

Chronology Clarity Explanation

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Example of a Process Analysis ParagraphThe problem of hairballs that have already

formed in cat’s fur can be solved by proper brushing. In order to brush your cat’s hairballs, you’ll need two kinds of brushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a metallic one. The former will help you dissolve and, partially, remove tightly knotted hairballs without causing any pain or discomfort to your cat. The latter, used subsequently, will remove excess of loose puffy hair and decrease the possibility of reoccurrence the next day. Once brushing is over, make sure to polish your cat’s fur all over his body with the help of a clean, cotton, or woolen cloth.

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Process Analysis ParagraphThe problem of hairballs that have

already formed in cat’s fur can be solved by proper brushing. In order to brush your cat’s hairballs, you’ll need two kinds of brushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a metallic one. The former will help you dissolve and, partially, remove tightly knotted hairballs without causing any pain or discomfort to your cat. The latter, used subsequently, will remove excess of loose puffy hair and decrease the possibility of reoccurrence the next day. Once brushing is over, make sure to polish your cat’s fur all over his body with the help of a clean, cotton, or woolen cloth.

Chronology – gives a guide/instruction by way of telling the reader how to do the treatment

Clarity – the information is clear so as the instruction given

Explanation – the writer had explain well about the problem of hairballs in the cat’s fur

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PERSUASION PARAGRAPH • require exhortatory and dynamic

language.• are aimed at persuading the reader

into taking a particular action or adopting a certain point of view.

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Example of a Persuasion ParagraphPlan ahead before you go camping in

Florida,. Don’t wind up in the wilds when you want to be near Disney World, and don’t wind up on a concrete RV pad when you really want the forest primeval. Find out what parks are available, and what they are like. Get good information on what to expect, and what options are. This can make all the difference in the quality of your vacation.

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1. Creating an Outline • Write down the main points that you wish to discuss

in the paragraph first. Aim for two or three main points.

• Underneath each main point, add a piece of supporting evidence from a journal, novel, poem, etc.

• After the evidence, offer a brief explanation.

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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1. Creating an Outline2. Topic Sentence DevelopmentHow to write?

It should discuss an idea only in generic terms without proving too many details.

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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3. Supporting detailsFor example, a piece of support in an essay about drug usage could read, "Drug usage is becoming an increasing problem in the United States." After that, introduce a statistic showing the rise of drug usage over the last decade.

4. Using quotations and evidence5. Analyzing quotations and evidence

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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6. Providing strong, relevant informationImportant facts, textual analysis and all of the information must be relevant. Stay focused!

7. Using concise languageWords such as "good," "nice" and "bad" are extremely vague and should not be used in professional writing. Find clearer words - "respectful," "giving" and "selfish," for example, with which to replace these vague words.

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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8. Using colorful and clear wordsFurthermore, do not use confusing words or words of which you do not know the meaning, because your lack of understanding will translate to the reader.

9. Crafting a strong conclusion statementAt the end of one paragraph, suggest that there is another idea that piggybacks on top of the one that you have discussed, or state that there are some disagreeing ideas in the field.

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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10. Utilizing appropriate transition wordsEx: Order (first,second,last), Spatial Relationships (above, below), Logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact), etc.

11. Following proper grammar rulesEnsure that your paper is free of grammar errors.

WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

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Thank you!

Jam Olazo

© Jam Olazo