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Parkinson’s Disease InfographicAbout Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms Morning off
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive condition that involves a gradual loss of nerve cells in the brain, leading to problems with movement control and other non-movement-related symptoms. 1 Caused by a
combination of genetic, environmental and ageing factors2
Age is a risk factor:
most people who get PD
are aged 60 or
above2
people have PD worldwide
Symptoms are a result of degeneration of dopaminergic nerve cells. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for the control of movement3
Motor symptoms include: tremor, slowness of movement, muscle stiffness, balance problems4
Non-motor symptoms include: depression, dementia, fatigue, pain, sleep problems, digestive problems4
Since PD is a progressive disease, new symptoms appear continuously and existing symptoms slowly become more severe over time
While medication suppresses theappearance of symptoms, they mayreappear or worsen in the morning, when the effect of the treatment has worn off. This is called ‘morning off’
Nearly 6 in 10 Parkinson’s patients experience morning off symptoms8
Morning off can have a detrimental impact to the patient’s quality of life and can significantly disrupt or delay their morning routine8
Around
6.3million3
There are no objective tests to diagnose PD. It is currently diagnosed based on cardinal motor symptoms5
Symptoms in the early stages of the disease can be treated effectively in most cases. Unfortunately, disease progression leads to recurrence of symptoms or symptoms associated with medications.
The aim of treatment is to control and relieve symptoms6
Treatment normally involves supportive therapy (such as physiotherapy or occupational therapy), medication and, in some cases, surgery6
Due to advances in treatment, most PD patients now have a normal or near-normal life expectancy6
Diagnosis and treatment
1. European Parkinson’s Disease Association. What is Parkinson’s? Available at: http://www.epda.eu.com/en/pd-info/about-parkinsons/ Last accessed: August 2015. 2. European Parkinson’s Disease Association. What causes Parkinson’s? Available at: http://www.epda.eu.com/en/pd-info/about-parkinsons/causes/?Opentab=c2,2#c2 Last accessed: August 2015. 3. European Brain Council. Parkinson’s disease Fact Sheet. Available at www.europeanbraincouncil.org/pdfs/Documents/Parkinson’s%20fact%20sheet%20July%202011.pdf Last accessed: August 2015. 4. Parkinson’s UK. Parkinson’s Symptoms. Available at: http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/content/parkinsons-symptoms Last accessed: August 2015. 5. Michael J. Fox Foundation website. How is Parkinson’s Disease diagnosed? Available at: https://www.michaeljfox.org/understanding-parkinsons/i-have-got-what.php Last Accessed February 2016. 6. NHS Choices. Parkinson’s disease introduction. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Parkinsons-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx Last accessed: August 2015. 7. European Parkinson’s Disease Association. What is wearing off? Available at: http://www.epda.eu.com/en/pd-info/symptoms/wearing-off/?Opentab=c1,2#c1 Last accessed: August 2015. 8. Rizos A et al. Characterizing motor and non-motor aspects of early-morning off periods in Parkinson’s disease: An international multicenter study. Parkinsonism and related disorders. 2014;20:1231-1235.