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Parrish, David (2013) Jacobitism and the British Atlantic world in the age of Anne. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4697/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given

Jacobitism and the British Atlantic World in the Age of Anne

Thesis submitted as a requirement for the degree Ph.D.

David Parrish

School of History

College of Arts

University of Glasgow

October 2013

ii

Abstract

This thesis demonstrates the existence and significance of Jacobitism in the

British Atlantic World, c. 1688-1727. Throughout the period under investigation,

colonists were increasingly integrated into Britain’s partisan politics, religious

controversies, and vibrant public sphere. This integrative process encouraged

colonists to actively participate in British controversies. Moreover, this integration

was complex and multi-faceted and included elements of a Tory political culture in

addition to their Whig counterparts. During this period, colonists increasingly

identified themselves and others according to British political and religious

terminology. This was both caused and encouraged by imperial appointments,

clerical appointments/SPG activity, and an increased consumption of British political

news and commentary. All three informed and shaped colonists’ views regarding

Jacobitism.

In light of these developments, this thesis examines in three case studies

colonial manifestations of Jacobitism within a larger British Atlantic context. Taking

into account the voluminous recent research on Jacobitism, this examination reveals

that there was an identifiable transatlantic Jacobite subculture. This subculture is

recognizable by its associations with elements of British culture inextricably linked to

Jacobitism: nonjuring, Scottish Episcopalianism, high church Anglicanism, and –

increasingly after 1710 – Toryism. These associations were demonstrated by overt

expressions of Jacobitism, such as seditious words and celebrations of Jacobite

holidays. They are also illustrated by accusations of Jacobitism. This thesis seeks to

incorporate Jacobitism into the burgeoning field of Atlantic History and demonstrate

the significance of Jacobitism as an important element of a process of colonial

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Anglicization. This contribution to historical understandings of the Anglicization of

the British Atlantic World seeks to encourage discussions between the disparate fields

of British and colonial history.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements v

Abbreviations vii

Introduction 1

Part One

1. Jacobitism, Party Politics, and the British Atlantic 40

2. Jacobitism and Religious Belief in the British Atlantic 81

3. Jacobitism and Anti-Jacobitism in the Atlantic Public Sphere 125

Part Two

4. Occasional Conformity in Miniature: 167

Jacobitism and South Carolina, c. 1702-1716

5. ‘An Echo to that on the Other Side’: 202

Jacobitism and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies, c. 1710-1717

6. ‘Now the Mask is Taken Off’: 242

Jacobitism and Colonial New England, c. 1702-1727

7. Conclusion 280

Bibliography 288

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Acknowledgements

This thesis would still be an unintelligible mess of papers if not for the guidance,

direction, and support of my supervisors, Karin Bowie and Murray Pittock. Both

have given more time and energy than should be required of any supervisor, and for

that I will be forever grateful. The amount of time they have spent critiquing

countless draft chapters borders on the absurd.

I would also like to thank the participants of the Early Modern Research in Progress

seminar at Glasgow University. They have provided valuable direction on two

chapters and have been a regular source of interesting discussion.

Most importantly, I would like to thank my wife Amanda. Her support made this

thesis possible and kept me sane. Luckily, she did not know what she was getting

herself into when she agreed to move across the Atlantic. If she had known from the

beginning how many conversations about Jacobitism she would have to endure over

three years, it would have seemed much less of an adventure and this thesis would

never have been written!