parasitologi
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PARASITOLOGI
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Telur Toxocara
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Toxocara
Penyakit viseral larva migrans dengan gejala :• Eosinofilia , demam , hepatomegali
Hospes = kucing -> toxocara cati anjing -> toxocara cannis
Diagnosis = reaksi imunologi , menemukan larva di jaringan hepar dan telur di fecesCara infeksi = menelan telur infektif ( > 3 mgg dalam tanah)Terapi = tiabendazole
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Telur Trichuris trichiura
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Trichuris trichiura / cacing cambukMenyebabkan penyakit trichuriasis Hospes = manusiaCara infeksi = menelan telur matangGejala • ringan > asimtomatik , iritasi mukosa , peradangan , anemia.• berat > anemia , BB turun , sindroma disentri , prolaps
rectum, apendicitis, sakit perut, mual muntahDiagnosis = telur dalam tinjaTerapi = mebendazole, oksantel pamoat
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Telur Oxyuris vermicularis
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Oxyuris vermicularis / cacing kremiMenyebabkan penyakit oxyuriasis / enterobiasisHospes = manusiaCara infeksi • Auto infeksi = menelan telur matang• Retro infeksi = larva migrasi ke usus besar setelah nempel di perianalSumber infeksi = debu, bulu anjingGejala• Pruritus ani dan vulva nocturna• Iritasi sekitar anus dan perineum• Radang vagina dan tuba falopi• Apendicitis• Eosinofilia sampai dengan 10 %Diagnosis = anal swab yang ditemukan telur dan cacing dewasaTerapi = piperazin , pirantel pamoat ( tidak untuk stadium telur dan larva),
mebendazole dan albendazole (semua stadium )
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Telur cacing tambang
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Cacing tambangNecator americanus = necatoriasisAncylostoma duodenale = ancylostomiasisHospes = manusiaGejala • ( std. larva ) ground itch pnemonitis lokal• ( std. dewasa) perdarahan oculta
Akut = sakit perut , nausea , muntah , diare , melena , lemah pucatKronis = anemia mikrositik hipokrom, dan eosinofilianecator = 0.005-0.1 cc /hariancylostoma = 0.08-0,34 cc/hari
Diagnosis = telur pada tinja segar , larva pada tinja lama ( > 24 jam )Terapi = mebendazole, pirantel pamoat, tetramizole
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Telur Ascaris lumbricoides tidak dibuahi corticated
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Telur Ascaris lumbricoides tidak dibuahi corticated
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Telur Ascaris lumbricoides dibuahi decorticated
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Telur Ascaris lumbricoides dibuahi decorticated
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Telur ascaris lumbricoides tidak dibuahi decorticated
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Telur ascaris lumbricoides dibuahi corticated
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Ascaris lumbricoidesMenyebakan penyakit ascariasisCara infeksi = menelan telur matang berisi larvaHabitat cacing dewasa = usus halusGejala Larva = sindroma loeffler ( demam , batuk, eosinofilia, infiltrat paru, sesak ,
urtikaria, edema )Dewasa = ringan ; diare , konstipasi , mual, muntah, nafsu makan turun, berat ;
malabsorbsi – malnutrisi, ileus obstruksiDiagnosis = telur dan larva di feces , cacing dewasa keluar di hidung dan mulutTerapi = mebendazole , albendazole, pirantel pamoat , piperazin sitrat
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Proglotid Taenia saginata
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Taenia saginataPenyakit: taeniasis saginataHospes: manusiaHospes perantara: sapiInfektif: menelan cysticercus bovis larva taenia saginataGejala: • Ringan: diare, sakit ulu hati, mual muntah • BB turun, eosinofilia • Berat: apendisitis, ileusDiagnosis = menemukan telur, proglotid dan scolex di feces , proglotid keluar
dari anusTerapi = mebendazole , prazikuantel, bitionole
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Scolex Taenia solium
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Scolex Taenia solium
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Taenia soliumMenyebabkan penyakit = taeniasis soliumHospes = manusiaHospes perantara = babiCara infeksi: makan babi ber-cysticercus cellulosae ->envaginasi scolex di usus
halus selama 3 bulanGejala • diare , obstipasi , mual, nyeri ulu hati, sakit kepala, peritonitis • Sistiserkosis : demam tinggi, eosinofilia > 10%, miositis, epilepsi,
mengioensefalitis, hydrosefalus internusDiagnosis = telur atau proglotid di feces, untuk sistiserkosis ->menemukan
sistiserkus dalam benjolan bawah kulit atau dengan reaksi imunologiTerapi = taeniasis -> prazikuantel , sistiserkosis ->prazikuantel albendazole,
bedah
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Mikrofilaria Wuchereria bancrofti
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Menyebabkan penyakit filariasis bancroftiVektor = nyamuk, culex -> kota , anopheles /aides -> desaHospes = manusiaCara infeksi = larva dari gigitan nyamukGejala • Std. microfilaremia : occult filariasis, di kapiler alat dalam -
>hipereosinofilia, paru2 seperti asma bronkial, urtikaria• Std. akut : limphadenitis, limfangitis retrograd ,funikulitis, epididimitis,
orchitis• Std. menahun :obstruksi 10-15 th kemudian , hidrokel, limphedema,
elefantiasis, chyluriaDiagnosis = gejala klinis, menemukan microfilaria di darah ,cairan hidrokel
dan chyluria, USG skrotum dan kelenjar limfe ->filarial dance sign, imunologi dan biopsi
Terapi = dietil carbamazin
Mikrofilaria Wuchereria bancrofti
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Microfilaria brugia timori
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Mikrofilaria Brugia malayi
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Microfilaria brugia timori dan malayiMenyebabkan penyakit filariasis timori / malayiHospes = manusia, malayi bisa dari hewanVektor = anopheles barbirostrisCara infeksi = larva masuk melalui gigitan nyamuk,Periodisitas Malayi = nocturna, sub periodik nocturna , non periodikTimori = nocturnaGejala • Std akut = demam, limphadenitis dan limfangitis yang hilang timbul, eosinofil
tinggi• Std kronis = limphedema pada inguinal, medial tungkai dan lengan,
elefantiasis lengan dan tungkai, tidak ada chyluria dan hydroceleDiagnosis = gejala klinis, menemukan microfilaria di darah tepi, biopsi, imunologiTerapi = dietil carbamazin
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Balantidium coli stadium kista
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Balantidium coli stadium kista
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Balantidium coli stadium kista
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Balantidium coli stadium trofozoit
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Balantidium coli stadium tropozoit
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Balantidium coliMenyebabkan penyakit: balantidiasis/disentri balantidiumHospes: manusia, babi, keraInfektif: menelan kistaGejala:• Akut: ulkus merata pada mukosa kolon (gangren (fatal) + sindroma
disentri)• Kronis: diare-kosntipasi (selang-seling), sakit perut, tidak nafsu makan,
muntah, cochexia• Ekstraintestinal: peritonitis, uretritisDiagnosis: vegetatif dalam feces encer, kista dalam feces padatTerapi: tetrasiklin, metronidazol, diiodohidroksikuinolin
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Entamoeba coli stadium kista inti 4
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Entamoeba coli stadium kista inti 5
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Entamoeba coli stadium kista inti 8 (2)
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Entamoeba coli stadium vegetatif
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Entamoeba coli• Tidak menimbulkan penyakit (bersifat komensal)• Hospes: manusia• Tidak patogen• Diagnosis: menemukan bentuk trofozoit dan kista dalam feces• Tidak membutuhkan terapi
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Entamoeba hystolitica stadium kista inti 4
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Entamoeba histolytica stadium trofozoit
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Entamoeba histolytica stadium trofozoit (2)
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Entamoeba histolyticaMenyebabkan penyakit: amebiasisHospes: manusiaInfektif: menelan kista matangGejala: • Amoebiasis intestinal: disentri amuba/amebiasis colon akut (sindroma
disentri,diare <10x/hari), amebiasis colon menahun (diare/obstipasi selang-seling, rasa tidak enak di perut, ulkus&dinding menebal:granuloma)
• Amoebiasis ekstraintestinal: hematogen (abses hepar, abses paru, abses otak), percontinuitatum (abses hepar abses paru, peritonitis, dinding perut, amebiasis rektum perianal, perineum dan vagina)
Diagnosis: menemukan e.histolitika dalam feces, biopsi dinding abses, pemeriksaan serologis
Terapi: metronidazol, emetin hidroklorida, klorokuin, antibiotika (tetrasiklin,paromomisin)
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Giardia lamblia stadium kista
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Giardia lamblia stadium vegetatif
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Giardia lamblia stadium vegetatif
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Giardia lambliaMenyebabkan penyakit: Giardiasis atau lambliasisHospes: manusiaInfektif: menelan kista matangGejala: kembung, mual, anorexia, abdomen membesar dan tegang, feces
banyak dan bau busuk, diare + steatorrhoea, BB turunDiagnosis: menemukan trofozoit dalam feses encer atau cairan duodenum,
menemukan kista dalam feses padatTerapi: metronidazol
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Trichomonas vaginalis stadium tropozoit
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Trichomonas vaginalisMenyebabkan penyakit: trikomoniasis vagina (pada wanita), dan prostatitis
(pada pria)Hospes: manusiaInfeksi: bentuk trofozoit; langsung bersetubuh/kontak seksual, tidak
langsung alat mandi, toilet seatGejala: keputihan, rasa panas, gatal, sekret encer putih kekuningan, berbau
dan berbusa, pruritus vagina/vulva + pedih saat kencingDiagnosis: menemukan parasit dari sekret vagina/uretra/prostat/urin, biakan
pepton, tioglikolatTerapi: metronidazol, oral dan tablet vagina
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Plasmodium falciparum schizont matang
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Plasmodium falciparum mikrogametosit (atas) & makrogametosit (bawah)
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Plasmodium Falcifarum ring form
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Plasmodium FalcifarumMenyebabkan penyakit: malaria tropika, malaria falciparumHospes definitif: nyamuk anophelesHospes perantara: manusiaGejala:• Awal: sakit kepala, punggung, extremitas perasaan dingin, mual muntah,
demam <</(-), diare ringan• Lanjut: KU memburuk (mental confusion). Demam tidak teratur, periodisitas
tidak jelas, keringat banyak, nadi&nafas cepat, mual muntah, diare hebat, batuk, limpa&hati membesar ikterus
• Urin: albumin (+), silinder hialin (+)/granular (+)• Darah: anemia ringan, leukopeniaDiagnosis: menemukan trofozoit muda dan/tanpa gametosit pada SADTTerapi: klorokuin, kombinasi sulfadoksin&pirimetamin, kina, antibiotik tetrasiklin,
minosiklin
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Plasmodium vivax zona merah
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Plasmodium vivax ring form
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Plasmodium vivax schizont matang
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Plasmodium vivax makrogametosit
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Plasmodium vivax mikrogametosit
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Plasmodium vivax semua stadium
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Plasmodium vivaxMenyebabkan penyakit: malaria tersiana, malaria vivaxHospes definitif: nyamuk anophelesHospes perantara: manusiaGejala:• Serangan pertama: sindrom prodromal sakit kepala, sakit punggung, mual,
malaise umum• Relaps: sindrom prodromal ringan/(-)• Demam tidak teratur 2-4 hari pertama kemudian jadi intermitten (pagi tinggi,
sore normal)• Periodisitas: 48 jam tiap 3 hari (std. menggigil, panas s/d 40,60 C, berkeringat)• Herpes bibir, anemia, splenomegaliDiagnosis: menemukan parasit pada SADTTerapi: klorokuin, primakuin
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Plasmodium malariae bentuk pita
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Plasmodium malariae bentuk pita
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Plasmodium malariae schizont matang
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Plasmodium malariae schizont muda
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Plasmodium malariae schizont matang
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Plasmodium malariaeMenyebabkan penyakit: malaria kuartana, malaria malariaeHospes definitif: nyamuk anophelesHospes perantara: manusiaGejala:• Awal: mirip vivax• Demam lebih teratur dan pada sore hari tiap 4 hari• Kronis: ada kelainan ginjal• Anemia kurang jelas• SplenomegaliDiagnosis: menemukan parasit pada SADTTerapi: klorokuin