part 1917—marine terminalslegismex.mty.itesm.mx/secc_inter/29cfr/29cfrpart1917.pdf187 occupational...

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1917

identical to those set forth at § 1910.1030 ofthis chapter.

[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1044 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.

NOTE: The requirements applicable to ship-yard employment under this section areidentical to those set forth at § 1910.1044 ofthis chapter.

[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1045 Acrylonitrile.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1047 Ethylene oxide.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1048 Formaldehyde.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1050 Methylenedianiline.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1052 Methylene chloride.

NOTE: The requirements applicable to ship-yard employment under this section areidentical to those set forth at 29 CFR1910.1052.

[62 FR 1619, Jan. 10, 1997]

§ 1915.1200 Hazard communication.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

§ 1915.1450 Occupational exposure tohazardous chemicals in labora-tories.


[61 FR 31431, June 20, 1996]

PART 1917—MARINE TERMINALS

Subpart A—Scope and Definitions

Sec.1917.1 Scope and applicability.1917.2 Definitions.1917.3 Incorporation by reference.

Subpart B—Marine Terminal Operations

1917.11 Housekeeping.1917.12 Slippery conditions.1917.13 Slinging.1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets.1917.15 Coopering.1917.16 Line handling. (See also § 1917.95(b)).1917.17 Railroad facilities.1917.18 Log handling.1917.19 Movement of barges and rail cars.1917.20 Interference with communications.1917.21 Open fires.1917.22 Hazardous cargo (see § 1917.2(p)).1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres and sub-

stances (See also § 1917.2(r)).1917.24 Carbon monoxide.1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insecticides

and hazardous preservatives (see§ 1917.2(p)).

1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facilities.1917.27 Personnel.1917.28 Hazard communication (See also

§ 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)).1917.29 Retention of DOT markings, plac-

ards and labels.1917.30 Emergency action plans.

Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gear andEquipment

1917.41 House falls.1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.1917.44 General rules applicable to vehicles.1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also

§ 1917.50).1917.46 Load indicating devices.1917.47 Winches.1917.48 Conveyors.1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins, and

associated equipment.1917.50 Certification of marine terminal ma-

terial handling devices (See also manda-tory appendix IV, part 1918 of this chap-ter).

1917.51 Hand tools.

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–98 Edition) § 1917.1

Subpart D—Specialized Terminals

1917.70 General.1917.71 Terminals handling intermodal con-

tainers or roll-on roll-off operations.1917.73 Terminal facilities handling menha-

den and similar species of fish (See also§ 1917.2, definition of hazardous cargo,materials, substance, or atmosphere).

Subpart E—Personal Protection

1917.91 Eye and face protection.1917.92 Respiratory protection.1917.93 Head protection.1917.94 Foot protection.1917.95 Other protective measures.

Subpart F—Terminal Facilities

1917.111 Maintenance and load limits.1917.112 Guarding of edges.1917.113 Clearance heights.1917.114 Cargo doors.1917.115 Platforms and skids.1917.116 Elevators and escalators.1917.117 Manlifts.1917.118 Fixed ladders.1917.119 Portable ladders.1917.120 Fixed stairways.1917.121 Spiral stairways.1917.122 Employee exits.1917.123 Illumination.1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridge plates).1917.125 Guarding temporary hazards.1917.126 River banks.1917.127 Sanitation.1917.128 Signs and marking.

Subpart G—Related Terminal Operationsand Equipment

1917.151 Machine guarding.1917.152 Welding, cutting and heating (hot

work) (See also § 1917.2, definition of Haz-ardous cargo, materials, substance, or at-mosphere).

1917.153 Spray painting (See also § 1917.2,definition of Hazardous cargo, materials,substance, or atmosphere).

1917.154 Compressed air.1917.155 Air receivers.1917.156 Fuel handling and storage.1917.157 Battery charging and changing.1917.158 Prohibited operations.

AUTHORITY: Sec. 41, Longshore and HarborWorkers’ Compensation Act (33 U.S.C. 941);Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and HealthAct of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretaryof Labor’s Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76(41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), or 6–96 (62 FR111), as applicable; 29 CFR part 1911.

Section 1917.28 also issued under 5 U.S.C.553.

SOURCE: 48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, unlessotherwise noted.

Subpart A—Scope and Definitions§ 1917.1 Scope and applicability.

(a) The regulations of this part applyto employment within a marine termi-nal as defined in § 1917.2(u), includingthe loading, unloading, movement orother handling of cargo, ship’s storesor gear within the terminal or into orout of any land carrier, holding or con-solidation area, any other activitywithin and associated with the overalloperation and functions of the termi-nal, such as the use and routine main-tenance of facilities and equipment. Allcargo transfer accomplished with theuse of shore-based material handlingdevices shall be regulated by this part.

(1) The provisions of this part 1917 donot apply to the following:

(i) Facilities used solely for the bulkstorage, handling and transfer of flam-mable, non-flammable and combustibleliquids and gases.

(ii) Facilities subject to the regula-tions of the Office of Pipeline SafetyRegulation of the Materials Transpor-tation Bureau, Department of Trans-portation, to the extent such regula-tions apply.

(iii) Fully automated bulk coal han-dling facilities contiguous to electricalpower generating plants.

(2) Part 1910 of this chapter does notapply to marine terminals except forthe following provisions:

(i) Abrasive blasting. Subpart G,§ 1910.94(a);

(ii) Access to employee exposure andmedical records. Subpart Z, § 1910.1020;

(iii) Commercial diving operations. Sub-part T of part 1910;

(iv) Electrical. Subpart S of part 1910;(v) Grain handling facilities. Subpart

R, § 1910.272;(vi) Hazard communication. Subpart Z,

§ 1910.1200;(vii) Ionizing radiation. Subpart Z,

§ 1910.1096;(viii) Noise. Subpart G, § 1910.95;(ix) Nonionizing radiation. Subpart G,

§ 1910.97;(x) Respiratory protection. Subpart I,

§ 1910.134;(xi) Safety requirements for scaffolding.

Subpart D, § 1910.28;(xii) Servicing multi-piece and single

piece rim wheels. Subpart N, § 1910.177;and


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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1917.2

1 The International Maritime Organizationpublishes the International Maritime Dan-gerous Goods Code to aid compliance withthe international legal requirements of theInternational Convention for the Safety ofLife at Sea, 1960.

(xiii) Toxic and hazardous substances.Subpart Z applies to marine cargo han-dling activities except for the follow-ing:

(A) When a substance or cargo is con-tained within a sealed, intact means ofpackaging or containment complyingwith Department of Transportation orInternational Maritime Organizationrequirements; 1

(B) Bloodborne pathogens, § 1910.1030;(C) Carbon monoxide, § 1910.1000 (See

§ 1917.24(a)); and(D) Hydrogen sulfide, § 1910.1000 (See

§ 1917.73(a)(2)).(b) [Reserved]

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 52 FR 49624, Dec. 31,1987; 62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.2 Definitions.

Apron means that open portion of amarine terminal immediately adjacentto a vessel berth and used in the directtransfer of cargo between the terminaland vessel.

Authorized, in reference to an em-ployee’s assignment, means selected bythe employer for that purpose.

Cargo door (transit shed door) meansa door designed to permit transfer ofcargo to and from a marine terminalstructure.

Cargo packaging means any method ofcontainment for shipment, includingcases, cartons, crates and sacks, butexcluding large units such as inter-modal containers, vans or similar de-vices.

Confined space means a space havingall of the following characteristics:

(1) Small size;(2) Severely limited natural ventila-

tion;(3) Capability to accumulate or con-

tain a hazardous atmosphere;(4) Exits that are not readily acces-

sible; and(5) A design not meant for continuous

human occupancy.

Examples of confined spaces are inter-modal tank containers, brailwatertanks and portable tanks.

Conveyor means a device designed ex-clusively for transporting bulk mate-rials, packages or objects in a predeter-mined path and having fixed or selec-tive points of loading or discharge.

Danger zone means any place in orabout a machine or piece of equipmentwhere an employee may be struck byor caught between moving parts,caught between moving and stationaryobjects or parts of the machine, caughtbetween the material and a movingpart of the machine, burned by hot sur-faces or exposed to electric shock. Ex-amples of danger zones are nip andshear points, shear lines, drive mecha-nisms, and areas beneath counter-weights.

Designated person means a person whopossesses specialized abilities in a spe-cific area and is assigned by the em-ployer to perform a specific task inthat area.

Dock means a wharf or pier formingall or part of a waterfront facility, in-cluding marginal or quayside berthingfacilities; not to be confused with‘‘loading dock’’ as at a transit shed orcontainer freight station, or with thebody of water between piers orwharves.

Dockboard (bridge plate or car plate)means a device utilized to span the gapbetween railroad cars, or between rail-road cars or highway vehicles and theloading dock or platform. A car platemay be fixed, adjustable, portable,powered or unpowered.

Enclosed space means an indoor space,other than a confined space, that maycontain or accumulate a hazardous at-mosphere due to inadequate naturalventilation. Examples of enclosedspaces are trailers, railcars, and stor-age rooms.

Examination, as applied to materialhandling devices required by this partto be certificated, means a comprehen-sive survey consisting of the criteriaoutlined in 29 CFR 1919.71(d) as applica-ble to the type of gear or device. Theexamination is supplemented by a unitproof test in the case of a quadrennialsurvey.


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Flammable atmosphere means an at-mosphere containing more than 10 per-cent of the lower flammable limit of aflammable or combustible vapor ordust mixed with air.

Front-end attachments. (1) As appliedto power-operated industrial trucks,means the various devices, such as rollclamps, rotating and sideshifting car-riages, magnets, rams, crane arms orbooms, load stabilizers, scoops, bucketsand dumping bins, attached to the loadend for handling lifts as single or mul-tiple units.

(2) As applied to cranes, means var-ious attachments applied to the basicmachine for the performance of func-tions such as lifting, clamshell or mag-net services.

Fumigant is a substance or mixture ofsubstances, used to kill pests or pre-vent infestation, which is a gas or israpidly or progressively transformed tothe gaseous state, even though somenongaseous or particulate matter mayremain and be dispersed in the treat-ment space.

Hazardous cargo, material, substance oratmosphere means:

(1) Any substance listed in 29 CFRpart 1910, subpart Z;

(2) Any material in the HazardousMaterials Table and Hazardous Mate-rials Communications Regulations ofthe Department of Transportation, 49CFR part 172;

(3) Any article not properly describedby a name in the Hazardous MaterialsTable and Hazardous Materials Com-munications Regulations of the De-partment of Transportation, 49 CFRpart 172 but which is properly classifiedunder the definition of those categoriesof dangerous articles given in 49 CFRPart 173; or

(4) Any atmosphere with an oxygencontent of less than 19.5%.

House falls means spans and support-ing members, winches, blocks, andstanding and running rigging formingpart of a marine terminal and usedwith a vessel’s cargo gear to load orunload by means of married falls.

Inspection, as applied to materialhandling devices required by this partto be certificated, means a completevisual examination of all visible partsof the device.

Intermodal container means a reusablecargo container of a rigid constructionand rectangular configuration; fittedwith devices permitting its ready han-dling, particularly its transfer fromone mode of transport to another; sodesigned to be readily filled andemptied; intended to contain one ormore articles of cargo or bulk commod-ities for transportation by water andone or more other transport modes.The term includes completely enclosedunits, open top units, fractional heightunits, units incorporating liquid or gastanks and other variations fitting intothe container system. It does not in-clude cylinders, drums, crates, cases,cartons, packages, sacks, unitizedloads or any other form of packaging.

Loose gear means removable and re-placeable components of equipment ordevices which may be used with or as apart of assembled material handlingunits for purposes such as making con-nections, changing line direction andmultiplying mechanical advantage. Ex-amples are shackles and snatch blocks.

Marine terminal means wharves, bulk-heads, quays, piers, docks and otherberthing locations and adjacent stor-age or adjacent areas and structuresassociated with the primary movementof cargo or materials from vessel toshore or shore to vessel includingstructures which are devoted to receiv-ing, handling, holding, consolidatingand loading or delivery of waterborneshipments or passengers, includingareas devoted to the maintenance ofthe terminal or equipment. The termdoes not include production or manu-facturing areas nor does the term in-clude storage facilities directly associ-ated with those production or manufac-turing areas.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 62FR 40196, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.3 Incorporation by reference.

(a) (1) The standards of agencies ofthe U.S. Government, and organiza-tions which are not agencies of theU.S. Government which are incor-porated by reference in this part, havethe same force and effect as other


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standards in this part. Only the manda-tory provisions (i.e. provisions contain-ing the word ‘‘shall’’ or other manda-tory language) of standards incor-porated by reference are adopted asstandards under the Occupational Safe-ty and Health Act.

(2) Any changes in the standards in-corporated by reference in this partand an official historic file of suchchanges are available for inspection atthe national office of the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration,U.S. Department of Labor, Washington,DC 20210.

(3) The materials listed in paragraph(b) of this section are incorporated byreference in the corresponding sectionsnoted as they exist on the date of theapproval, and a notice of any change inthese materials will be published in theFEDERAL REGISTER. Theseincorporations by reference (IBRs)were approved by the Director of theFederal Register in accordance with 5U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.

(4) Copies of the following standardsthat are issued by the respective pri-vate standards organizations may beobtained from the issuing organiza-tions. The materials are available forpurchase at the corresponding address-es of the private standards organiza-tions noted in paragraph (b) of this sec-tion. In addition, all are available forinspection at the Office of the FederalRegister, 800 North Capitol Street,NW., suite 700, Washington DC, andthrough the OSHA Docket Office, roomN2625, U.S. Department of Labor, 200Constitution Ave., Washington, DC20210, or any of OSHA’s regional of-fices.

(b) The following material is avail-able for purchase from the AmericanNational Standards Institute (ANSI),11 West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036:

(1) ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Wood Ladders; BRapproved for § 1917.119(c).

(2) ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Require-ments for Portable Metal Ladders; BRapproved for § 1917.119(c).

(3) ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Require-ments for Portable Reinforced PlasticLadders; IBR approved for § 1917.119(c).

(4) ANSI Z–87.1–1989, Practice for Oc-cupational and Educational Eye and

Face Protection; IBR approved for§ 1917.91(a)(1).

(5) ANSI Z–89.1–1986, Personnel Pro-tection-Protective Headwear for Indus-trial Workers-Requirements; IBR ap-proved for § 1917.93(b).

(6) ANSI Z–41–1991, American Na-tional Standard for Personal Protec-tion-Protective Footwear; IBR ap-proved for § 1917.94(b).

[62 FR 40196, July 25, 1997]

Subpart B—Marine TerminalOperations

§ 1917.11 Housekeeping.(a) Active work areas shall be kept

free of equipment and materials not inuse, and clear of debris, projectingnails, strapping and other sharp objectsnot necessary for the work in progress.

(b) Hatch beams, covers and pontoonsplaced in terminal working areas shallbe stowed in stable piles with beams se-cured against tipping or falling. Alter-natively, beams may be laid on theirsides. When beams and pontoons arestowed in tiers more than one high,dunnage or other suitable materialshall be used under and between tiers.

(c) Cargo and material shall not ob-struct access to vessels, cranes, vehi-cles or buildings. Means of access andegress within buildings shall be simi-larly unobstructed.

(d) Dunnage, lumber, or shoring ma-terial in which there are visibly pro-truding nails shall be removed from theimmediate work area or if left in thearea, the nails shall be rendered harm-less.


§ 1917.12 Slippery conditions.The employer shall eliminate, to the

extent possible, conditions causingslippery working and walking surfacesin immediate work areas used by em-ployees.

§ 1917.13 Slinging.(a) Drafts shall be safely slung before

being hoisted. Loose dunnage or debrishanging or protruding from loads shallbe removed.

(b) Bales of cotton, wool, cork, woodpulp, gunny bags or similar articles


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shall be hoisted only by straps strongenough to support the weight of thebale. At least two hooks, each in a sep-arate strap, shall be used.

(c) Unitized loads bound by bands orstraps may be hoisted by the bandingor strapping only if the banding orstrapping is suitable for hoisting and isstrong enough to support the weight ofthe load.

(d) Additional means of hoisting shallbe employed to ensure safe lifting ofunitized loads having damaged bandingor strapping.

(e) Case hooks shall be used onlywith cases designed to be hoisted bythese hooks.

(f) Loads requiring continuous man-ual guidance during handling shall beguided by guide ropes (tag lines) thatare long enough to control the load.

(g) Intermodal containers shall behandled in accordance with § 1917.71(f).

(h) The employer shall require em-ployees to stay clear of the area be-neath overhead drafts or descendinglifting gear.

(i) Employees shall not be permittedto ride the hook or the load.


§ 1917.14 Stacking of cargo and pallets.Cargo, pallets and other material

stored in tiers shall be stacked in sucha manner as to provide stabilityagainst sliding and collapse.

§ 1917.15 Coopering.Repair and reconditioning of dam-

aged or leaking cargo packaging (coop-ering) shall be performed so as not toendanger employees.

§ 1917.16 Line handling. (See also§ 1917.95(b)).

(a) In order to provide safe access forhandling lines while mooring andunmooring vessels, cargo or materialshall not be stowed or vehicles placedwhere they obstruct the work surfaceto be used.

(b) When stringpiece or apron widthis insufficient for safe footing, grablines or rails shall be installed on thesides of permanent structures.(‘‘Stringpiece’’ means a narrow walk-way between the water edge of a berthand a shed or other structure.)

§ 1917.17 Railroad facilities.(a) Work shall be performed in rail-

cars only if floors of the railcars are invisibly safe condition for the work ac-tivity being conducted and equipmentbeing used.

(b) A route shall be established toallow employees to pass to and fromplaces of employment without passingunder, over or through railcars, or be-tween cars less than 10 feet (3 m) aparton the same track.

(c) The employer shall direct that noemployees remain in railcars afterwork is concluded.

(d) Railcars shall be chocked or oth-erwise prevented from moving:

(1) While dockboards or carplates arein position; or

(2) While employees are workingwithin, on or under the railcars or nearthe tracks at the ends of the cars.

(e) When employees are working in,on, or under a railcar, positive meansshall be taken to protect them from ex-posure to impact from moving railcars.

(f) Before cars are moved, unsecuredand overhanging stakes, wire straps,banding and similar objects shall be re-moved or placed so as not to createhazards.

(g) The employer shall institute allnecessary controls during railcarmovement to safeguard personnel. Ifwinches or capstans are employed formovement, employees shall stand clearof the hauling rope and shall not standbetween the rope and the cars.

(h) Before being opened fully, doorsshall be opened slightly to ensure thatthe load has not shifted during transit.Special precautions shall be taken ifthe doors being opened are visibly dam-aged.

(i) If powered industrial trucks areused to open railcar doors, the trucksor the railcar doors shall be equippedwith door opening attachments. Em-ployees shall stand clear of the railcardoors while they are being opened andclosed.

(j) Only railcar door openers or pow-ered industrial trucks equipped withdoor opening attachments shall be usedto open jammed doors.

(k) Employees shall not remain in oron gondolas or flat cars when draftsthat create overhead, caught-in,caught-between or struck-by hazards


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2 The Department of Transportation andthe United States Coast Guard apply require-ments related to handling, storing and trans-portation of hazardous cargo (see 33 CFRpart 126, 46 CFR, 49 CFR).

are being landed in or on the railcar;end gates, if raised, shall be secured.

(l) Operators of railcar dumps shallhave an unrestricted view of dumpingoperations and shall have emergencymeans of stopping movement.

(m) Recessed railroad switches shallbe enclosed to provide a level surface.

(n) Warning signs shall be postedwhere doorways open onto tracks, atblind corners and at similar placeswhere vision may be restricted.

(o) Warning signs shall be posted ifinsufficient clearance for personnel ex-ists between railcars and structures.


§ 1917.18 Log handling.

(a) The employer shall ensure thatstructures (bunks) used to contain logshave rounded corners and roundedstructural parts to avoid sling damage.

(b) Two or more binders or equiva-lently safe means of containment shallremain on logging trucks and railcarsto secure logs during movement of thetruck or car within the terminal. Dur-ing unloading, logs shall be preventedfrom moving while binders are beingremoved.

(c) Logs shall be hoisted by twoslings or by other gear designed forsafe hoisting.

(d) Logs placed adjacent to vehiclecurbs on the dock shall not be over onetier high unless placed in bunks or sostacked as not to roll or otherwise cre-ate a hazard to employees.

(e) Before logs are slung up from thedock, they shall be stably supported toprevent spreading and to allow passageof slings beneath the load. When bunksor similar retaining devices are used,no log shall be higher than the stan-chions or retaining members of the de-vice.

§ 1917.19 Movement of barges and rail-cars.

Barges and railcars shall not bemoved by cargo runners (running rig-ging) from vessel cargo booms, cranesor other equipment not suitable for thepurpose.

§ 1917.20 Interference with commu-nications.

Cargo handling operations shall notbe carried on when noise-producing,maintenance, construction or repairwork interferes with the communica-tion of warnings or instructions.

[62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.21 Open fires.Open fires and fires in drums or simi-

lar containers are prohibited.

§ 1917.22 Hazardous cargo.2 (See§ 1917.2(p)).

(a) Before cargo handling operationsbegin, the employer shall ascertainwhether any hazardous cargo is to behandled and shall determine the natureof the hazard. The employer shall in-form employees of the nature of anyhazard and any special precautions tobe taken to prevent employee exposure,and shall instruct employees to notifyhim of any leaks or spills.

(b) All hazardous cargo shall be slungand secured so that neither the draftnor individual packages can fall as aresult of tipping the draft or slackingof the supporting gear.

(c) If hazardous cargo is spilled or ifits packaging leaks, employees shall beremoved from the affected area untilthe employer has ascertained the spe-cific hazards, provided any equipment,clothing and ventilation and fire pro-tection equipment necessary to elimi-nate or protect against the hazard, andhas instructed cleanup employees in asafe method of cleaning up and dispos-ing of a spill and handling and dispos-ing of leaking containers. Actualcleanup or disposal work shall be con-ducted under the supervision of a des-ignated person.

§ 1917.23 Hazardous atmospheres andsubstances (See also § 1917.2(r)).

(a) Purpose and scope. This sectioncovers areas in which the employer isaware that a hazardous atmosphere orsubstance may exist, except where oneor more of the following sections apply:


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Section 1917.22 Hazardous cargo; § 1917.24Carbon monoxide; § 1917.25 Fumigants,pesticides, insecticides and hazardous pre-servatives; § 1917.73 Menhaden terminals;§ 1917.152 Welding, cutting, and heating(hot work); and § 1917.153 Spray painting.

(b) Determination of hazard. (1) Whenthe employer is aware that a room,building, vehicle, railcar, or otherspace contains or has contained a haz-ardous atmosphere, a designated andappropriately equipped person shalltest the atmosphere before employeeentry to determine whether a hazard-ous atmosphere exists.

(2) Records of results of any tests re-quired by this section shall be main-tained for at least thirty (30) days.

(c) Testing during ventilation. Whenmechanical ventilation is used tomaintain a safe atmosphere, tests shallbe made by a designated person to en-sure that the atmosphere is not hazard-ous.

(d) Entry into hazardous atmospheres.Only designated persons shall enterhazardous atmospheres, in which casethe following shall apply:

(1) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall beprotected by respiratory and emer-gency protective equipment meetingthe requirements of subpart E of thispart;

(2) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall be in-structed in the nature of the hazard,precautions to be taken, and the use ofprotective and emergency equipment.Standby observers, similarly equippedand instructed, shall continuouslymonitor the activity of employeeswithin such space;

(3) Except for emergency or rescueoperations, employees shall not enterinto any atmosphere which has beenidentified as flammable or oxygen defi-cient (less than 19.5% oxygen). Personswho may be required to enter flam-mable or oxygen deficient atmospheresin emergency operations shall be in-structed in the dangers attendant tothose atmospheres and instructed inthe use of self-contained breathing ap-paratus, which shall be utilized.

(4) To prevent inadvertent employeeentry into spaces that have been iden-tified as having hazardous, flammableor oxygen deficient atmospheres, ap-

propriate warning signs or equivalentmeans shall be posted at all means ofaccess to those spaces.

(e) When the packaging of asbestoscargo leaks, spillage shall be cleanedup by designated employees protectedfrom the harmful effects of asbestos asrequired by § 1910.1001 of this chapter.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,1996; 62 FR 40197, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.24 Carbon monoxide.(a) Exposure limits. The carbon mon-

oxide content of the atmosphere in aroom, building, vehicle, railcar, or anyenclosed space shall be maintained atnot more than 50 parts per million(ppm) (0.005%) as an eight hour averagearea level and employees shall be re-moved from the enclosed space if thecarbon monoxide concentration ex-ceeds a ceiling of 100 ppm (0.01%).

(b) Testing. Tests to determine carbonmonoxide concentration shall be madewhen necessary to ensure that em-ployee exposure does not exceed thelimits specified in paragraph (a) of thissection.

(c) Instrumentation. Tests for carbonmonoxide concentration shall be madeby designated persons using gas detec-tor tube units certified by NIOSHunder 30 CFR part 11 or other measur-ing instruments whose accuracy is asgreat or greater.

(d) Records. A record of the date,time, location and results of carbonmonoxide tests shall be available for atleast thirty (30) days.


§ 1917.25 Fumigants, pesticides, insec-ticides and hazardous preserva-tives. (See § 1917.2(p)).

(a) At any time that the concentra-tion in any space reaches the levelspecified as hazardous by the fumigantmanufacturer or by Table Z-1 of 29 CFR1910.1000, whichever is lower, all em-ployees shall be removed from thespace and shall not be permitted to re-enter until such time as tests dem-onstrate that the atmosphere is safe.

(b) Tests to determine the atmos-pheric concentration of chemicals usedto treat cargo shall be:


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(1) Appropriate for the hazard in-volved;

(2) Conducted by designated persons;and

(3) Performed at the intervals nec-essary to ensure that employee expo-sure does not exceed the permissibleexposure limit for the chemical in-volved.

(c) Results of any tests shall be avail-able for at least 30 days. Such recordsmay be entered on any retrievable me-dium, and shall be available for inspec-tion.

(d) Chemicals shall only be applied tocargoes by designated persons.

(e) Only designated persons shallenter hazardous atmospheres, in whichcase the following provisions apply.

(1) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall beprotected by respiratory and emer-gency protective equipment meetingthe requirements of subpart E of thispart; and

(2) Persons entering a space contain-ing a hazardous atmosphere shall be in-structed in the nature of the hazard,precautions to be taken, and the use ofprotective and emergency equipment.Standby observers, similarly equippedand instructed, shall continuouslymonitor the activity of employeeswithin such a space.

(f) Signs shall be clearly postedwhere fumigants, pesticides or hazard-ous preservatives have created a haz-ardous atmosphere. These signs shallnote the danger, identify specificchemical hazards, and give appropriateinformation and precautions, includinginstructions for the emergency treat-ment of employees affected by anychemical in use.

(g) In the case of containerized ship-ments of fumigated tobacco, the con-tents of the container shall be aeratedby opening the container doors for aperiod of 48 hours after the completionof fumigation and prior to loading.When tobacco is within shipping caseshaving polyethylene or similar bag lin-ers, the aeration period shall be 72hours. The employer shall obtain awritten warranty from the fumigation

facility stating that the appropriateaeration period has been met.


§ 1917.26 First aid and lifesaving facili-ties.

(a) Employers shall instruct employ-ees to report every injury, regardless ofseverity, to the employer.

(b) A first aid kit shall be availableat the terminal, and at least one per-son holding a valid first aid certificateshall be at the terminal when work isin progress.

(c) First aid kit. First aid kits shall beweatherproof and shall contain individ-ual sealed packages for each item thatmust be kept sterile. The contents ofeach kit shall be determined by a per-son certified in first aid and cognizantof the hazards found in marine cargohandling operations. The contentsshall be checked at intervals that allowprompt replacement of expended items.

(d) Stretchers. (1) There shall be avail-able for each vessel being worked oneStokes basket stretcher, or its equiva-lent, permanently equipped with bri-dles for attaching to the hoisting gear.

(2) Stretchers shall be kept close tovessels and shall be positioned to avoiddamage to the stretcher.

(3) A blanket or other suitable cover-ing shall be available.

(4) Stretchers shall have at least foursets of effective patient restraints inoperable condition.

(5) Lifting bridles shall be of ade-quate strength, capable of lifting 1,000pounds (454 kg) with a safety factor offive, and shall be maintained in oper-able condition. Lifting bridles shall beprovided for making vertical patientlifts at container berths. Stretchers forvertical lifts shall have foot plates.

(6) Stretchers shall be maintained inoperable condition. Struts and bracesshall be inspected for damage. Wiremesh shall be secured and have noburrs. Damaged stretchers shall not beused until repaired.

(7) Stretchers in permanent locationsshall be mounted to prevent damageand shall be protected from the ele-ments if located out-of-doors. If con-cealed from view, closures shall be


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3 The following are recommended topics: (i)Safety responsibility and authority; (ii) ele-ments of accident prevention; (iii) attitudes,leadership and motivation; (iv) hazards oflongshoring, including peculiar local cir-cumstances; (v) hazard identification andelimination; (vi) applicable regulations; and(vii) accident investigations.

marked to indicate the location of thelife saving equipment.

(e) Telephone or equivalent means ofcommunication shall be readily avail-able.

(f) A U.S. Coast Guard approved 30-inch (76.2 cm) life ring, with at least 90feet (27.42 m) of line attached, shall beavailable at readily accessible pointsat each waterside work area where theemployees’ work exposes them to thehazard of drowning. Employees work-ing on any bridge or structure leadingto a detached vessel berthing installa-tion shall wear U.S. Coast Guard ap-proved personal flotation devices ex-cept where protected by railings, nets,or safety belts and lifelines. A readilyavailable portable or permanent laddergiving access to the water shall also beprovided within 200 feet (61 m) of suchwork areas.


§ 1917.27 Personnel.(a) Qualifications of machinery opera-

tors. (1) Only those employees deter-mined by the employer to be com-petent by reason of training or experi-ence, and who understand the signs,notices and operating instructions andare familiar with the signal code in useshall be permitted to operate a crane,winch or other power operated cargohandling apparatus, or any power oper-ated vehicle, or give signals to the op-erator of any hoisting apparatus. Ex-ception: Employees being trained andsupervised by a designated person mayoperate such machinery and give sig-nals to operators during training.

(2) No employee known to have defec-tive uncorrected eyesight or hearing,or to be suffering from heart disease,epilepsy, or similar ailments that maysuddenly incapacitate the employee,shall be permitted to operate a crane,winch or other power-operated cargohandling apparatus or a power-oper-ated vehicle.

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (a)(2): OSHA isdefining suddenly incapacitating medi-cal ailments consistent with the Amer-icans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42U.S.C. 12101 (1990). Therefore, employ-ers who act in accordance with the em-ployment provisions (Title I) of the

ADA (42 U.S.C. 12111–12117), the regula-tions implementing Title I (29 CFRpart 1630), and the Technical Assist-ance Manual for Title I issued by theEqual Employment Opportunity Com-mission (Publication number: EEOC—M1A), will be considered as being incompliance with this paragraph.

(b) Supervisory accident prevention pro-ficiency. (1) After October 3, 1985 imme-diate supervisors of cargo-handling op-erations of more than five (5) personsshall satisfactorily complete a coursein accident prevention. Employeesnewly assigned to supervisory dutiesafter that date shall be required tomeet the provisions of this paragraphwithin ninety (90) days of such assign-ment.

(2) The course shall consist of in-struction suited to the particular oper-ations involved.3


§ 1917.28 Hazard communication (Seealso § 1917.1(a)(2)(vi)).

§ 1917.29 Retention of DOT markings,placards and labels.

(a) Any employer who receives apackage of hazardous material which isrequired to be marked, labeled or plac-arded in accordance with the U. S. De-partment of Transportation’s Hazard-ous Materials Regulations (49 CFRparts 171 through 180) shall retain thosemarkings, labels and placards on thepackage until the packaging is suffi-ciently cleaned of residue and purgedof vapors to remove any potential haz-ards.

(b) Any employer who receives afreight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle, or transport vehiclethat is required to be marked or plac-arded in accordance with the Hazard-ous Materials Regulations shall retainthose markings and placards on thefreight container, rail freight car,motor vehicle or transport vehicle

VerDate 28<AUG>98 11:43 Sep 02, 1998 Jkt 179113 PO 00000 Frm 00190 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\179113T.XXX pfrm08 PsN: 179113T

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until the hazardous materials which re-quire the marking or placarding aresufficiently removed to prevent any po-tential hazards.

(c) Markings, placards and labelsshall be maintained in a manner thatensures that they are readily visible.

(d) For non-bulk packages which willnot be reshipped, the provisions of thissection are met if a label or other ac-ceptable marking is affixed in accord-ance with the Hazard CommunicationStandard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

(e) For the purposes of this section,the term ‘‘hazardous material’’ andany other terms not defined in this sec-tion have the same definition as in theHazardous Materials Regulations (49CFR parts 171 through 180).

[59 FR 36700, July 19, 1994]

§ 1917.30 Emergency action plans.(a) Emergency action plans. (1) Scope

and application. This paragraph (a) re-quires all employers to develop and im-plement an emergency action plan. Theemergency action plan shall be in writ-ing (except as provided in the last sen-tence of paragraph (a)(5)(iii) of this sec-tion) and shall cover those designatedactions employers and employees musttake to ensure employee safety fromfire and other emergencies.

(2) Elements. The following elements,at a minimum, shall be included in theplan:

(i) Emergency escape procedures andemergency escape route assignments;

(ii) Procedures to be followed by em-ployees who remain to operate criticalplant operations before they evacuate;

(iii) Procedures to account for allemployees after emergency evacuationhas been completed;

(iv) Rescue and medical duties forthose employees who are to performthem;

(v) The preferred means of reportingfires and other emergencies; and

(vi) Names or regular job titles ofpersons or departments that can becontacted for further information orexplanation of duties under the plan.

(3) Alarm system. The employer shallestablish an employee alarm systemthat provides warning for necessaryemergency action and for reactiontime for safe escape of employees from

the workplace or the immediate workarea.

(4) Evacuation. The employer shall es-tablish the types of evacuation to beused in emergency circumstances.

(5) Training. (i) Before implementingthe emergency action plan, the em-ployer shall designate and train a suffi-cient number of persons to assist in thesafe and orderly emergency evacuationof employees.

(ii) The employer shall review theplan with each employee covered bythe plan at the following times:

(A) Initially when the plan is devel-oped;

(B) Whenever the employee’s respon-sibilities or designated actions underthe plan change; and

(C) Whenever the plan is changed.(iii) The employer shall review with

each employee upon initial assignmentthose parts of the plan that the em-ployee must know to protect the em-ployee in the event of an emergency.The written plan shall be kept at theworkplace and be made available foremployee review.

(iv) Employers with 10 or fewer em-ployees may communicate the planorally to employees and need not main-tain a written plan

(b) [Reserved]

[62 FR 40198, July 25, 1997]

Subpart C—Cargo Handling Gearand Equipment

§ 1917.41 House falls.(a) Span beams shall be secured to

prevent accidental dislodgement.(b) A safe means of access shall be

provided for employees working withhouse fall blocks.

(c) Designated employees shall in-spect chains, links, shackles, swivels,blocks and other loose gear used inhouse fall operations before each day’suse. Defective gear shall not be used.

§ 1917.42 Miscellaneous auxiliary gear.(a) Routine inspection. (1) At the com-

pletion of each use, loose gear such asslings, chains, bridles, blocks andhooks shall be so placed as to avoiddamage to the gear. Loose gear shall beinspected and any defects corrected be-fore reuse.


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(2) All loose gear shall be inspectedby the employer or his authorized rep-resentative before each use and, whennecessary, at intervals during its use,to ensure that it is safe. Any gearwhich is found upon such inspection tobe visibly unsafe shall not be used untilit is made safe.

(3) Defective gear shall not be used.Distorted hooks, shackles or similargear shall be discarded.

(b) Wire rope and wire rope slings. (1)The employer shall ascertain and ad-here to the manufacturer’s rec-ommended ratings for wire rope andwire rope slings and shall have suchratings available for inspection. Whenthe manufacturer is unable to supplysuch ratings, the employer shall usethe tables for wire rope and wire ropeslings found in American NationalSafety Standard for Slings, ANSIB30.9–1971. A design safety factor of atleast five shall be maintained for thecommon sizes of running wire used asfalls, in purchases or in such uses aslight load slings. Wire rope with a safe-ty factor of less than five may be usedonly:

(i) In specialized equipment, such asbut not limited to cranes, designed tobe used with lesser wire rope safetyfactors;

(ii) In accordance with design factorsin standing rigging applications; or

(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposesfor which a safety factor of five is im-practicable and for which the employer

can demonstrate that equivalent safetyis ensured.

(2) Wire rope or wire rope slings hav-ing any of the following conditionsshall not be used:

(i) Ten randomly distributed brokenwires in one rope lay or three or morebroken wires in one strand in one ropelay;

(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging orother damage resulting in distortion ofthe wire rope structure;

(iii) Evidence of heat damage;(iv) Excessive wear or corrosion, de-

formation or other defect in the wire orattachments, including cracks in at-tachments;

(v) Any indication of strand or wireslippage in end attachments; or

(vi) More than one broken wire in theclose vicinity of a socket or swaged fit-ting.

(3) Protruding ends of strands insplices on slings and bridles shall becovered or blunted. Coverings shall beremovable so that splices can be exam-ined. Means used to cover or blunt endsshall not damage the wire.

(4) Where wire rope clips are used toform eyes, the employer shall adhere tothe manufacturers’ recommendations,which shall be made available for in-spection. If ‘‘U’’ bolt clips are used andthe manufacturers’ recommendationsare not available, Table C–1 shall beused to determine the number andspacing of the clips. ‘‘U’’ bolts shall beapplied with the ‘‘U’’ section in contactwith the dead end of the rope.

TABLE C–1—NUMBER AND SPACING OF U-BOLT WIRE ROPE CLIPS

Improved plow steel, rope diameter Minimum number ofclips

Minimum spacing

inches/(cm) Dropforged

Other ma-terial

inches/(cm)

1⁄2 or less(1.3) 3 4 3(7.6)5⁄8(1.6) 3 4 33⁄4(9.5)3⁄4(1.9) 4 5 41⁄2(11.4)7⁄8(2.2) 4 5 51⁄4(13.3)1(2.5) 5 7 6(15.2)11⁄8(2.7) 6 7 63⁄4(17.1)11⁄4(3.2) 6 8 71⁄2(18.1)13⁄8(3.5) 7 8 81⁄4(21.0)11⁄2(3.8) 7 9 9(22.9)

(5) Wire rope shall not be secured byknots.

(6) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,bull wires, or in single parts used for

hoisting shall not be formed by wirerope clips or knots.

(7) Eye splices in wire ropes shallhave at least three tucks with a whole


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strand of the rope and two tucks withone-half of the wire cut from eachstrand. Other forms of splices or con-nections which are shown to be equiva-lently safe may be used.

(8) Except for eye splices in the endsof wires and for endless rope slings,each wire rope used in hoisting or low-ering, or in bulling cargo, shall consistof one continuous piece without knotor splice.

(c) Natural fiber rope. (1) The em-ployer shall ascertain the manufactur-ers’ ratings for the specific naturalfiber rope used and have such ratingsavailable for inspection. The manufac-turers’ ratings shall be adhered to anda minimum design safety factor of fivemaintained.

(2) Eye splices shall consist of atleast three full tucks. Short splicesshall consist of at least six full tucks,three on each side of the center line.

(d) Synthetic rope. (1) The employershall adhere to the manufacturers’ rat-ings and use recommendations for thespecific synthetic fiber rope used andshall make such ratings available forinspection.

(2) Unless otherwise recommended bythe manufacturer, when synthetic fiberropes are substituted for fiber ropes ofless than three inches (7.62 cm) in cir-cumference, the substitute shall be ofequal size. Where substituted for fiberrope of three inches or more in circum-ference, the size of the synthetic ropeshall be determined from the formula:C=±0.6Cs2+0.4Cm2

Where C= the required circumferenceof the synthetic rope in inches, Cs= thecircumference to the nearest one-quar-ter inch of a synthetic rope having abreaking strength not less than that ofthe size fiber rope that is required byparagraph (c) of this section and Cm=the circumference of the fiber rope ininches that is required by paragraph (c)of this section. In making such substi-tution, it shall be ascertained that theinherent characteristics of the syn-thetic fiber are suitable for hoisting.

(e) Removal of natural and syntheticrope from service. Natural and syntheticrope having any of the following de-fects shall be removed from service:

(1) Abnormal wear;(2) Powdered fiber between strands;

(3) Sufficient cut or broken fibers toaffect the capability of the rope;

(4) Variations in the size or round-ness of strands;

(5) Discolorations other than stainsnot associated with rope damage;

(6) Rotting; or(7) Distortion or other damage to at-

tached hardware.(f) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles

shall be used where any rope is securedpermanently to a ring, shackle or at-tachment, where practicable.

(g) Synthetic web slings. (1) Slings andnets or other combinations of morethan one piece of synthetic webbing as-sembled and used as a single unit (syn-thetic web slings) shall not be used tohoist loads in excess of the sling’srated capacity.

(2) Synthetic web slings shall be re-moved from service if they exhibit anyof the following defects:

(i) Acid or caustic burns;(ii) Melting or charring of any part of

the sling surface;(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;(iv) Broken or worn stitches; or(v) Distortion or damage to fittings.(vi) Display of visible warning

threads or markers designed to indi-cate excessive wear or damage.

(3) Defective synthetic web slings re-moved from service shall not be re-turned to service unless repaired by asling manufacturer or similar entity.Each repaired sling shall be proof test-ed by the repairer to twice the slings’rated capacity prior to its return toservice. The employer shall retain acertificate of the proof test and makeit available for examination.

(4) Synthetic web slings provided bythe employer shall only be used in ac-cordance with the manufacturer’s userecommendations, which shall be avail-able.

(5) Fittings shall have a breakingstrength at least equal to that of thesling to which they are attached andshall be free of sharp edges.

(h) Chains and chain slings used forhoisting. (1) The employer shall adhereto the manufacturer’s recommendedratings for safe working loads for thesizes of wrought iron and alloy steelchains and chain slings used and shallhave such ratings available. When themanufacturer is unable to provide such


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ratings, the employer shall use the ta-bles for chains and chain slings foundin American National Safety Standardfor Slings, ANSI B30.9–1971.

(2) Proof coil steel chain, also knownas common or hardware chain, andother chain not recommended by themanufacturer for slinging or hoistingshall not be used for slinging or hoist-ing.

(3)(i) Sling chains, including end fas-tenings, shall be inspected for visibledefects before each day’s use and asoften as necessary during use to ensureintegrity of the sling.

(ii) Thorough inspections of chains inuse shall be made quarterly to detectwear, defective welds, deformation orincrease in length or stretch. Themonth of inspection shall be indicatedon each chain by color of paint on alink or by other equally effectivemeans.

(iii) Chains shall be removed fromservice when maximum allowable wear,as indicated in Table C–2, is reached atany point of link.

(iv) Chain slings shall be removedfrom service when stretch has in-creased the length of a measured sec-tion by more than five percent; when alink is bent, twisted or otherwise dam-aged; or when a link has a raised scarfor defective weld.

(v) Only designated persons shall in-spect chains used for slinging andhoisting.

TABLE C–2—MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR ATANY POINT OF LINK

Chain size Maximum allowable wear

Inches (cm) Inches (cm)

1⁄4(9⁄32) (0.6) 3⁄64 (0.1)3⁄8 (1.0) 5⁄64 (0.2)1⁄2 (1.3) 7⁄64 (0.3)5⁄8 (1.6) 9⁄64 (0.4)3⁄4 (1.9) 5⁄32 (0.4)7⁄8 (2.2) 11⁄64 (0.4)1 (2.5) 3⁄16 (0.5)

11⁄8 (2.9) 7⁄32 (0.6)11⁄4 (3.2) 1⁄4 (0.6)13⁄8 (3.5) 9⁄32 (0.7)11⁄2 (3.8) 5⁄16 (0.8)13⁄4 (4.4) 11⁄32 (0.9)

(4) Chains shall be repaired onlyunder qualified supervision. Links orportions of chain defective under anyof the criteria of paragraph (h)(3)(iii) ofthis section shall be replaced withproperly dimensioned links or connec-

tions of material similar to those ofthe original chain. Before repairedchains are returned to service, theyshall be tested to the proof load rec-ommended by the manufacturer of theoriginal chain. Tests shall be per-formed by the manufacturer or shall becertified by an agency accredited forthe purpose under part 1919 of thischapter. Test certificates shall beavailable for inspection.

(5) Wrought iron chains in constantuse shall be annealed or normalized atintervals not exceeding six months.Heat treatment certificates shall beavailable for inspection. Alloy chainsshall not be annealed.

(6) Kinked or knotted chains shallnot be used for lifting. Chains shall notbe shortened by bolting, wiring orknotting. Makeshift links or fastenerssuch as wire, bolts or rods shall not beused.

(7) Hooks, rings, links and attach-ments affixed to sling chains shall haverated capacities at least equal to thatof the chains to which they are at-tached.

(8) Chain slings shall bear identifica-tion of size, grade and rated capacity.

(i) Shackles. (1) If available, the man-ufacturer’s recommended safe workingloads for shackles shall not be exceed-ed. In the absence of manufacturer’srecommendations, Table C–3 shallapply.

(2) Screw pin shackles used aloft inhouse fall or other gear, except incargo hook assemblies, shall have theirpins moused or otherwise effectivelysecured.

TABLE C–3—SAFE WORKING LOADS FORSHACKLES

Material size Pin diameter Safeworkingload in

2,000 lbtons

Inches (cm) Inches (cm)

1⁄2 (1.3) 5⁄8 (1.6) 1.45⁄8 (1.6) 3⁄4 (1.9) 2.23⁄4 (1.9) 7⁄8 (2.2) 3.27⁄8 (2.2) 1 (2.5) 4.31 (2.5) 11⁄8 (2.9) 5.6

11⁄8 (2.9) 11⁄4 (3.2) 6.711⁄4 (3.2) 13⁄8 (3.5) 8.213⁄8 (3.5) 11⁄2 (3.8) 10.011⁄2 (3.8) 15⁄8 (4.1) 11.913⁄4 (4.4) 2 (5.0) 16.2

2 (5.0) 21⁄4 (5.7) 21.2


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(j) Hooks other than hand hooks. (1)The manufacturers’ recommended safeworking loads for hooks shall not beexceeded. Hooks other than hand hooksshall be tested in accordance with§ 1917.50(c)(6).

(2) Bent or sprung hooks shall be dis-carded.

(3) Teeth of case hooks shall be main-tained in safe condition.

(4) Jaws of patent clamp-type platehooks shall be maintained in conditionto grip plates securely.

(5) Loads shall be applied to thethroat of the hook only.

(k) Pallets. (1) Pallets shall be madeand maintained to safely support andcarry loads being handled. Fasteningsof reusable pallets used for hoistingshall be bolts and nuts, drive screws(helically threaded nails), annularthreaded nails or fastenings of equiva-lent holding strength.

(2) Damaged pallets shall be stored indesignated areas and identified.

(3) Reusable wing or lip-type palletsshall be hoisted by bar bridles or othersuitable gear and shall have an over-hanging wing or lip of at least threeinches (76.2 mm). They shall not behoisted by wire slings alone.

(4) Loaded pallets that do not meetthe requirements of this paragraphshall be hoisted only after being placedon pallets meeting such requirementsor shall be handled by other means pro-viding equivalent safety.

(5) Bridles for handling flush end orbox-type pallets shall be designed toprevent disengagement from the palletunder load.

(6) Pallets shall be stacked or placedto prevent falling, collapsing or other-wise causing a hazard under standardoperating conditions.

(7) Disposable pallets intended onlyfor one use shall not be reused forhoisting.


§ 1917.43 Powered industrial trucks.(a) Applicability. This section applies

to every type of powered industrialtruck used for material or equipmenthandling within a marine terminal. Itdoes not apply to over-the-road vehi-cles.

(b) General. (1) After October 3, 1983,modifications, such as adding counter-weights, that might affect the vehicle’scapacity or safety shall not be per-formed without either the manufactur-er’s prior written approval or the writ-ten approval of a professional engineerexperienced with the equipment whohas consulted with the manufacturer,if available. Capacity, operation andmaintenance instruction plates, tags ordecals shall be changed to conform tothe equipment as modified.

(2) Unauthorized personnel shall notride on powered industrial trucks. Asafe place to ride shall be providedwhen riding is authorized.

(3) When a powered industrial truckis left unattended, load-engagingmeans shall be fully lowered, controlsneutralized and brakes set. Unless thetruck is in view and within 25 feet (7.6m) of the operator, power shall be shutoff. Wheels shall be blocked or curbedif the truck is on an incline.

(4) Powered industrial trucks shallnot be operated inside highway vehi-cles or railcars having damage whichcould affect operational safety.

(5) Powered industrial trucks shall bemarked with their rated capacities,which shall be visible to the operator.

(6) Only stable and safely arrangedloads within the rated capacity of thetruck shall be handled.

(7) The employer shall direct driversto ascend and descend grades slowly.

(8) The employer shall direct driversto slow down and sound the horn atcrossaisles and other locations wherevisibility is obstructed.

(9) If the load obstructs the forwardview, the employer shall direct driversto travel with the load trailing.

(10) Steering knobs shall not be usedunless the truck is equipped withpower steering.

(11) When powered industrial trucksuse cargo lifting devices that have ameans of engagement hidden from theoperator, a means shall be provided toenable the operator to determine thatthe cargo has been engaged.

(12) When cargo is being towed onpipe trucks or similar equipment, asafe means shall be provided to protectthe driver from sliding loads.


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(c) Maintenace. (1) Only designatedpersons shall perform maintenance andrepair.

(2) Batteries on all powered trucksshall be disconnected during repairs tothe primary electrical system unlesspower is necessary for testing and re-pair. On trucks equipped with systemscapable of storing residual energy, thatenergy shall be safely discharged be-fore work on the primary electricalsystem begins.

(3) Replacement parts whose functionmight affect operational safety shall beequivalent in strength and performancecapability to the original parts whichthey replace.

(4) Braking systems or other mecha-nisms used for braking shall be oper-able and in safe condition.

(5) Powered industrial trucks shall bemaintained in safe working order.Safety devices shall not be removed ormade inoperative except as otherwiseprovided in this section. Trucks with afuel system leak or any other safetydefect shall not be operated.

(6) Those repairs to the fuel and igni-tion systems of industrial trucks whichinvolve fire hazards shall be conductedonly in locations designated as safe forsuch repairs.

(d) Approved trucks— (1) Approvedpower-operated industrial truck meansone listed or approved for the intendeduse by a nationally recognized testinglaboratory.

(2) Approved trucks acquired andused after February 15, 1972, shall beara label or other identification indicat-ing testing laboratory approval.

(3) When the atmosphere in an area ishazardous and the provisions of UnitedStates Coast Guard regulations at 33CFR 126.15(e) do not apply, only power-operated industrial trucks approved forsuch locations shall be used.

(e) Fork lift trucks. (1) Overheadguards. (i) When operators are exposedto overhead falling hazards, fork lifttrucks shall be equipped with securelyattached overhead guards. Guards shallbe constructed to protect the operatorfrom falling boxes, cartons, packages,or similar objects.

(ii) Overhead guards shall not ob-struct the operator’s view, and open-ings in the top of the guard shall notexceed six inches (15.2 cm) in one of the

two directions, width or length. Largeropenings are permitted if no openingallows the smallest unit of cargo beinghandled to fall through the guard.

(iii) Overhead guards shall be built sothat failure of the vehicle’s mast tilt-ing mechanism will not displace theguard.

(iv) An overhead guard, otherwise re-quired by this paragraph, may be re-moved only when it would prevent atruck from entering a work space andif the operator is not exposed to lowoverhead obstructions in the workspace.

(v) Overhead guards shall be largeenough to extend over the operatorduring all truck operations, includingforward tilt.

(2) Load backrest extensions. Wherenecessary to protect the operator, forklift trucks shall be fitted with a verti-cal load backrest extension to preventthe load from hitting the mast whenthe mast is positioned at maximumbackward tilt. For this purpose, a‘‘load backrest extension’’ means a de-vice extending vertically from the forkcarriage frame to prevent raised loadsfrom falling backward.

(3) Forks. Forks, fork extensions andother attachments shall be secured sothat they cannot be accidentally dis-lodged, and shall be used only in ac-cordance with the manufacturer’s rec-ommendations.

(4) Counterweights. Counterweightsshall be so affixed that they cannot beaccidentally dislodged.

(5) Capacities and weights. (i) Fork lifttruck rated capacities, with and with-out removable counterweights, shallnot be exceeded. Rated capacities shallbe marked on the vehicle and shall bevisible to the operator. The vehicleweight, with and without counter-weight, shall be similarly marked.

(ii) If loads are lifted by two or moretrucks working in unison, the totalweight of the load shall not exceed thecombined rated lifting capacity of alltrucks involved.

(6) Lifting of employees. Employeesmay be elevated by fork lift trucksonly when a platform is secured to thelifting carriage or forks. The platformshall meet the following requirements:

(i) The platform shall have a railingcomplying with § 1917.112(c).


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4 The United States Coast Guard at 33 CFR126.15(d) and (e) has additional regulationsapplicable to vehicles in terminals.


5 Department of Transportation regula-tions in 49 CFR part 393, Subpart C–Brakes,address the immobilization of trailer roadwheels prior to disconnection of the trailerand until braking is again provided. Section49 CFR 393.84 addresses the condition offlooring. These DOT rules apply when themotor carrier is engaged in interstate com-merce or in the transport of certain hazard-ous items wholly within a municipality orthe commercial zone thereof.

6 NHTSA charts are available from Gen-eral Services Division, National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, Attention:N48–51, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington,D.C. 20590. Industry charts are available uponrequest from the manufacturer.



(ii) The platform shall havetoeboards complying with § 1917.112(d)if tools or other objects could fall onemployees below.

(iii) An employee shall be at thetruck’s controls whenever employeesare elevated.

(iv) Employees on the platform shallbe protected from exposure to movingtruck parts.

(v) The platform floor shall be skidresistant.

(vi) A truck operator shall be at thetruck’s controls when employees areelevated unless the truck’s controls areelevated with the lifting carriage.

(vii) While employees are elevated,the truck may be moved only to makeminor placement adjustments.

(f) Bulk cargo-moving vehicles. (1)Where a seated operator may come intocontact with projecting overheads,crawler-type bulk-cargo-moving vehi-cles that are rider operated shall beequipped with operator’s guards.

(2) Guards and their attachmentpoints shall be so designed as to be ableto withstand, without excessive deflec-tion, a load applied horizontally at theoperator’s shoulder level equal to thedrawbar pull of the machine.

(3) After July 26, 1999 bulk cargo-moving vehicles shall be equipped withrollover protection of such design andconstruction as to prevent the possibil-ity of the operator being crushed be-cause of a rollover or upset.

(g) Straddle trucks—(1) Accessibility.Straddle trucks shall have a permanentmeans of access to the operator’s sta-tion, including any handholds nec-essary for safe ascent and descent.

(2) Guarding. (i) Main sprockets andchains to the wheels shall be guardedas follows:

(A) The upper sprocket shall be en-closed;

(B) The upper half of the lowersprocket shall be enclosed; and

(C) The drive chain shall be enclosedto a height of eight feet (2.6 m) exceptfor that portion at the lower half of thelower sprocket.

(ii) Gears shall be enclosed and re-volving parts which may be contactedby the operator shall be guarded.

(iii) When straddle trucks are used inthe vicinity of employees, personnel-deflecting guards shall be provided

around leading edges of front and rearwheels.

(3) Visibility. Operator visibility shallbe provided in all directions of move-ment.

(h) Trailer-spotting tractors. (1) Trail-er-spotting tractors (fifth wheels) shallbe fitted with any hand grabs and foot-ing necessary for safe access to thefifth wheel.

(2) Rear cab windows shall be of safe-ty glass or of equivalent material.


§ 1917.44 General rules applicable tovehicles.4

(a) The requirementsof this sectionapply to general vehicle use within ma-rine terminals. Exception: The provi-sions of paragraphs (c) and (l) of thissection do not apply when preemptedby applicable regulations of the De-partment of Transportation.5

(b) Private vehicle parking in marineterminals shall be allowed only in des-ignated areas.

(c) Trailers shall not be disconnectedfrom tractors at loading docks untilthe road wheels have been immobilized.


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The road wheels shall be immobilizedfrom the time the brake system is dis-connected until braking is again pro-vided. Supplementary front end sup-port shall be employed as necessary toprevent tipping when a trailer is en-tered by a material handling vehicle.Rear end support shall be employed ifrear wheels are so far forward as toallow tipping when the trailer is en-tered.

(d) The employer shall direct motorvehicle operators to comply with anyposted speed limits and other trafficcontrol signs or signals, and writtentraffic instructions.

(e) Stop signs shall be posted at mainentrances and exits of structures wherevisibility is impaired, and at blindintersections, unless direct traffic con-trol or warning mirror systems orother systems of equivalent safety areprovided.

(f) Vehicular routes, traffic rules, andparking areas shall be established,identified, and used.

(g) The employer shall direct vehicledrivers to warn employees in trafficlanes of the vehicle’s approach.

(h) Signs indicating pedestrian traf-fic shall be clearly posted at vehicularcheck-in and check-out lines and simi-lar locations where employees may beworking.

(i) A distance of not less than 20 feet(6.1 m) shall be maintained between thefirst two vehicles in a check-in, check-out, roadability, or vessel loading/dis-charging line. This distance shall bemaintained between any subsequentvehicles behind which employees arerequired to work.

(j) No unattended vehicle shall be leftwith its engine running unless securedagainst movement (see § 1917.43(b)(3) forpowered industrial trucks).

(k) When the rear of a vehicle is ele-vated to facilitate loading or discharg-ing, a ramp shall be provided and se-cured. The vehicle shall be securedagainst accidental movement duringloading or discharging.

(l) Only highway vehicle floors insafe condition shall be used.

(m) When flatbed trucks, platformcontainers or similar conveyances areloaded or discharged and the cargo con-sists of pipe or other products whichcould spread or roll to endanger em-

ployees, the cargo shall be contained toprevent movement.

(n) Vehicles used to transport em-ployees within a terminal shall bemaintained in safe working order andsafety devices shall not be removed ormade inoperative.

(o) Servicing multi-piece and singlepiece rim wheels. Servicing of multi-piece and single piece rim wheels iscovered by § 1910.177 of this chapter.

(1) Scope. This paragraph applies tothe servicing of vehicle wheels contain-ing tube-type tires mounted on multi-piece rims.

(2) Definition. ‘‘Multi-piece rim’’means a vehicle wheel rim consistingof two or more parts, one of which is a(side) locking ring designed to hold thetire on the rim by tension on interlock-ing components when the tire is in-flated, regardless of the relative sizesof the component parts.

(3) Employee training. (i) Only employ-ees trained in the procedures requiredin paragraph (o)(4) of this section andwho have demonstrated their ability toservice multi-piece rim wheels shall beassigned such duties.

(ii) Employees assigned such dutiesshall have demonstrated their abilityby the safe performance of the follow-ing tasks:

(A) Tire demounting (including defla-tion);

(B) Inspection of wheel components;(C) Mounting of tires;(D) Inflation of tires, including use of

a restraining device;(E) Handling of wheels;(F) Inflation of tires when a wheel is

mounted on the vehicle; and(G) Installation and removal of

wheels.(4) Servicing procedures. The following

procedures shall be followed:(i) Tires shall be completely deflated

before demounting by removal of thevalve core;

(ii) The valve core shall be removedbefore the wheel is removed from theaxle when:

(A) The tire has been operated under-inflated at 80% or less of its rec-ommended pressure, or

(B) There is discernible or suspecteddamage to the tire or wheel compo-nents;


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6 NHTSA charts are available from Gen-eral Services Division, National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, Attention:N48–51, 400 Seventh Street, SW., Washington,D.C. 20590. Industry charts are available uponrequest from the manufacturer.

(iii) Mating surfaces shall be free ofdirt, surface rust, scale and rubberbuildup before mounting;

(iv) Rubber lubricant shall be appliedto bead and rim mating surfaces uponwheel assembly and inflation of thetire;

(v) Air pressure shall not exceed 3psig (0.21 kg/cm2) when seating thelocking ring or rounding out the tubewhen a tire is being partially inflatedwithout a restraining device;

(vi) While the tire is pressurized,components shall not be struck orforced to correct the seating of side orlock rings;

(vii) There shall not be any contactbetween an employee or unit of equip-ment and a restraining device duringtire inflation;

(viii) After inflation, tires, rims andrings shall be inspected while withinthe restraining device to ensure seat-ing and locking. If adjustment is nec-essary the tire shall first be deflated byvalve core removal; and

(ix) Before assembly, wheel compo-nents shall be inspected, and damagedrim components shall not be reused.

(5) Charts and manuals. (i) The em-ployer shall provide a chart containingas a minimum the instructions and in-formation provided in the UnitedStates Department of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Ad-ministration (NHTSA) publication‘‘Safety Precautions for Mounting andDemounting Tube-Type Truck/BusTires’’ and ‘‘Multi-Piece Rim WheelMatching Chart,’’ and pertinent to thetype(s) of multi-piece rim wheels beingserviced. The chart shall be availablein the terminal’s service area.6

(ii) A current rim manual containingthe manufacturer’s instructions formounting, demounting, maintenanceand safety precautions relating to themulti-piece rim wheels being servicedshall be available in the terminal’sservice area.

(6) Restraining devices. (i) Except asotherwise noted, inflation shall be donewithin a restraining device such as a

cage, rack or other device capable ofwithstanding the maximum force thatwould be transferred to it during an ex-plosive wheel separation occurring at150% of maximum tire specificationpressure for the wheels being serviced.The restraining device shall be capableof preventing rim components frombeing thrown outside the frame of thedevice for any wheel position withinthe device. When the wheel assembly ismounted on a vehicle, tires may be in-flated without a restraining deviceonly if they have more than 80% of therecommended pressure and if remotecontrol inflation equipment is used andemployees are clear of the danger area.

(ii) Restraining devices shall be keptin good repair and be capable of pre-venting rim components from beingthrown outside the device.

(7) Inflation hoses. Inflation hosesshall have a manual clip-on chuck withsufficient hose to permit an employeeto be clear of the danger zone. An in-line, manually operated valve withgauge or a preset pressure regulatorshall be used to inflate tires.

(8) Other equipment. (i) Only tools rec-ommended in the rim manual for thetype of wheel being serviced shall beused to service multi-piece rim wheels.

(ii) Wheel components shall not beinterchanged except as provided in theapplicable chart or manual.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 52FR 36026, Sept. 25, 1987; 62 FR 40199, July 25,1997]

§ 1917.45 Cranes and derricks (See also§ 1917.50).

(a) Coverage. (1) This section appliesto every kind of crane and derrick andto any other type of equipment per-forming the functions of a crane or der-rick except as noted in paragraph (a)(2)of this section.

(2) This section does not apply tosmall industrial truck-type cranes,container handling top-loaders andsideloaders, chain hoists, and mobilestraddle-type cranes incapable of strad-dling two or more intermodal contain-ers (16 feet (4.88 m) in width).

(b) Ratings. (1) Except for bridgecranes covered by paragraph (g) of thissection, cranes and derricks havingratings that vary with boom length, ra-dius (outreach) or other variables shall


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have a durable rating chart visible tothe operator, covering the completerange of the manufacturer’s (or design)capacity ratings. The rating chartshall include all operating radii (out-reach) for all permissible boom lengthsand jib lengths as applicable, with andwithout outriggers, and alternate rat-ings for optional equipment affectingsuch ratings. Precautions or warningsspecified by the owner or manufacturershall be included along with the chart.

(2) The manufacturer’s (or design)rated loads for the conditions of useshall not be exceeded.

(3) Designated working loads shallnot be increased beyond the manufac-turer’s ratings or original design limi-tations unless such increase receivesthe manufacturer’s approval. When themanufacturer’s services are not avail-able or where the equipment is of for-eign manufacture, engineering designanalysis shall be performed or approvedby a person accredited for certificatingthe equipment under part 1919 of thischapter. Engineering design analysisshall be performed by a registered pro-fessional engineer competent in thefield of cranes and derricks. Any struc-tural changes necessitated by thechange in rating shall be carried out.

(c) Radius indicator. When the ratedload varies with the boom radius, thecrane or derrick shall be fitted with aboom angle or radius indicator visibleto the operator.

(d) Prohibited usage. (1) Equipmentshall not be used in a manner that ex-erts sideloading stresses upon thecrane or derrick boom.

(2) No crane or derrick having a visi-ble or known defect that affects safeoperation shall be used.

(e) Protective devices. (1) When ex-posed moving parts such as gears,chains and chain sprockets present ahazard to employees during crane andderrick operations, those parts shall besecurely guarded.

(2) Crane hooks shall be latched orotherwise secured to prevent acciden-tal load disengagement.

(f) General—(1) Operating controls. (i)Crane and derrick operating controlsshall be clearly marked, or a chart in-dicating their function shall be postedat the operator’s position.

(ii) After October 3, 1984, overheadbridge and container gantry crane op-erating control levers shall be self-cen-tering so that they will automaticallymove to the ‘‘off’’ position when theoperator releases the control.

(2) Booms. Cranes with elevatablebooms and without operable automaticlimiting devices shall be provided withboom stops if boom elevation can ex-ceed maximum design angles from thehorizontal.

(3) Foot pedals. Foot pedals shall havea non-skid surface.

(4) Access. Ladders, stairways, stan-chions, grab irons, foot steps or equiva-lent means shall be provided as nec-essary to ensure safe access tofootwalks, cab platforms, the cab andany portion of the superstructurewhich employees must reach.

(i) Footwalks shall be of rigid con-struction, and shall be capable of sup-porting a load of 100 pounds (4.79 kPa)per square foot.

(ii) If more than 20 feet (6.1 m) inheight, vertical ladders shall complywith § 1917.118 (d), (e)(1), (e)(2)(iii), and(e)(2)(iv).

(iii) Stairways on cranes shall beequipped with rigid handrails meetingthe requirements of § 1917.112(e).

(iv) If the top of a ladder or stairwayor any position thereof is locatedwhere a moving part of a crane, such asa revolving house, could strike an em-ployee ascending or descending the lad-der or stairway, a prominent warningsign shall be posted at the foot of theladder or stairway. A system of com-munication (such as a buzzer or bell)shall be established and maintained be-tween the foot of the ladder or stair-way and the operator’s cab.

(5) Operator’s station. (i) The cab, con-trols and mechanism of the equipmentshall be so arranged that the operatorhas a clear view of the load or signal-man, when one is used. Cab glass, whenused, shall be safety plate glass orequivalent. Cranes with missing, bro-ken, cracked, scratched, or dirty glass(or equivalent) that impairs operatorvisibility shall not be used. Clothing,tools and equipment shall be stored soas not to interfere with access, oper-ation, and the operator’s view.

(ii) A seat (lap) belt, meeting the re-quirements of 49 CFR 571.208–210 for a


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Type 1 seat belt assembly, shall be in-stalled on the operator’s seat of highspeed container gantry cranes wherethe seat trolleys.

(6) Counterweights or ballast. Cranesshall be operated only with the speci-fied type and amount of ballast orcounterweights. Ballast or counter-weight shall be located and securedonly as provided in the manufacturer’sor design specifications, which shall beavailable.

(7) Outriggers. Outriggers shall beused according to the manufacturers’specifications or design data, whichshall be available. Floats, when used,shall be securely attached to the out-riggers. Wood blocks or other supportshall be of sufficient size to support theoutrigger, free of defects that may af-fect safety and of sufficient width andlength to prevent the crane from shift-ing or toppling under load.

(8) Exhaust gases. Engine exhaustgases shall be discharged away fromthe normal position of crane operatingpersonnel.

(9) Electrical equipment shall be solocated or enclosed that live parts willnot be exposed to accidental contact.Designated persons may work on ener-gized equipment only if necessary dur-ing inspection, maintenance, or repair.

(10) Fire extinguisher. (i) At least oneportable fire extinguisher of at least 5–BC rating or equivalent shall be acces-sible in the cab of the crane or derrick.

(ii) No portable fire extinguisherusing carbon tetrachloride orchlorobromomethane extinguishingagents shall be used.

(11) Rope on drums. At least three fullturns of rope shall remain onungrooved drums, and two turns ongrooved drums, under all operatingconditions. Wire rope shall be securedto drums by clamps, U-bolts, shacklesor equivalent means. Fiber rope fasten-ings are prohibited.

(12) Assembly or disassembly of boomsections. Mobile crane booms being as-sembled or disassembled on the groundwith or without the support of theboom harness shall be blocked to pre-vent dropping of the boom or boom sec-tions.

(13) Brakes. (i) Each independenthoisting unit of a crane shall beequipped with at least one holding

brake, applied directly to the motorshaft or gear train.

(ii) Each independent hoisting unit ofa crane, except worm geared hoists, theangle of whose worm is such as to pre-vent the load from accelerating in thelowering direction, shall, in addition toa holding brake, be equipped with acontrolled braking means to controllowering speeds.

(iii) Holding brakes for hoist unitsshall have not less than the followingpercentage of the rated load hoistingtorque at the point where the brake isapplied:

(A) 125 percent when used with another than mechanically controlledbraking means; or

(B) 100 percent when used with a me-chanically-controlled braking means.

(C) 100 percent when two holdingbrakes are provided.

(iv) All power control braking meansshall be capable of maintaining safelowering speeds of rated loads.

(g) Rail-mounted cranes (excluding lo-comotive types). (1) For the purposes ofthis section, rail-mounted cranes in-clude bridge cranes and portal cranes.

(2) Rated load marking. The ratedloads of bridge cranes shall be plainlymarked on each side of the crane andin the cab. If there is more than onehoisting unit, each hoist shall have itsrated load marked on it or on its loadblock. Marking shall be legible fromthe ground level.

(3) Wind-indicating devices. (i) AfterOctober 3, 1983, each rail-mountedbridge and portal crane located outsideof an enclosed structure shall be fittedwith an operable wind-indicating de-vice.

(ii) The wind indicating device shallprovide a visible or audible warning toalert the operator of high wind condi-tions. That warning shall be transmit-ted whenever the following cir-cumstances are present:

(A) When wind velocity reaches thewarning speed, not exceeding the cranemanufacturer’s recommendations; and

(B) When wind velocity reaches theshutdown speed, not exceeding thecrane manufacturer’s recommenda-tions, at which work is to be stoppedand the crane secured.

(iii) Instructions. The employer shallpost operating instructions for high


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wind conditions in the operator’s cab ofeach crane. Operators shall be directedto comply with these instructions. Theinstructions shall include proceduresfor responding to high wind alerts andfor any coordination necessary withother cranes.

(4) Securing of cranes in high winds. (i)When the wind reaches the crane’swarning speed:

(A) Gantry travel shall be stopped;and

(B) The crane shall be readied forshutdown.

(ii) When the wind reaches thecrane’s shutdown speed:

(A) Any portion of the crane span-ning or partially spanning a vesselshall be moved clear of the vessel ifsafe to do so; and

(B) The crane shall be securedagainst travel, using all availablemeans of securing.

(5) The employer shall monitor localweather conditions by subscribing to aweather service or using equally effec-tive means.

(6) Stops and bumpers. (i) The ends ofall tracks shall be equipped with stopsor bumpers. If a stop engages the treadof the wheel, it shall be of a height notless than the radius of the wheel.

(ii) When more than one crane oper-ates on the same runway or more thanone trolley on the same bridge, eachcrane or trolley shall be equipped withbumpers or equivalent devices at adja-cent ends subject to impact.

(7) Employee exposure to crane move-ment. When employees may be in thevicinity of the tracks, crane trucksshall be equipped with personnel-de-flecting guards.

(8) Pedestrian clearance. If the trackarea is used for employee passage or forwork, a minimum clearance of threefeet (0.9 m) shall be provided betweentrucks or the structures of rail-mount-ed cranes and any other structure orobstruction. When the required clear-ance is not available on at least oneside of the crane’s trucks, the areashall not be used and shall be markedand identified.

(9) Warning devices. Rail-mountedcranes shall be equipped with an effec-tive travel warning device which shallbe used to warn employees who may bein the path of the moving crane.

(10) Communications. Means of com-munication shall be provided betweenthe operator’s cab and the base of thegantry of all rail-mounted cranes. Thisrequirement may be met by telephone,radio, sound-signalling system or othereffective methods, but not solely byhand-signalling.

(11) Limit switch bypass systemsshall be secured during all cargo oper-ations. Such bypass systems shall notbe used except in an emergency or dur-ing non-cargo handling operations suchas stowing cranes or derricks or per-forming repairs. When a situation re-quiring the use of a bypass system orthe readjustment of a limit switcharises, it shall be done only under thedirection of a crane mechanic.

(h) Stabilizing of locomotive cranes.Loads may be hoisted by locomotivecranes only if outriggers are in place,unless means are taken to prevent theload being carried by the truck springsof the crane.

(i) Operations. (1) Use of cranes to-gether. When two or more cranes hoista load in unison, a designated personshall direct the operation and instructpersonnel in positioning, rigging of theload and movements to be made.

(2) Guarding of swing radius. Acces-sible areas within the swing radius ofthe body of a revolving crane shall bephysically guarded during operationsto prevent an employee from beingcaught between the body of the craneand any fixed structure or betweenparts of the crane.

(3) Securing mobile crane components intransit. The crane’s superstructure andboom shall be secured against rotationand carried in line with the direction oftravel except when negotiating turnswith an operator in the cab or when theboom is supported on a dolly. Theempty hook or other attachment shallbe secured.

(4) Unattended cranes. The followingsteps shall be taken before leaving acrane unattended between work peri-ods:

(i) Suspended loads, such as thosehoisted by lifting magnets or clamshellbuckets, shall be landed unless thestorage position or maximum hoistingof the suspended device will provideequivalent safety;

(ii) Clutches shall be disengaged;


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(iii) The power supply shall be shutoff;

(iv) The crane shall be securedagainst accidental travel; and

(v) The boom shall be lowered or se-cured against movement.

(5) Operating near electric power lines.(i) Clearance. Unless electrical distribu-tion and transmission lines are de-en-ergized and visibly grounded at thepoint of work, or unless insulating bar-riers not a part of or attached to thecrane have been erected to preventphysical contact with lines, cranesmay be operated near power lines onlyin accordance with the following:

(A) For lines rated 50 kV or below,minimum clearance between the linesand any part of the crane or load shallbe 10 feet (3 m);

(B) For lines rated over 50 kV, mini-mum clearance between the lines andany part of the crane or load shall beeither 10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4 inch (10mm) for each 1 kV over 50 kV, or twicethe length of the line insulator, butnever less than 10 feet; and

(C) In transit with no load and boomlowered, the clearance shall be a mini-mum of 4 feet (1.2 m).

(ii) Boom guards. Cage-type boomguards, insulating links or proximitywarning devices may be used on cranes,but they shall not be used in place ofthe clearances required by paragraph(i)(5)(i) of this section.

(iii) Determination of energized lines.Any overhead line shall be presumed tobe energized until the owner of the lineindicates that it is not energized.

(j) Protection for employees being hoist-ed. (1) No employee shall be hoisted bythe load hoisting apparatus of a craneor derrick except:

(i) On intermodal container spread-ers, equipped in accordance with para-graph (j)(8) of this section; or

(ii) In a boatswain’s chair or otherdevice rigged to prevent it from acci-dental disengagement from the hook orsupporting member; or

(iii) On a platform meeting the fol-lowing requirements:

(A) Enclosed by a railing or othermeans providing protection equivalentto that described in § 1917.112(c). Ifequipped with open railings, the plat-form shall be fitted with toe boards;

(B) Having a safety factor of fourbased on ultimate strength;

(C) Bearing a plate or permanentmarking indicating maximum load rat-ing, which shall not be exceeded, andthe weight of the platform itself;

(D) Equipped with a device to preventaccess doors, when used, from openingaccidentally;

(E) Equipped with overhead protec-tion for employees on the platform ifthey are exposed to falling objects oroverhead hazards;

(F) Secured to the load line by meansother than wedge and socket attach-ments, unless the free (bitter) end ofthe line is secured back to itself by aclamp placed as close above the wedgeas possible.

(2) Except in an emergency, thehoisting mechanism of all cranes orderricks used to hoist personnel shalloperate only in power up and powerdown, with automatic brake applica-tion when not hoisting or lowering.

(3) Variable radius booms of a craneor derrick used to hoist personnel shallbe so constructed or secured as to pre-vent accidental boom movement.

(4) Platforms or devices used to hoistemployees shall be inspected for de-fects before each day’s use and shall beremoved from service if defective.

(5) Employees being hoisted shall re-main in continuous sight of and com-munication with the operator or sig-nalman.

(6) Operators shall remain at the con-trols when employees are hoisted.

(7) Cranes shall not travel while em-ployees are hoisted, except in emer-gency or in normal tier to tier transferof employees during container oper-ations.

(8) When intermodal containerspreaders are used to transfer employ-ees to or from the tops of containers,the spreaders shall be equipped with apersonnel platform equipped with fixedrailings, provided that the railingshave one or more openings for access.The openings shall be fitted with ameans of closure, such as chains withhooks. Existing railings shall be atleast 36 inches (0.91 m) in height. Newrailings installed after October 3, 1983shall be 42 inches (1.07 m), plus orminus 3 inches (7.6 cm), in height. Theprovisions of paragraphs (j)(1)(iii)(C),


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(j)(1)(iii)(D), and (j)(1)(iii)(F) of thissection also apply to personnel plat-forms when such container spreadersare used.

(9) Employees shall not be hoisted onintermodal container spreaders while aload is engaged.

(10) All cranes and derricks used tohoist personnel shall be equipped withan anti-two-blocking device.

(k) Routine inspection. (1) Designatedpersons shall visually inspect eachcrane and derrick on each day of usefor defects in functional operatingcomponents and shall report any defectfound to the employer. The employershall inform the operator of the find-ings.

(2) A designated person shall thor-oughly inspect all functional compo-nents and accessible structural fea-tures of each crane or device at month-ly intervals.

(3) Any defects found during such in-spections which may create a safetyhazard shall be corrected before furtherequipment use. Repairs shall be per-formed only by designated persons.

(4) A record of monthly inspectionsshall be maintained for six months inor on the crane or derrick or at the ter-minal.


§ 1917.46 Load indicating devices.(a)(1) Except as provided in para-

graph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, everycrane after October 3, 1984 shall befitted with a load indicating device oralternative device in proper workingcondition which shall meet the follow-ing criteria:

(i) The type or model or any load in-dicating or alternate device which isused shall provide:

(A) A direct indication in the cab ofactual weight hoisted or a means of de-termining this by referencing a weightindication to crane ratings posted andvisible to the operator, except that theuse of a dynamometer or simple scalealone will not meet this requirement;or

(B) Indications in the cab accordingto the radius and load at the moment;or

(C) A direct means to prevent anoverload from occurring.

(ii) The accuracy of the load indicat-ing device, weight-moment device, oroverload protection device shall besuch that any indicated load (or limit),including the sum of actual weighthoisted and additional equipment or‘‘add ons’’ such as slings, sensors,blocks, etc., is within the range be-tween 95 percent (5 percent underload)and 110 percent (10 percent overload) ofthe actual true total load. Such accu-racy shall be required over the range ofdaily operating variables reasonablyanticipated under the conditions ofuse.

(iii) The device shall permit the oper-ator to determine, before making anylift, that the indicating or substitutesystem is operative. In the alternative,if a device is so mounted or attached topreclude such a determination, it maynot be used unless it has been certifiedby the manufacturer to remain oper-able within the limits stated in para-graph (a)(1)(ii) of this section for a spe-cific period of use. Checks for accu-racy, using known values of load, shallbe performed at the time of every cer-tification survey (see § 1917.50) and atsuch additional times as may be rec-ommended by the manufacturer.

(iv) When a load indicating device oralternative system is so arranged inthe supporting system (crane struc-ture) that its failure could cause theload to be dropped, its strength shallnot be the limiting factor of the sup-porting system (crane structure).

(v) Marking shall be conspicuouslyplaced giving: units of measure inpounds or both pounds and kilograms,capacity of the indicating system, ac-curacy of the indicating system, andoperating instructions and precautions.In the case of systems utilizing indica-tions other than actual weights, themarking shall include data on: themeans of measurement, capacity of thesystem, accuracy of the system, andoperating instructions and precautions.If the system used provides no readout,but is such as to automatically ceasecrane operation when the rated loadlimit under any specific condition ofuse is reached, marking shall be pro-vided giving the make and model of thedevice installed, a description of whatit does, how it is operated, and anynecessary precautions regarding the


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system. All weight indications, othertypes of loading indications, and otherdata required shall be readily visible tothe operator.

(vi) All load indicating devices shallbe operative over the full operating ra-dius. Overall accuracy shall be basedon actual applied load and not on fullscale (full capacity) load.

EXPLANATORY NOTE: For example, if accu-racy of the load indicating device is based onfull scale load and the device is arbitrarilyset at plus/minus 10 percent, it would accepta reading between 90,000 and 110,000 lbs., atfull capacity of a machine with 100,000 lbs.,maximum rating, but would also allow areading between zero and 20,000 lbs., at thatoutreach (radius) at which the rating wouldbe 10,000 lbs., capacity—an unacceptable fig-ure. If, however, accuracy is based on actualapplied load under the same conditions, theacceptable range would remain the samewith the 100,000-lb. load but becomes a figurebetween 9,000 and 11,000 lbs., a much differentand acceptable condition, at the 10,000-lb.load.

(vii) When the device uses the radiusas a factor in its use or in its operatingindications, the indicated radius(which may be in feet and/or meters, ordegrees of boom angle, depending onthe system used) shall be a figurewhich is within the range of a figure nogreater than 110 percent of the actualradius to a figure which is no less than97 percent of the actual (true) radius. Aconversion chart shall be providedwhenever it is necessary to convert be-tween degrees of radius and feet or me-ters.

(viii) The load indicating device re-quirements of this subparagraph do notapply to a crane:

(A) Of trolley equipped bridge type oroverhead type while handling inter-modal containers known to be identi-fied as empty, or loaded, and in eithercase in compliance with the provisionsof § 1917.71, or while hoisting other liftsby means of a lifting beam supplied bythe crane manufacturer for the pur-pose, and in all cases within the cranerating;

(B) While handling bulk commoditiesor cargoes by means of clamshell buck-et or magnet;

(C) While used to handle or holdhoses in connection with transfer ofbulk liquids or other hose handledproducts; or

(D) While the crane is used exclu-sively to handle cargo or equipmentthe total actual gross weight of whichis known by means of marking of theunit or units hoisted, when such totalactual gross weight never exceeds11,200 lbs., and when 11,200 lbs., is lessthan the rated capacity of the crane atthe maximum outreach that is possibleunder the conditions of use at the time.


§ 1917.47 Winches.(a) Moving winch parts which present

caught-in hazards to employees shallbe guarded.

(b) Winches shall have clearly identi-fiable and readily accessible stop con-trols.

(c) Portable winches shall be securedagainst accidental shifting while inuse.

(d) Portable winches shall be fittedwith limit switches if employees haveaccess to areas from which it is pos-sible to be drawn into the winch.

(e) The provisions of § 1917.45(f)(11)shall apply to winches.

§ 1917.48 Conveyors.(a) Guards. (1) Danger zones at or ad-

jacent to conveyors shall be guarded toprotect employees.

(2) An elevated walkway with guard-rail or equivalent means of protectionshall be provided where employeescross over moving conveyors, and suit-able guarding shall be provided whenemployees pass under moving convey-ors.

(b) Moving parts. Conveyor rollers andwheels shall be secured in position.

(c) Positioning. Gravity conveyor sec-tions shall be firmly placed and se-cured to prevent them from falling.

(d) Braking. (1) When necessary forsafe operation, provisions shall bemade for braking objects at the deliv-ery end of the conveyor.

(2) Conveyors using electrically re-leased brakes shall be constructed sothat the brakes cannot be releaseduntil power is applied, and so that thebrakes are automatically engaged ifthe power fails or the operating controlis returned to the ‘‘stop’’ position.

(e) Stability. Portable conveyors shallbe stable within their operating ranges.


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When used at variable fixed levels, theunit shall be secured at the operatinglevel.

(f) Emergency stop devices. Readily ac-cessible stop controls shall be providedfor use in an emergency. Whenever theoperation of any power conveyor re-quires personnel to work in the imme-diate vicinity of the conveyor, the Con-veyor or controls shall not be left unat-tended while the conveyor is in oper-ation.

(g) Starting powered conveyors. Pow-ered conveyors shall not be starteduntil all employees are clear of theconveyor or have been warned that theconveyor is about to start.

(h) Loading and unloading. The areaaround conveyor loading and unloadingpoints shall be kept clear of obstruc-tions during conveyor operations.

(i) Lockout/Tagout. (1) Conveyorsshall be stopped and their powersources locked out and tagged out dur-ing maintenance, repair, and servicing,unless power is necessary for testing.

(2) The starting device shall belocked out and tagged out in the stopposition before an attempt is made toremove the cause of a jam or overloadof the conveying medium, unless it isnecessary to have the power on to re-move the jam.

(j) Safe practices. (1) Only designatedpersons shall operate, repair or servicepowered conveyors.

(2) The employer shall direct employ-ees to stay off operating conveyors.

(3) Conveyors shall be operated onlywith all overload devices, guards andsafety devices in place and operable.


§ 1917.49 Spouts, chutes, hoppers, bins,and associated equipment.

(a) Standing and running rigging andassociated gear used as a permanentpart of spouts, chutes or similar de-vices shall be inspected before each useand shall not be used if it has any func-tional defects. (See also § 1917.50(c)(2)for certification requirements.)

(b) Direct communication shall beprovided between the discharge or ship-board control end of loading spouts andchutes and the point in the terminalfrom which the flow of cargo is con-trolled.

(c) Chute and hopper openings whichpresent a hazard shall be guarded toprevent employees from fallingthrough them.

(d) When employees are working onhoppers, the hopper shall be equippedwith a safe walkway and means of ac-cess.

(e) When necessary for the safety ofemployees, chutes shall be equippedwith sideboards to afford protectionfrom falling objects.

(f) Chutes shall be firmly placed andsecured to prevent them from falling.

(g) When necessary for the safety ofemployees, provisions shall be made forbraking objects other than bulk com-modities at the delivery end of thechute.

(h) Before an employee enters anempty bin:

(1) Personnel controlling the flow ofcargo into the bin shall have been noti-fied of the entry; and

(2) The power supply to the equip-ment carrying the cargo to the binshall be turned off, locked out andtagged.

(i) Before an employee enters a bincontaining a bulk commodity such ascoal or sugar, the employer shall en-sure that:

(1) Personnel controlling the flow ofcargo into the bin have been notified ofthe entry;

(2) The power supply to the equip-ment carrying the cargo to the bin isturned off, locked out and tagged.

(3) The employee entering the binwears a lifeline and safety harness; and

(4) A standby attendant equipped toperform a rescue is continuously sta-tioned outside the bin until the em-ployee has left the bin.

(j) Bin top openings that present ahazard to employees shall be covered toprevent employees from falling intobins.

(k) Chutes and hoppers shall be re-paired only by designated persons.

(l)(1) Before power shoveling oper-ations begin, a designated person shallinspect the equipment to be used. Theinspection shall include at least theeye bolts, wires, and sheaves.

(2) Power shovels and associatedequipment with defects affecting safeoperation shall not be used.


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(3) Before adjustments are made to apower shovel, wire, or associated equip-ment, the power supply to the shovelshall be turned off, locked out, andtagged, the belt stopped, and the hop-per closed.

§ 1917.50 Certification of marine termi-nal material handling devices (Seealso mandatory appendix IV, part1918 of this chapter).

(a) The employer shall not use anymaterial handling device listed in para-graph (c) of this section until he hasascertained that the device has beencertificated, as evidenced by currentand valid documents attesting to com-pliance with the requirements of para-graph (b) of this section.

(1) Certification surveys are to becompleted for the conditions of usefound at the time such surveys arecompleted, with the understandingthat equipment owners/users canchange the configurations of the equip-ment according to the manufacturer’sspecifications without affecting the es-tablished certification status for theequipment.

(2) In cases of foreign manufacturedcranes, there shall be an owner’s war-ranty that the design is adequate forthe intended use. The warranty shallbe based on a thorough examination ofthe design specifications by a reg-istered professional engineer familiarwith the equipment.

(b) The certifications required by thissection shall be performed:

(1) In accordance with part 1919 ofthis chapter, by persons then currentlyaccredited by the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration as providedin that part; or

(2) In accordance with standards es-tablished and enforced by the state inwhich the device is located or by a po-litical subdivision thereof, which havebeen found by the Secretary to be com-patible with part 1919 of this chapter,by persons designated as competent toperform such certification by com-petent state authority and recognizedas such by the Secretary.

(c) The marine terminal materialhandling devices listed below shall becertificated in the following manner:

(1) Each crane and derrick shall betested as a unit quadrennially, and

shall be examined annually. Certifi-cates of tests and examinations shallbe made readily available for inspec-tion.

(2) Bulk cargo spouts and suckers, to-gether with any portable extensionsand rigging or outriggers supportingthem vertically, shall be examined an-nually. Certificates attesting to the re-quired examination shall be made read-ily available for inspection.

(3) Vertical pocket or bucket convey-ors such as banana, sugar, and grainmarine legs (other than those within agrain elevator structure) used within amarine terminal facility shall be exam-ined annually. The annual examinationshall include all supporting structures,rigging and mechanical componentsand observation of all steps of oper-ations. Certificates attesting to the re-quired examinations shall be readilyavailable for inspection.

(4)(i) House fall cargo-handling gearin use shall be proof load tested as aunit upon initial certification andevery fourth year thereafter. An exam-ination shall be carried out in conjunc-tion with each unit proof load test andannually thereafter. The unit test shallconsist of a proof load of 25 percent inexcess of the rated safe working load.Examinations shall include all support-ing structures and components. Certifi-cates attesting to the required testsand examinations shall be readilyavailable for inspection.

(ii) House fall span beams or otherhouse fall block supports shall bemarked with the safe working load,which shall not be exceeded.

(5) Special gear. (i) Special stevedor-ing gear provided by the employer, thestrength of which depends upon compo-nents other than commonly used stockitems such as shackles, ropes, orchains, and that has a Safe WorkingLoad (SWL) greater than five shorttons (10,000 lbs or 4.5 metric tons) shallbe inspected and tested as a unit beforeinitial use (see table A of this section).

(ii) Special stevedoring gear providedby the employer that has a SWL of fiveshort tons (10,000 or 4.5 metric tons) orless shall be inspected and tested as aunit before initial use according toparagraphs (d) and (e) of this section orby a designated person (see table A).


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TABLE A

Safe working load Proof load

Up to 20 short tons (18.1metric tons).

25 percent in excess.

From 20 through 50 shorttons (18.1 to 45.3 metrictons).

5 short tons in excess.

Over 50 short tons (45.3 met-ric tons).

10 percent in excess.

(iii) Every spreader that is not a partof ship’s gear and is used for handlingintermodal containers shall be in-spected and tested before initial use toa proof load equal to 25 percent greaterthan its rated capacity. In addition,any spreader that suffers damage ne-cessitating structural repair shall beinspected and retested after repair andbefore being returned to service.

(iv) All cargo handling gear coveredby this section with a SWL greaterthan five short tons (10,000 lbs. or 4.5metric tons) shall be proof load testedaccording to table A of this sectionevery 4 years in accordance with para-graph (b) of this section or by a des-ignated person.

(v) Certificates and inspection andtest records attesting to the tests re-quired by this section shall be avail-able for inspection.

(6) Wire rope and loose gear obtainedafter October 3, 1983, and used for ma-terial handling shall have been testedand certificated before being placedinto use in accordance with the provi-sions of paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of§§ 1919.31 and 1919.32 through 1919.34 ofthis chapter as applicable. Certificatesattesting to the required tests, inspec-tions and examinations shall be avail-able.

(d) Disassembly and reassembly ofequipment does not require recertifi-cation of the equipment provided thatthe equipment is reassembled and usedin a manner consistent with its certifi-cation.

(e) For equipment certificated in ac-cordance with paragraph (b)(2) of thissection and transferred to a job site inanother state, the current certificationshall remain valid until the next in-spection or examination becomes due.

(f) Certification procedures shall notbe construed as a substitute for, orcause for elimination of, normal oper-ational inspection and maintenanceroutine throughout the year.

(g)(1) Every unit of equipment requir-ing quadrennial certification shallhave had such quadrennial certifi-cation within the previous 48 months.Equipment requiring annual certifi-cation shall have had such annual cer-tification within the previous 12months, except that no annual certifi-cation is required within 12 monthsafter any required quadrennial certifi-cation. Annual examinations for cer-tification may be accomplished up toone month early without effect on sub-sequent due dates.

(2) When certificated equipment isout of service for 6 months or more be-yond the due date of a certification in-spection, an examination equivalent toan initial certification, including unitproof load test, shall be performed be-fore the equipment re-enters service.

(h) Loose gear obtained after October3, 1983 shall bear a legible mark indi-cating that it has been tested (seeparagraph(c)(6) of this section). Singlesheave blocks shall be marked withsafe working loads and proof test loads.Marks relating to testing shall be iden-tifiable on the related certificates,which shall be available.

(i) Safe working load. (1) The safeworking load of gear as specified inthis section shall not be exceeded.

(2) All cargo handling gear providedby the employer with a safe workingload greater than five short tons (10,000lbs. or 4.5 metric tons) shall have itssafe working load plainly marked on it.

(j) Exceptions: The certification re-quirements of this section do not applyto the following equipment:

(1) Small industrial crane trucks asdescribed and illustrated in ANSI B56.1,1959, ‘‘Safety Code for Powered Indus-trial Trucks’’, and powered industrialtrucks; and

(2) Any straddle truck not capable ofstraddling two or more intermodal con-tainers 16 feet (4.8 m) in width.

(Section 1917.50 contains a collection of in-formation which has been approved by theOffice of Management and Budget underOMB Control No. 1218–0003)



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§ 1917.51 Hand tools.(a) Hand tools used by employees

shall be maintained in safe operatingcondition.

(b)(1) Hand-held portable electrictools shall be equipped with switchesthat must be manually held in a closedposition to operate the tool.

(2) Portable power-driven circularsaws shall be equipped with guardsabove and below the base plate or shoe.The upper guard shall cover the saw tothe depth of the teeth, except for theminimum arc needed to permit thebase to be tilted for bevel cuts. Thelower guard shall cover the saw to thedepth of the teeth, except for the mini-mum arc needed to allow proper retrac-tion and contact with the work. Whenthe tool is withdrawn from the work,the lower guard shall automaticallyand instantly return to the coveringposition.

(c) Only cutting tools shall be used tocut metal strapping or banding used tosecure cargo.

Subpart D—Specialized Terminals§ 1917.70 General.

The provisions of this subpart D shallapply to specialized terminals in addi-tion to any other applicable require-ments of this part.

§ 1917.71 Terminals handling inter-modal containers or roll-on roll-offoperations.

(a) Every intermodal container shallbe legibly and permanently markedwith:

(1) The weight of the container whenempty, in pounds;

(2) The maximum cargo weight thecontainer is designed to carry, inpounds; and

(3) The sum of the weight of the con-tainer and the cargo, in pounds.

(b) No container shall be hoisted byany crane or derrick unless the follow-ing conditions have been met:

(1) The employer shall ascertain fromthe carrier whether a container to behoisted is loaded or empty. Empty con-tainers shall be identified before load-ing or discharge in such a manner aswill inform every supervisor and fore-man on the site and in charge of load-ing or discharging, or every crane or

other hoisting equipment operator andsignalman, if any, that such containeris empty. Methods of identificationmay include cargo plans, manifests ormarkings on the container.

(2) In the case of a loaded container:(i) The actual gross weight shall be

plainly marked so as to be visible tothe crane or other hoisting equipmentoperator or signalman, or to every su-pervisor and foreman on the site and incharge of the operation; or

(ii) The cargo stowage plan or equiva-lent permanently recorded displayserving the same purpose, containingthe actual gross weight and the serialnumber or other positive identificationof that specific container, shall be pro-vided to the crane or other hoistingequipment operator and signalman, ifany, and to every supervisor and fore-man on the site and in charge of theoperation.

(3) Every outbound loaded containerwhich is received at a marine terminalready to load aboard a vessel withoutfurther consolidation or loading shallbe weighed to obtain the actual grossweight, either at the terminal or else-where, before being hoisted.

(4)(i) When container weighing scalesare located at a marine terminal, anyoutbound container with a load con-solidated at that terminal shall beweighed to obtain an actual weight be-fore being hoisted.

(ii) If the terminal has no scales, theactual gross weight may be calculatedon the basis of the container’s contentsand the container’s empty weight. Theweights used in the calculation shall beposted conspicuously on the container,with the name of the person makingthe calculation and the date.

(5) Open type vehicle carrying con-tainers and those built specifically andused solely for the carriage of com-pressed gases are excepted from para-graphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.

(6) Closed dry van containers carry-ing vehicles are exempted from para-graph (b)(4) of this section providedthat:

(i) The container carries only com-pletely assembled vehicles and noother cargo;


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7 Decals on hard hats will not be consideredequivalent protection for the purposes of thisparagraph.

8 A heavily laden container is one that isloaded to within 20 percent of its rated ca-pacity.

(ii) The container is marked on theoutside in such a manner that an em-ployee can readily discern that thecontainer is carrying vehicles; and

(iii) The vehicles were loaded intothe container at the marine terminal.

(7) The weight of loaded inbound con-tainers from foreign ports shall be de-termined by weighing or by the methodof calculation described in paragraph(b)(4)(ii) of this section or by shippingdocuments.

(8) Any scale used within the UnitedStates to weigh containers for the pur-pose of the requirements of this sectionshall meet the accuracy standards ofthe state or local public authority inwhich the scale is located.

(c) No container or containers shallbe hoisted if their actual gross weightexceeds the weight marked as requiredin paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or ifit exceeds the capacity of the crane orother hoisting device intended to beused.

(d)(1) Marked or designated areasshall be set aside within a container orroll-on roll-off terminal for passage ofemployees to and from active cargotransfer points, except where transpor-tation to and from those points is pro-vided by the employer.

(2) The employer shall direct employ-ees to stay clear of the area beneath asuspended container.

(e) Each employee working in the im-mediate area of container handlingequipment or in the terminal’s trafficlanes shall wear a high visibility vest(or equivalent protection).7

NOTE TO PARAGRAPH (3E): High visi-bility vests or equivalent protectionmeans high visibility/retroreflectivematerials which are intended to pro-vide conspicuity of the user by daythrough the use of high visibility (fluo-rescent) material and in the dark byvehicle headlights through the use ofretroreflective material. The minimumarea of material for a vest or equiva-lent protection is .5 m2 (760 in.2) for flu-orescent (background) material and.13m2 (197 in.2) for retroreflective mate-rial.

(f) Containers shall be handled usinglifting fittings or other arrangementssuitable and intended for the purposeas set forth in paragraphs (i)(1) through(i)(3) of this section, except when dam-age to an intermodal container makesspecial means of handling necessary.

(1) Loaded intermodal containers of20 feet (6.1 m) or more in length shallbe hoisted as follows:

(i) When hoisting containers by thetop fittings, the lifting forces shall beapplied vertically from at least foursuch fittings. A less than vertical lift ispermitted only under the followingconditions:

(A) The container being lifted is anISO closed box container;

(B) The condition of the box is sound;(C) The speed of hoisting and lower-

ing is moderated when heavily ladenedcontainers 8 are encountered;

(D) The lift angle is at 80 to 90 de-grees;

(E) The distance between the liftingbeam and the load is at least 8 feet and2.4 inches (2.5 m); and

(F) The length of the spreader beamis at least 16.3 feet (5 m) for a 20-footcontainer, and at least 36.4 feet (11 m)for a 40-foot container.

(ii) If hoisted from bottom fittings,the hoisting connections shall bear onthe fittings only, making no other con-tact with the container. The angles ofthe four bridle legs shall not be lessthan 30° to the horizontal in the case of40 foot (12.2 m) containers, 37° in thecase of 30 foot (9.1 m) containers, and45° in the case of 20 foot (6.1 m) con-tainers.

(iii) Lifting containers by fork lifttrucks or by grappling arms fromabove or from one side may be doneonly if the container is designed forthis type of handling.

(iv) Other means of hoisting may beused only if the containers and hoist-ing means are designed for such use.

(2)(i) When using intermodal con-tainer spreaders that employ lanyardsfor activation of load disengagement,all possible precautions shall be takento prevent accidental release of theload.


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(ii) Intermodal container spreadertwistlock systems shall be designedand used so that a suspended load can-not accidentally be released.

(3) Flat bed trucks or container chas-sis used to move intermodal containersshall be equipped with pins, flanges, orother means to prevent the containerfrom shifting.

(4) After July 27, 1998, flat bed, lowboy trailers (mafis) and other similarequipment used to transport containersshall be marked with their cargo ca-pacities and shall not be overloaded.

(5) Each tractor shall have all brakeair lines connected when pulling trail-ers equipped with air brakes and shallhave the brakes tested before com-mencing operations.

(g)(1) Intermodal containers shall beinspected for defects in structuralmembers or fittings before handling.

(2) Any intermodal container foundto be unsafe shall be identified as such,promptly removed from service and re-paired before being returned to service.

(h) Containers shall not be hoistedunless all engaged chassis twist locksare released.


§ 1917.73 Terminal facilities handlingmenhaden and similar species offish (See also § 1917.2, definition ofhazardous cargo, materials, sub-stance, or atmosphere).

(a)(1) Tanks in terminal areas usedfor receiving or storing brailwater forrecirculating into vessel holds in dis-charging operations shall be opened orventilated to minimize contaminationof water circulated to the vessel.Brailwater tanks shall be thoroughlydrained upon completion of each day’soperations and shall be left open to theair. Drainage is unnecessary whenbrailwater has been treated to removehydrogen sulfide-producing contami-nants and the efficiency of such treat-ment has been established by the em-ployer.

(2) Before employees enter a docktank, it shall first be drained, rinsedand tested for hydrogen sulfide and ox-ygen deficiency. Employees shall notenter the tank when the hydrogen sul-fide level exceeds 20 ppm or oxygen

content is less than 19.5 percent, exceptin emergencies.

(3) Tests shall be conducted by des-ignated personnel with suitable testequipment and respiratory protectiveequipment complying with the provi-sions of § 1910.134 of this chapter.

(b) Pipelines and hoses on the dock orterminal used for receiving and cir-culating used brailwater shall be com-pletely drained upon completion ofeach day’s operation and left open tothe air.

(c) At least four units of respiratoryprotective equipment consisting of sup-plied-air respirators or self-containedbreathing apparatus complying withthe requirements of § 1910.134 of thischapter shall be available in a suitablylabeled cabinet for immediate use incase of emergency caused by oxygendeficiency or hydrogen sulfide. Anyemployee entering a tank in an emer-gency shall, in addition to respiratoryprotective equipment, wear a lifelineand safety harness to facilitate rescue.At least two other employees, simi-larly equipped, shall be continuouslystationed outside the tank to observeand to provide rescue services.

(d) The plant superintendent andforemen shall be trained and knowl-edgeable about the hazards of hydrogensulfide and oxygen deficiency. Theyshall be trained in the use of appro-priate respiratory and other protectiveequipment, and in rescue procedures.Other supervisory plant personnel shallbe informed of these hazards and in-structed in the necessary safety meas-ures, including use of respiratory andrescue equipment.

(e) Supervisory personnel shall be onhand at dockside to supervise discharg-ing of brailwater from vessels.

Subpart E—Personal Protection

§ 1917.91 Eye and face protection.

(a)(1) The employer shall ensure thateach affected employee uses appro-priate eye and/or face protection wherethere are exposures to eye and/or facehazards. Such equipment shall complywith American National Standards In-stitute, ANSI Z–87.1–1989, ‘‘Practice forOccupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection.’’


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(2) For employees wearing correctivespectacles, eye protection equipmentrequired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec-tion must be of a type which can beworn over spectacles. Prescriptionground safety lenses may be sub-stituted if they provide equivalent pro-tection.

(3) For additional requirements cov-ering eye protection against radiantenergy, see § 1917.152(h).

(b) Eye protection equipment shall bemaintained in good condition.

(c) Used eye protection equipmentshall be cleaned and disinfected beforereissuance to another employee.


§ 1917.92 Respiratory protection.(See § 1917.1(a)(2)(viii))

§ 1917.93 Head protection.(a) The employer shall ensure that

each affected employee wears a protec-tive helmet when working in areaswhere there is a potential for injury tothe head from falling objects.

(b) Such equipment shall complywith American National Standards In-stitute, ANSI Z–89.1–1986, ‘‘PersonnelProtection-Protective Headwear for In-dustrial Workers-Requirements.’’

(c) Protective hats previously wornshall be cleaned and disinfected beforeissuance by the employer to anotheremployee.


§ 1917.94 Foot protection.(a) The employer shall ensure that

each affected employee wears protec-tive footwear when working in areaswhere there is a danger of foot injuriesdue to falling or rolling objects or ob-jects piercing the sole.

(b) Such equipment shall complywith American National Standards

Institute, ANSI Z–41–1991, ‘‘AmericanNational Standard for Personal Protec-tion-Protective Footwear.’’

[62 FR 40201, July 25, 1997]

§ 1917.95 Other protective measures.(a) Protective clothing. (1) Employees

performing work that requires specialprotective clothing shall be directed by

the employer to wear the necessaryspecial protective clothing.

(2) When necessary, protective cloth-ing previously worn shall be cleanedand disinfected before reissuance.

(b)(1) The employer shall provide,and shall direct the wearing of personalflotation devices for those employees,such as line handlers, who are engagedin work in which they may be pulledinto the water:

(i) When such employees are workingin isolation, or

(ii) Where physical limitations ofavailable working space creates a haz-ard of falling into the water, or

(iii) Where the work area is ob-structed by cargo or other obstacles soas to prevent employees from obtainingsafe footing for their work.

(2) Personal flotation devices (PFD)(life preservers, life jackets, and workvests) worn by each affected employeeshall be any United States Coast Guard(USCG) approved and marked Type IPFD, Type II PFD or Type III PFD; orshall be a USCG approved Type V PFDthat is marked for use as a work vest,for commercial use, or for use on ves-sels. USCG approval is pursuant to 46CFR part 160, Coast Guard LifesavingEquipment Specifications.

(3) Personal flotation devices shall bemaintained in safe condition and shallbe considered unserviceable when dam-aged so as to affect buoyancy or fasten-ing capability.

(c) Emergency facilities. When employ-ees are exposed to hazardous sub-stances which may require emergencybathing, eye washing or other facili-ties, the employer shall provide suchfacilities and maintain them in goodworking order.


Subpart F—Terminal Facilities

§ 1917.111 Maintenance and load lim-its.

(a) The structural integrity of docks,piers, wharves, terminals and workingsurfaces shall be maintained.

(b) Maximum safe load limits, inpounds per square foot (kilograms persquare meter), of floors elevated aboveground level, and pier structures over


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the water shall be conspicuously postedin all cargo areas.

(c) Maximum safe load limits shallnot be exceeded.

(d) All walking and working surfacesin the terminal area shall be main-tained in good repair.

§ 1917.112 Guarding of edges.(a) Vehicle protection. (1) Vehicle

curbs, bull rails, or other effective bar-riers at least six inches (15.24 cm) inheight shall be provided at the water-side edges of aprons and bulkheads, ex-cept where vehicles are prohibited.Curbs or bull rails installed after Octo-ber 3, 1983, shall be at least 10 inches(25.4 cm) in height.

(2) The provisions of paragraph (a)(1)of this section also apply at the edge ofany fixed level above the common floorarea from which vehicles may fall, ex-cept at loading docks, platforms andskids where cargo is moved by vehicles.

(b) Employee protection. (1) Guardrailsshall be provided at locations whereemployees are exposed to floor or wallopenings or waterside edges, includingbridges or gangway-like structuresleading to pilings or vessel mooring orberthing installations, which present ahazard of falling more than 4 feet (1.22m) or into the water, except as speci-fied in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.

(2) Guardrails are not required:(i) At loading platforms and docks;(ii) At waterside edges used for cargo

handling;(iii) On the working sides of work

platforms, skids or similar workplaces;or

(iv) On railroad rolling stock, high-way vehicles, intermodal containers orsimilar equipment.

(3) Where guardrails are impractica-ble due to machinery requirements orwork processes, an alternate means ofprotecting employees from falling,such as nets, shall be used.

(c) Criteria for guardrails. Guardrailsshall meet the following criteria:

(1) They shall be capable of with-standing a force of at least 200 pounds(890 N) applied in any direction at mid-span of the top rail (when used), or atthe uppermost point if there is no toprail.

(2) If not of solid baluster, grillwork,slatted or similar construction, guard-

rails shall consist of top rails andmidrails. Midrails, when used, shall bepositioned at approximately half theheight of the top rail.

(3) The top surface of guardrails in-stalled before October 3, 1983, shall beat least 36 inches (.091 m) high. Thoseinstalled after October 3, 1983, shall be42 inches (1.07 m), plus or minus 2inches (5.1 cm), high.

(4) Any non-rigid railing such aschain or wire rope shall have a maxi-mum sag limit at the mid-point be-tween posts of not more than 6 inches(15.2 cm).

(5) Top rails shall be free of punctureand laceration hazards.

(6) Rail ends shall not overhang toconstitute a hazard, but this does notprohibit scrollwork, boxed ends orsimilar non-hazardous projections.

(d) Toeboards. Toeboards shall be pro-vided when employees below could beexposed to falling objects such as tools.Toeboards shall be at least 31⁄2 inches(8.9 cm) in height from top edge tofloor level, and be capable of with-standing a force of 50 pounds (220 N) ap-plied in any direction. Drainage clear-ance under toeboards is permitted.

(e) Stair railings. Stair railings shallbe capable of withstanding a force of atleast 200 pounds (890 N) applied in anydirection, and shall not be more than36 inches (0.9 m) nor less than 32 inches(0.8 m) in height from the upper toprail surface to the tread surface in linewith the leading edge of the tread.Railings and midrails shall be providedat any stairway having four or morerisers, as follows:

(1) For stairways less than 44 inches(1.12 m) wide, at least one railing; and

(2) For stairways more than 44 inches(1.12 m) but less than 88 inches (2.24 m)wide, a stair rail or handrail on eachside, and if 88 or more inches wide, anadditional intermediate handrail.

(f) Condition. Railings shall be main-tained free of sharp edges and in goodrepair.


§ 1917.113 Clearance heights.

Clearance heights shall be promi-nently posted where the height is in-sufficient for vehicles and equipment.


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§ 1917.114 Cargo doors.(a) Mechanically operated. (1) Cargo

door counterweights shall be guarded.(2) Lift trucks and cranes shall not be

used to move mechanically operateddoors except when necessary during re-pair on the doors, in which case ropesor other guarding shall be provided toprevent entry into the area where thedoor may fall or slide.

(3) Vertically operated doors par-tially opened for work or ventilationshall be secured to prevent accidentalclosing.

(b) Tackle operated. (1) The door shallbe connected to its lifting tackle withshackles or equally secure means.

(2) Lifting bridles and tackles shallhave a safety factor of five, based uponmaximum anticipated static loadingconditions.

(3) Devices shall be provided to holdoverhead doors in the open positionand to secure them when closed.

(4) Lifting gear and hardware shall bemaintained in safe condition.

(5) Lifting ropes, when used, shall beplaced out of the work area and off thefloor.

(c) Horizontal sliding. (1) Horizontalsliding door rollers shall be con-structed to prevent the door fromjumping from overhead tracks.

(2) Sliding doors shall be secured toprevent them from swinging.

§ 1917.115 Platforms and skids.(a) Platforms and skids extending

from piers, transit sheds or lofts andused for landing or hooking on draftsshall be provided at the open sides withguardrails meeting the requirements of§ 1917.112(c) or alternate means, such asnets, to protect employees againstfalls.

(b) Any employee working below asecond-story platform or skid shall beprotected from falling objects by a netstretched from the platform or skid tothe vessel.

(c) Platforms and skids shall bestrong enough to bear the loads han-dled and shall be maintained in safecondition. Safe working loads, whichshall be posted or marked on or adja-cent to platforms and skids, shall havea minimum safety factor of five for anypart, based upon maximum anticipatedstatic loading conditions and the ulti-

mate strength of the construction ma-terial.

(d) The employer shall provide andmaintain platform and skid attach-ments that will prevent accidentalmovement of the skid or platform.

§ 1917.116 Elevators and escalators.

(a) ‘‘Elevator’’ means a permanenthoisting and lowering mechanism witha car or platform moving vertically inguides and serving two or more floorsof a structure. The term excludes suchdevices as conveyors, tiering or pilingmachines, material hoists, skip or fur-nace hoists, wharf ramps, lift bridges,car lifts and dumpers.

(b) ‘‘Escalator’’ means a power-drivencontinuous moving stairway prin-cipally intended for the use of persons.

(c) No elevator or escalator with adefect which affects safety shall beused.

(d) Elevator safety devices shall notbe overridden or made inoperable.

(e) Elevators and escalators shall bethoroughly inspected at intervals notexceeding one year. Additional month-ly inspections for satisfactory oper-ation shall be conducted by designatedpersons. Records of the results of thelatest annual elevator inspections shallbe posted in elevators. Records of an-nual escalator inspections shall beposted in the vicinity of the escalatoror be available at the terminal.

(f) Elevator landing openings shall beprovided with doors, gates or equiva-lent protection which shall be in placewhen the elevator is not at that land-ing, to prevent employees from fallinginto the shaft.

(g) The elevator’s or escalator’s max-imum load limits shall be posted andnot exceeded. Elevator load limitsshall be posted conspicuously both in-side and outside of the car.

(h) Elevators shall be operated onlyby designated persons except for auto-matic or door interlocking elevatorswhich provide full shaft door closingand automatic car leveling.

[48 FR 30909, July 5, 1983, as amended at 49FR 28551, July 13, 1984; 61 FR 5509, Feb. 13,1996]


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§ 1917.117 Manlifts.(a) Inspection. Manlifts shall be in-

spected monthly by a designated per-son. Safety switches shall be checkedweekly. Manlifts found to be unsafeshall not be operated until repaired. In-spections shall include at least the fol-lowing:

(1) Step fastenings;(2) Rails;(3) Rail supports and fastenings;(4) Roller and slides;(5) Belt and belt tension;(6) Handholds and fastenings;(7) Floor landings;(8) Guardrails;(9) Lubrication;(10) Safety switches;(11) Warning signs and lights;(12) Illumination;(13) Drive pulley;(14) Bottom (boot) pulley and clear-

ance;(15) Pulley supports;(16) Motor;(17) Drive mechanism;(18) Brake;(19) Electrical switches;(20) Vibration and misalignment;(21) ‘‘Skip’’ on up or down run when

mounting the step (indicating worngears); and

(22) Emergency exit ladders.(b) Inspection records. Inspection

records shall be kept for at least oneyear. The record of the most recent in-spection shall be posted in the vicinityof the manlift or in the terminal.

(c) Emergency stop. An emergencystop device shall be available withineasy reach from any position on thebelt.

(d) Instructions. Manlift use instruc-tions shall be conspicuously posted.

(e) Top floor warning sign and light.An illuminated sign and red light thatare visible to the user shall be providedunder the top floor opening of themanlift to warn the user to get off atthat floor.

(f) Bottom floor warning sign. A signvisible to descending passengers shallbe provided to warn them to get off atthe bottom floor.

(g) Upper limit stop. An automaticstop device shall be provided to stopthe manlift when a loaded step passesthe top landing, except that manlifts

installed after October 3, 1983 shallhave two such devices.

(h) Handholds and steps. Each stepshall be provided with a correspondinghandhold.

(i) Emergency ladder. A fixed emer-gency ladder accessible from any posi-tion on the lift and in accordance withthe requirements of § 1917.119(d) shallbe provided for the entire run of themanlift.

(j) Landings. (1) Clear and unob-structed landing spaces shall be pro-vided at each level. Manlifts con-structed after October 3, 1983 and thathave a distance of 50 feet (15.24 m) ormore between floor landings shall havean emergency landing every 25 feet(7.62 m) or less of manlift travel.

(2) Open sides of emergency landingsshall be protected by guardrails.

(3) Floor landing entrances and exitsshall be guarded by mazes, self-closinggates, or equivalent devices.

(4) Landings shall be of sufficient sizeand strength to support 250 pounds(1120 N).

(k) Floor opening guards. The ascend-ing sides of manlift floor openings shallbe provided with cones or bevel guardsto direct the user through the open-ings.

(l) Maintenance. Manlifts shall beequipped, maintained, and used in ac-cordance with the manufacturer’s spec-ifications, which shall be available atthe terminal.

(m) Bottom pulley. (1) The lower pul-ley shall be supported by the lowestlanding.

(2) Sides of the bottom pulley supportshall be guarded to prevent contactwith the pulley or the steps.

(n) Top clearance. A clearance of atleast 11 feet (3.3 m) shall be providedbetween the top landing and the ceil-ing.

(o) Brakes. Manlifts shall be equippedwith brakes that are:

(1) Self-engaging;(2) Electrically released; and(3) Capable of stopping and holding

the manlift when the descending side isloaded with the maximum rated load.

§ 1917.118 Fixed ladders.

(a) Scope and applicability. This sec-tion applies to all fixed ladders except:


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(1) Ladders forming an integral partof railway cars, highway carriers,cargo containers or other transpor-tation carrier equipment;

(2) Climbing devices such as stepbolts or structural members of tanksand towers;

(3) Ladders built into or verticallyattached to tubular scaffold framing;and

(4) Ladders used only for fire-fightingor emergency purposes.

(b) Definitions. (1) Cage (basket guard)means a barrier enclosing or nearly en-closing a ladder’s climbing space andfastened to one or both of the ladder’sside rails or to another structure.

(2) Fixed ladder means a ladder, in-cluding individual rung ladders, perma-nently attached to a structure, build-ing or piece of equipment.

(3) Ladder safety device means a sup-port system limiting an employee’sdrop or fall from the ladder, and whichmay incorporate friction brakes, life-lines and lanyards, or sliding attach-ments.

(4) Well means a permanent completeenclosure around a fixed ladder, whichis attached to the walls of the well.

(c) Defects. (1) Ladders with broken,split or missing rungs, steps or rails,broken welds or connections, corrosionor wastage or other defect which mayaffect safe use shall be removed fromservice.

(2) Ladder repairs shall providestrength at least equivalent to that ofthe original ladder.

(d) Ladder specifications. (1)(i) Laddersinstalled before October 3, 1983, shall becapable of withstanding without dam-age a minimum concentrated load, ap-plied uniformly over a 31⁄2 inch (8.8 cm)width at the rung center, of 200 pounds(890 N).

(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,1983 shall be capable of withstanding250 pounds (1120 N) applied as describedin paragraph (d)(l)(i) of this section. Ifused by more than one employee simul-taneously, the ladder as a unit shall becapable of simultaneous additionalloading in 250 pound (1120 N) incre-ments for each additional employee,applied to a corresponding number ofrungs. The unit shall have a safety fac-tor of four (4), based on ultimatestrength, in the designed service.

(2)(i) Ladders installed before Octo-ber 3, 1983, shall have rungs evenlyspaced from nine to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to41.9 cm) apart, center to center.

(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,1983 shall have rungs evenly spacedfrom 12±2 inches (30±5 cm) apart, centerto center.

(3)(i) Ladders installed before Octo-ber 3, 1983 shall have a width betweenside rails of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm).

(ii) Ladders installed after October 3,1983 shall have a width between siderails of at least 12 inches (30.48 cm).

(4) The minimum distance betweenthe rung center line and the nearestpermanent object behind the rung shallbe 4 inches (10.2 cm), except that in lad-ders installed after October 3, 1983, theminimum distance shall be 7 inches(17.8 cm) unless physical limitationsmake a lesser distance, not less than41⁄2 inches (11.5 cm), necessary.

(5) When a ladder passes through anopening or past overhead obstructions,a minimum 24 inch (.61 m) clearanceshall exist between the climbing sideand any obstruction. Where this dis-tance is less than 30 inches (0.76 m), adeflection device shall be installed forguidance through the opening.

(6) The side rails of ladders shall ex-tend at least 36 inches (0.91 m) abovethe top landing surface, unless grabbars or equivalent holds are provided.

(7) Ladders whose pitch exceeds 90° tothe horizontal (slanting backward onthe climbing side) shall not be used.

(e) Protection against falls. (1) Fixedladders more than 20 feet (6.1 m) inheight shall be provided with a cage,well, or ladder safety device.

(2) When a well or cage is used, lad-ders with length of climb exceeding 30feet (9.14 m) shall comply with the fol-lowing provisions:

(i) The ladder shall consist of mul-tiple sections not exceeding 30 feet (9.14m) each;

(ii) Each section shall be horizontallyoffset from adjacent sections, except asspecified in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of thissection, and

(iii) A landing platform capable ofsupporting a load of 100 pounds persquare foot (4.79 kPa) and fitted withguardrails complying with § 1917.112(c)shall be provided at least every 30 feet


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(9.1 m), except as specified in paragraph(e)(2)(iv) of this section.

(iv) For ladders installed after Octo-ber 3, 1983, offset sections and landingplatforms are not required if hingedplatforms capable of supporting 100pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa), andwhich are kept closed except whenopened for passage, are within the cageor well at intervals not exceeding 30feet (9.14 m).

(3) Ladders equipped with ladder safe-ty devices shall have rest platforms;

(i) Capable of supporting a load of 100pounds per square foot (4.79 kPa);

(ii) Located at intervals of 150 feet (46m) or less; and

(iii) Protected by guardrails comply-ing with § 1917.112(c) of three sides.

(4) Where used, ladder safety devicesshall:

(i) Be installed and maintained in ac-cordance with the manufacturer’s in-structions, which shall be available forinspection;

(ii) Be repaired only with replace-ment parts having performance capa-bility at least equal to that of theoriginal parts;

(iii) Have a connection length be-tween carrier centerlines and safetybelts of 10±2 inches (25.4±5.08 cm); and

(iv) Be installed in a manner thatdoes not reduce the ladder’s structuralcapability.

(5) Ladder cages or wells shall:(i) Be of rigid construction that al-

lows unobstructed use but prevents anemployee from falling through or dis-lodging the cage or well by fallingagainst it;

(ii) Have smooth inner surfaces;(iii) Extend at least 36 inches (0.9m)

above landings; and(iv) Extend to within 8 feet (2.4 m)

above the ground or base, except that amaximum of 20 feet (6.1 m) is permittedwhere the cage or well would extendinto traffic lanes.

(6) Ladders installed after (effectivedate of standard) on radio, microwavecommunications, electrical power andsimilar towers, poles and structures,including stacks and chimneys, shallmeet the requirements of this para-graph (e).

(f) Individual rung ladders. Laddersconsisting of individual rungs that are

attached to walls, conical manhole sec-tions or river cells shall:

(1) Be capable of supporting a load of350 pounds (1557 N) without deforma-tion;

(2) Form a continuous ladder, uni-formly spaced vertically from 12 inchesto 16 inches (30.5 to 41 cm) apart, witha minimum width of 10 inches (25.4 cm)and projecting at least 41⁄2 inches (11.43cm) from the wall;

(3) Be so constructed that an employ-ee’s foot cannot slide off the ends; and

(4) Be firmly attached and withoutsharp edges.


§ 1917.119 Portable ladders.(a) Scope and applicability. This sec-

tion applies to all portable ladders, in-cluding job-made ladders for temporaryuse, unless otherwise specified.

(b) Standards for existing manufacturedportable ladders. (1) Rungs of manufac-tured portable ladders obtained beforeOctober 3, 1983, shall be capable of sup-porting a 200-pound (890 N) load with-out deformation.

(2) Rungs shall be evenly spaced from9 to 161⁄2 inches (22.9 to 41.9 cm), centerto center.

(3) Rungs shall be continuous mem-bers between rails. Each rung of a dou-ble-rung ladder (two side rails and acenter rail) shall extend the full widthof the ladder.

(4) Width between side rails at thebase of the ladder shall be at least 12inches (30 cm) for ladders 10 feet (3.05m) or less in overall length, and shallincrease at least 1⁄4 inch (0.6 cm) foreach additional 2 feet (0.61 m) of ladderlength.

(c) Standards for manufactured port-able ladders. Portable manufacturedladders obtained after January 21, 1998shall bear identification indicatingthat they meet the appropriate ladderconstruction requirements of the fol-lowing standards:

ANSI A14.1–1990, Safety Requirementsfor Portable Wood Ladders

ANSI A14.2–1990, Safety Requirementsfor Portable Metal Ladders

ANSI A14.5–1992, Safety Requirementsfor Portable Reinforced Plastic Lad-ders


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(d) Standards for job-made portable lad-ders. Job-made ladders shall:

(1) Have a minimum and uniform dis-tance between rungs of 12 inches (30cm), center to center;

(2) Are capable of supporting a 250-pound (1120 N) load without deforma-tion; and

(3) Have a minimum width betweenside rails of 12 inches (30 cm) for lad-ders 10 feet (3.05 m) in height. Widthbetween rails shall increase at least 1⁄4inch (0.6 cm) for each additional 2 feet(0.61 m) of ladder length.

(e) Maintenance and inspection. (1)The employer shall maintain portableladders in safe condition. Ladders withthe following defects shall not be usedand either shall be tagged as unusableif kept on the premises or shall be re-moved from the worksite:

(i) Broken, split or missing rungs,cleats or steps;

(ii) Broken or split side rails;(iii) Missing or loose bolts, rivets or

fastenings;(iv) Defective ropes; or(v) Any other structural defect.(2) Ladders shall be inspected for de-

fects prior to each day’s use, and afterany occurrence, such as a fall, whichcould damage the ladder.

(f) Ladder usage. (1) Ladders made byfastening rungs or devices across a sin-gle rail are prohibited.

(2) Ladders shall not be used:(i) As guys, braces or skids; or(ii) As platforms, runways or scaf-

folds.(3) Metal and wire-reinforced ladders

with wooden side rails shall not be usedwhen employees on the ladder mightcome into contact with energized elec-trical conductors.

(4) Individual sections from differentmulti-sectional ladders or two or moresingle straight ladders shall not be tiedor fastened together to achieve addi-tional length.

(5) Except for combination ladders,self-supporting ladders shall not beused as single straight ladders.

(6) Unless intended for cantilever op-eration, non-self-supporting laddersshall not be used to climb above thetop support point.

(7) Ladders shall extend at least 36inches (0.91 m) above the upper supportlevel if employees are to leave or

mount the ladder at that level, exceptthat where such extension is imprac-tical other equivalent means such asgrab bars may be used to provide ahand grip.

(8) Ladders shall be securely posi-tioned on a level and firm base.

(9) Ladders shall be fitted with slip-resistant bases and secured at top orbottom to prevent the ladder from slip-ping.

(10) The employer shall direct thatladders shall be placed so that employ-ees climbing are not exposed to injuryfrom projecting objects or doors thatopen toward the ladder.


§ 1917.120 Fixed stairways.(a) Definition. ‘‘Fixed stairway’’

means interior and exterior stairs serv-ing machinery, tanks and equipment,and stairs to or from floors, platformsor pits. The term does not apply tostairs intended only for fire exit pur-poses, to articulated stairs (the angleof which changes with the rise and fallof the base support) or to stairs form-ing an intergral part of machinery.

(b) New installations. (1) Fixed stairsinstalled after October 3, 1983 shall bepositioned within the range of 30° to 50°to the horizontal with uniform riserheight and tread width throughouteach run and be capable of a minimumloading of 100 pounds per square foot(448 N) and a minimum concentratedload of 300 pounds (1344 N) at the centerof any treadspan. Riser height shall befrom 6 to 7.5 inches (15.2 to 19.0 cm),stair width a minimum of 22 inches (56cm) between vertical barriers, treaddepth a minimum of 12±2 inches(30.48±5.08 cm), and tread nosing shallbe straight leading edges.

(2) Stair landings shall be at least 20inches (51 cm) in depth. Where doors orgates open on a stairway, a landingplatform shall be provided. Door swingshall not reduce effective standing areaon the landing to less than 18 inches(45.7 cm) in depth.

(3) Fixed stairs having four or morerisers shall have stair railings or hand-rails complying with § 1917.112(c)(1).

(4) Railing height from tread surfaceat the riser face shall be 33±3 inches(83±7.6 cm).


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9The United States Coast Guard, at 33 CFR126.15(1) and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570 sets outrequirements for illumination at ‘‘des-ignated waterfront facilities’’ and ‘‘large oiltransfer facilities.’’

(5) Restricted areas. When physicalfeatures require stairs steeper thanthose provided for by paragraph (b)(1)of this section, stairs at angles of 50° to75° from the horizontal may be used ifthey:

(i) Are capable of a single con-centrated load of 200 pounds (890 N) atthe tread centers;

(ii) Have open treads at least 4 inches(10.2 cm) in depth and 18 inches (45.7cm) in width with a uniformly spacedvertical rise between treads of 6 to 9.5inches (15.2 to 24.1 cm); and

(iii) Have handrails that meet the re-quirements of § 1917.112(c)(1) on bothsides and that are not less than 30inches (76.2 cm) in height from thetread surface at the riser face.

(6) Maintenance. Fixed stairwaysshall be maintained in safe conditionand shall not be obstructed.

§ 1917.121 Spiral stairways.(a) Definition. ‘‘Spiral stairway’’

means one with closed circular form,uniform sector-shaped treads and asupporting column.

(b) Requirements. Spiral stairwaysshall meet the following requirements:

(1) Stairways shall conform to theminimum dimensions of Figure F–1;

SPIRAL STAIRWAY—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS

A (Half-treadwidth) B

Normal use by employ-ees.

11 inches (27.9cm).

6 inches (15.2cm).

Limited access ............ 9 inches (22.9cm).

5 inches (12.7cm).

(2) Stairway risers shall be uniformand shall range from 61⁄2 to 101⁄2 inches(16.5 to 26.7 cm) in height;

(3) Minimum loading capability shallbe 100 pounds per square foot (4.79 kN),and minimum tread center con-centrated loading shall be 300 pounds(1334 N);

(4) Railings shall conform to the re-quirements of § 1917.112(c)(1). If balus-ters are used, there shall be a mini-mum of one per tread. Handrails shallbe a minimum of 11⁄4 inches (3.3 cm) inoutside diameter; and

(5) Vertical clearance shall be atleast 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 m) above thetop step.

(c) Maintenance. Spiral stairwaysshall be maintained in safe condition.


§ 1917.122 Employee exits.(a) Employee exits shall be clearly

marked.(b) If an employee exit is not visible

from employees’ work stations, direc-tional signs indicating routes to theexit shall be posted.

(c) Exits shall be readily accessibleand sufficient in number to provide em-ployees with a convenient means of es-cape in emergencies. A clear passage tothe exit shall be maintained.

(d) The minimum width of any em-ployee exit shall be 28 inches (71.1 cm).

§ 1917.123 Illumination.9

(a) Working and walking areas shallbe illuminated. Unless conditions de-scribed in the regulations of the UnitedStates Coast Guard (33 CFR 126.15(1)and (n), and 33 CFR 154.570) exist in thecase of specific operations, illumina-tion in active work areas (for example,cargo transfer points) shall be of an av-erage minimum light intensity of 5foot-candles. The illumination in otherwork areas (for example, farm areas)shall be of an average minimum lightintensity of 1 foot-candle except for se-curity purposes when a minimum lightintensity of 1⁄2 foot-candle shall bemaintained. Where occasional worktasks require more light than thatwhich is consistently and permanently


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10When the gap to be bridged to greaterthan 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable meansof preventing vehicles from running off theedge is a minimum side board height of twoand three-quarter inches.

11When the gap to be bridged is greaterthan 36 inches (.91 m), an acceptable meansof preventing vehicles from running off the

edge is a minumum side board height of twoand three-quarter inches.

provided, supplemental lighting shallbe used.

(b) The lighting intensity shall bemeasured at the task/working surface,in the plane in which the task/workingsurface is present.

(c) Lights shall, so far as possible, beplaced so that they will not shine inthe eyes of employees.


§ 1917.124 Dockboards (car and bridgeplates).

(a) General. The employer shall pro-vide safe means of passage between dif-ferent surface levels and across open-ings.

(b) Definitions. Dockboards (car andbridge plates) mean devices for spanningshort distances between rail cars orhighway vehicles and loading platformswhich do not expose employees to fallsgreater than 4 feet (1.2 m).

Ramps mean other flat-surface de-vices for passage between levels andacross openings not covered under‘‘dockboards.’’

(c) Dockboards (car and bridge plates).(1) Dockboards shall be strong enoughto support the loads imposed on them.

(2) Portable dockboards shall be an-chored in position or be equipped withdevices to prevent their movement.

(3) Hand holds or other effectivemeans shall be provided on portabledockboards to permit safe handling.

(4) Positive means shall be used toprevent railcars or highway vehiclesfrom being moved while dockboards orbridge plates are in position.

(5) Be designed, constructed, andmaintained to prevent vehicles fromrunning off the edge.10

(6) Dockboards shall be well main-tained.

(d) Ramps. (1) Ramps shall be strongenough to support the loads imposed onthem and be designed, constructed, andmaintained to prevent vehicles fromrunning off the edge.11

(2) Ramps shall be equipped with aguardrail meeting the requirement of§ 1917.112(c)(1) if the slope is more than20 degrees to the horizontal or if em-ployees could fall more than 4 feet (1.2m).

(3) Ramps shall have slip-resistantsurfaces.

(4) When necessary to prevent dis-placement by vehicle wheels, steelplates or similar devices used to tem-porarily bridge or cover uneven sur-faces or tracks, shall be anchored.

(5) Ramps shall be well maintained.


§ 1917.125 Guarding temporary haz-ards.

Ditches, pits, excavations and sur-faces in poor repair shall be guarded byreadily visible barricades, rails orother equally effective means.

§ 1917.126 River banks.(a) This section applies to temporary

installations or temporary operationsnear a river bank.

(b) Where working surfaces at riverbanks slope so steeply that an em-ployee could slip or fall into the water,the outer perimeter of the working sur-face shall be protected by posting orother portable protection such as rop-ing off. In these situations, employeesmust wear a personal flotation devicemeeting the requirements of§ 1917.95(b).


§ 1917.127 Sanitation.(a) Washing and toilet facilities. (1) The

employer shall provide accessiblewashing and toilet facilities sufficientfor the sanitary requirements of em-ployees. The facilities shall have:

(i) Running water, including hot andcold or tepid water at a minimum ofone accessible location (when cargohandling is conducted at locationswithout permanent facilities, potablewater may be provided in lieu of run-ning water);

(ii) Soap;


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(iii) Individual hand towels, clean in-dividual sections of continuous towel-ing or warm air blowers; and

(iv) Fixed or portable toilets in sepa-rate compartments with latch-equipped doors. Separate toilet facili-ties shall be provided for male and fe-male employees except when toiletrooms will be occupied by only one per-son at a time.

(2) Washing and toilet facilities shallbe regularly cleaned and maintained ingood order.

(b) Drinking water. (1) Potable drink-ing water shall be accessible to em-ployees at all times.

(2) Potable drinking water containersshall be clean, containing only waterand ice, and shall be fitted with covers.

(3) Common drinking cups are prohib-ited.

(c) Prohibited eating areas. Consump-tion of food or beverages in areas wherehazardous materials are being stored orhandled shall be prohibited.

(d) Garbage and overboard discharges.Work shall not be conducted in the im-mediate vicinity of uncovered garbageor in the way of overboard dischargesfrom the vessel’s sanitary lines unlessemployees are protected from the gar-bage or discharge by a baffle or splashboards.

§ 1917.128 Signs and marking.

(a) General. Signs required by thispart shall be clearly worded and leg-ible, and shall contain a key word orlegend indicating the reason for thesign.

(1) Key words are such words as Dan-ger, Warning, Caution.

(2) Legends are more specific expla-nations such as High Voltage, CloseClearance, Pedestrian Crossing.

(b) Specific. Every marine terminalshall have conspicuously posted signsas follows:

(1) Locations of first aid facilities;(2) Locations of telephones;(3) Telephone numbers of the closest

ambulance service, hospital or othersource of medical attention, police, firedepartment, and emergency squad (ifany); and

(4) Locations of firefighting andemergency equipment and fire exits.

Subpart G—Related TerminalOperations and Equipment

§ 1917.151 Machine guarding.(a) Definition. ‘‘Guarded’’ means

shielded, fenced, or enclosed by covers,casings, shields, troughs, spillways orrailings, or guarded by position or loca-tion. Examples of guarding methodsare guarding by location (positioninghazards so they are inaccessible to em-ployees) and point of operation guard-ing (using barrier guards, two-handtripping devices, electronic safety de-vices, or other such devices).

(b) General. (1) Danger zones on ma-chines and equipment used by employ-ees shall be guarded.

(2) Where chips and dust produced bymachine operation may result in a haz-ard to the operator, the machineryshall be equipped with an effective ex-haust system at the point of origin, orother equally effective means shall beprovided to protect the operator.

(3) Fixed machinery shall be securedto prevent shifting.

(4) A power cut-off device for machin-ery and equipment shall be provided atthe operator’s working position.

(5) Machines driven by belts andshafting shall be fitted with a belt-locking or equivalent protective deviceif the belt can be shifted.

(6) In operations where injury to theoperator might result if motors were torestart after power failures, provisionsshall be made to prevent machinesfrom automatically restarting uponrestoration of power.

(7) The power supply to machinesshall be turned off, locked out, andtagged out during repair, adjustment,or servicing.

(8) Machines shall be maintained in asafe working condition.

(9) Only designated employees shallmaintain or repair machinery andequipment.

(10) Machines with defects that affectthe safety of operation shall not beused.

(c) Hand-fed circular ripsaws andhand-fed circular crosscut table saws. Un-less fixed or manually adjustable en-closures or guarding provides equiva-lent protection, hand-fed circularripsaws and hand-fed circular crosscuttable saws shall be guarded as follows


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to keep employees clear of any dangerzones:

(1) They shall be equipped with hoodscompletely enclosing those portions ofthe saw above the table and the mate-rial being cut;

(2) They shall have spreaders to pre-vent material from squeezing the saw.Spreaders shall be in true alignmentwith the saw. Spreaders may be re-moved only during grooving, dadoing,or rabbeting operations, and shall bereplaced at the completion of such op-erations; and

(3) They shall have non-kickback fin-gers or dogs to oppose the tendency ofthe saw to pick up material or throwmaterial toward the operator.

(d) Swing cutoff saws. (1) Swing cutoffsaws shall have hoods completely en-closing the upper half of the saw, thearbor end and the point of operation atall saw positions to protect the opera-tor from material thrown up by thesaw. The hood shall automaticallycover the lower portion of the blade, sothat when the saw returns to the backof the table the hood rises on top of thefence, and when the saw is moved for-ward the hood drops on top, remainingin contact with the table or the mate-rial.

(2) Swing cutoff saws shall have a de-vice to return the saw automatically tothe back of the table without rebound.The device shall not be dependent uponrope, cord or springs.

(3) Devices shall be provided to pre-vent saws from swinging beyond thefront or back edges of the table.

(4) Inverted swing cutoff saws shallhave hoods covering the part of the sawprotruding above the table top or thematerial being cut. Hoods shall auto-matically adjust to the thickness of,and remain in contact with, materialbeing cut.

(e) Radial saws. Unless fixed or manu-ally adjustable enclosures or guardsprovide equivalent protection, radialsaws shall be guarded as follows:

(1) The upper hood of radial sawsshall enclose the upper portion of theblade up to and including the end ofthe saw arbor and shall protect the op-erator from being struck by debris. Thesides of the lower exposed portion ofthe blade shall be guarded to the bladediameter by a device automatically ad-

justing to the thickness of the stockand remaining in contact with thestock. The lower guard may be re-moved only when the saw is used forbevel cuts;

(2) Radial saws used for ripping shallhave non-kickback fingers or dogs onboth sides to oppose the thrust or tend-ency of the saw to pick up material orthrow material toward the operator;

(3) Adjustable stop shall be providedto prevent travel of radial saw bladesbeyond the table’s edge;

(4) Radial saws shall be installed sothat the cutting head returns to thestarting position without reboundwhen released; and

(5) The employer shall direct thatemployees perform ripping and plough-ing against the saw turning direction.Rotation direction and an indication ofthe end of the saw to be used shall beconspicuously marked on the hood.

(f) Band saws and band resaws. (1) Sawblades and band saw wheels shall be en-closed or guarded, except for the work-ing portion of the blade between thebottom of the guide rolls and the table,to protect employees from point-of-op-eration hazards and flying debris.

(2) Band saws shall be equipped withbrakes to stop the band saw wheel ifthe blade breaks.

(3) Band saws shall be equipped witha tension control device to keep theblade taut.

(g) Abrasive wheels and machinery. (1)Abrasive wheels shall be used only onmachines having enclosure guards torestrain pieces of grinding wheels andto protect employees if the wheelbreaks, except as provided in para-graphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of this section.Where the operator must stand in frontof the safety guard opening, the safetyguard shall be adjustable or have anadjustable tongue or piece at the top ofthe opening. The safety guard or thetongue shall be adjusted so that theyare always close to the periphery of thewheel. Guards shall be aligned with thewheel and the strength of fasteningsshall be greater than the strength ofthe guard.

(2) When the work provides equiva-lent protection, or when the machine isdesigned as a portable saw, guards maybe constructed with the spindle end,nut and outer flange exposed. When the


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12 The U.S. Coast Guard, at 33 CFR 126.15(c),requires prior permission of the Captain ofthe Port if welding or other hot work is to be

carried out at a facility where dangerouscargoes as defined by 33 CFR 126.07 are lo-cated or being handled.

work entirely covers the side of thewheel, the side covers of the guard maybe removed.

(3) Guarding is not required:(i) For wheels used for internal work

while the wheel is contained within thework being ground; or

(ii) For mounted wheels 2 inches (5cm) and smaller in diameter used inportable operations.

(4) Work rests shall be used on fixedgrinding machines. Work rests shall berigidly constructed and adjustable forwheel wear. They shall be adjustedclosely to the wheel with a maximumopening of 1⁄8-inch (3.2 mm) and shall besecurely clamped. Adjustment shallnot be made while the wheel is in mo-tion.

(5) Grinding wheels shall fit freely onthe spindle. The spindle nut shall betightened only enough to hold thewheel in place.

(6) Grinding machine wheels shallturn at a speed that is compatible withthe rated speed of the wheel.

(7) Flanges and blotters shall be usedonly with wheels designed for their use.Flanges shall be of a type ensuring re-tention of pieces of the wheel in case ofbreakage.

(8) Abrasive wheels with operationaldefects shall not be used.

(h) Rotating parts, drives and connec-tions. (1) Rotating parts, such as gearsand pulleys, that are located 7 feet (2.1m) or less above working surfaces shallbe guarded to prevent employee con-tact with moving parts.

(2) Belt, rope and chain drives shallbe guarded to prevent employees fromcoming into contact with movingparts.

(3) Gears, sprockets and chains shallbe guarded to prevent employees fromcoming into contact with movingparts. This requirement does not applyto manually operated sprockets.

§ 1917.152 Welding, cutting and heat-ing (hot work) 12 (See also § 1917.2,definition of Hazardous cargo, ma-terials, substance, or atmosphere).

(a) Definition. ‘‘Hot work’’ means riv-eting, welding, flame cutting or otherfire or spark-producing operation.

(b) Hot work in confined spaces. Hotwork shall not be performed in a con-fined space until a designated personhas tested the atmosphere and deter-mined that it is not hazardous.

(c) Fire protection. (1) To the extentpossible, hot work shall be performedin designated locations that are free offire hazards.

(2) When hot work must be performedin a location that is not free of firehazards, all necessary precautions shallbe taken to confine heat, sparks, andslag so that they cannot contact flam-mable or combustible material.

(3) Fire extinguishing equipmentsuitable for the location shall be imme-diately available and shall be main-tained in readiness for use at all times.

(4) When the hot work operation issuch that normal fire prevention pre-cautions are not sufficient, additionalpersonnel shall be assigned to guardagainst fire during hot work and for asufficient time after completion of thework to ensure that no fire hazard re-mains. The employer shall instruct allemployees involved in hot work oper-ations as to potential fire hazards andthe use of firefighting equipment.

(5) Drums and containers which con-tain or have contained flammable orcombustible liquids shall be keptclosed. Empty containers shall be re-moved from the hot work area.

(6) When openings or cracks in floor-ing cannot be closed, precautions shallbe taken to ensure that no employeesor flammable or combustible materialson the floor below are exposed tosparks dropping through the floor.Similar precautions shall be taken re-garding cracks or holes in walls, opendoorways and open or broken windows.

(7) Hot work shall not be performed:(i) In flammable or potentially flam-

mable atmospheres:(ii) On or in equipment or tanks that

have contained flammable gas or liquidor combustible liquid or dust-produc-ing material, until a designated personhas tested the atmosphere inside theequipment or tanks and determinedthat it is not hazardous; or


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(iii) Near any area in which exposedreadily ignitable materials such asbulk sulphur, baled paper or cotton arestored. Bulk sulphur is excluded fromthis prohibition if suitable precautionsare followed, the person in charge isknowledgeable and the person perform-ing the work has been instructed inpreventing and extinguishing sulphurfires.

(8)(i) Drums, containers or hollowstructures that have contained flam-mable or combustible substances shalleither be filled with water or cleaned,and shall then be ventilated. A des-ignated person shall test the atmos-phere and determine that it is not haz-ardous before hot work is performed onor in such structures.

(ii) Before heat is applied to a drum,container or hollow structure, an open-ing to release built-up pressure duringheat application shall be provided.

(d) Gas welding and cutting. (1) Com-pressed gas cylinders:

(i) Shall have valve protection capsin place except when in use, hooked upor secured for movement. Oil shall notbe used to lubricate caps;

(ii) Shall be hoisted only while se-cured, as on a cradle or pallet, andshall not be hoisted by magnet, chokersling or cylinder caps;

(iii) Shall be moved only by tilting orrolling on their bottom edges;

(iv) Shall be secured when moved byvehicle;

(v) Shall be secured while in use;(vi) Shall have valves closed when

cylinders are empty, being moved orstored;

(vii) Shall be secured upright exceptwhen hoisted or carried;

(viii) Shall not be freed when frozenby prying the valves or caps with barsor by hitting the valve with a tool;

(ix) Shall not be thawed by boilingwater;

(x) Shall not be exposed to sparks,hot slag, or flame;

(xi) Shall not be permitted to becomepart of electrical circuits or have elec-trodes struck against them to strikearcs;

(xii) Shall not be used as rollers orsupports;

(xiii) Shall not have contents usedfor purposes not authorized by the sup-plier;

(xiv) Shall not be used if damaged ordefective;

(xv) Shall not have gases mixed with-in, except by gas suppliers;

(xvi) Shall be stored so that oxygencylinders are separated from fuel gascylinders and combustible materials byeither a minimum distance of 20 feet (6m) or a barrier having a fire-resistancerating of 30 minutes; and

(xvii) Shall not have objects thatmight either damage the safety deviceor obstruct the valve placed on top ofthe cylinder when in use.

(2) Use of fuel gas. Fuel gas shall beused only as follows:

(i) Before regulators are connected tocylinder valves, the valves shall beopened slightly (cracked) and closedimmediately to clear away dust or dirt.Valves shall not be cracked if gas couldreach possible sources of ignition;

(ii) Cylinder valves shall be openedslowly to prevent regulator damageand shall not be opened more than 11⁄2turns. Any special wrench required foremergency closing shall be positionedon the valve stem during cylinder use.For manifolded or coupled cylinders, atleast one wrench shall be immediatelyavailable. Nothing shall be placed ontop of a cylinder or associated partswhen the cylinder is in use.

(iii) Pressure-reducing regulatorsshall be attached to cylinder valveswhen cylinders are supplying torchesor devices equipped with shut-offvalves;

(iv) Cylinder valves shall be closedand gas released from the regulator ormanifold before regulators are re-moved;

(v) Leaking fuel gas cylinder valvesshall be closed and the gland nut tight-ened. If the leak continues, the cyl-inder shall be tagged, removed fromservice, and moved to a location wherethe leak will not be hazardous. If a reg-ulator attached to a valve stops a leak,the cylinder need not be removed fromthe workplace but shall be tagged andmay not be used again before it is re-paired; and

(vi) If a plug or safety device leaks,the cylinder shall be tagged, removedfrom service, and moved to a locationwhere the leak will not be hazardous.

(3) Hose. (i) Fuel gas and oxygenhoses shall be easily distinguishable


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from each other by color or sense oftouch. Oxygen and fuel hoses shall notbe interchangeable. Hoses having morethan one gas passage shall not be used.

(ii) When oxygen and fuel gas hosesare taped together, not more than four(4) of each 12 inches (10.2 cm of each30.5 cm) shall be taped.

(iii) Hose shall be inspected beforeuse. Hose subjected to flashback orshowing evidence of severe wear ordamage shall be tested to twice thenormal working pressure but not lessthan 200 p.s.i. (1378.96 kPa) beforereuse. Defective hose shall not be used.

(iv) Hose couplings shall not unlockor disconnect without rotary motion.

(v) Hose connections shall beclamped or securely fastened to with-stand twice the normal working pres-sure but not less than 300 p.s.i. (2068.44kPa) without leaking.

(vi) Gas hose storage boxes shall beventilated.

(4) Torches. (i) Torch tip openingsshall only be cleaned with devices de-signed for that purpose.

(ii) Torches shall be inspected beforeeach use for leaking shut-off valves,hose couplings and tip connections.Torches with such defects shall not beused.

(iii) Torches shall not be lighted frommatches, cigarette lighters, otherflames or hot work.

(5) Pressure regulators. Pressure regu-lators, including associated gauges,shall be maintained in safe workingorder.

(6) Operational precaution. Gas weld-ing equipment shall be maintained freeof oil and grease.

(e) Arc welding and cutting. (1) Manualelectrode holders. (i) The employershall ensure that only manual elec-trode holders intended for arc weldingand cutting and capable of handlingthe maximum current required for suchwelding or cutting shall be used.

(ii) Current-carrying parts passingthrough those portions of the holdergripped by the user and through theouter surfaces of the jaws of the holdershall be insulated against the maxi-mum voltage to ground.

(2) Welding cables and connectors. (i)Arc welding and cutting cables shall beinsulated, flexible and capable of han-dling the maximum current required

by the operations, taking into accountthe duty cycles.

(ii) Only cable free from repair orsplice for 10 feet (3 m) from the elec-trode holder shall be used unless insu-lated connectors or splices with insu-lating quality equal to that of thecable are provided.

(iii) When a cable other than the leadmentioned in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of thissection wears and exposes bare conduc-tors, the portion exposed shall not beused until it is protected by insulationequivalent in performance capacity tothe original.

(iv) Insulated connectors of equiva-lent capacity shall be used for connect-ing or splicing cable. Cable lugs, whereused as connectors, shall provide elec-trical contact. Exposed metal partsshall be insulated.

(3) Ground returns and machinegrounding. (i) Ground return cablesshall have current-carrying capacityequal to or exceeding the total maxi-mum output capacities of the weldingor cutting units served.

(ii) Structures or pipelines, otherthan those containing gases or flam-mable liquids or conduits containingelectrical circuits, may be used in theground return circuit if their current-carrying capacity equals or exceeds thetotal maximum output capacities ofthe welding or cutting units served.

(iii) Structures or pipelines forming atemporary ground return circuit shallhave electrical contact at all joints.Arcs, sparks or heat at any point in thecircuit shall cause rejection as aground circuit.

(iv) Structures or pipelines actingcontinuously as ground return circuitsshall have joints bonded and main-tained to ensure that no electrolysis orfire hazard exists.

(v) Arc welding and cutting machineframes shall be grounded, eitherthrough a third wire in the cable con-taining the circuit conductor orthrough a separate wire at the sourceof the current. Grounding circuits shallhave resistance low enough to permitsufficient current to flow to cause thefuse or circuit breaker to interrupt thecurrent.

(vi) Ground connections shall be me-chanically and electrically adequate tocarry the current.


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(4) When electrode holders are leftunattended, electrodes shall be re-moved and holders placed to preventemployee injury.

(5) Hot electrode holders shall not bedipped in water.

(6) The employer shall ensure thatwhen arc welders or cutters leave orstop work or when machines aremoved, the power supply switch shallbe kept in the off position.

(7) Arc welding or cutting equipmenthaving a functional defect shall not beused.

(8)(i) Arc welding and cutting oper-ations shall be separated from otheroperations by shields, screens, or cur-tains to protect employees in the vicin-ity from the direct rays and sparks ofthe arc.

(ii) Employees in areas not protectedfrom the arc by screening shall be pro-tected by appropriate filter lenses inaccordance with paragraph (h) of thissection. When welders are exposed totheir own arc or to each other’s arc,they shall wear filter lenses complyingwith the requirements of paragraph (h)of this section.

(9) The control apparatus of arc weld-ing machines shall be enclosed, exceptfor operating wheels, levers, and han-dles.

(10) Input power terminals, topchange devices and live metal partsconnected to imput circuits shall beenclosed and accessible only by meansof insulated tools.

(11) When arc welding is performed inwet or high-humidity conditions, em-ployees shall use additional protection,such as rubber pads or boots, againstelectric shock.

(f) Ventilation and employee protectionin welding, cutting and heating—(1) Me-chanical ventilation requirements. Theemployer shall ensure that general me-chanical ventilation or local exhaustsystems shall meet the following re-quirements:

(i) General mechanical ventilationshall maintain vapors, fumes andsmoke below a hazardous level.

(ii) Local exhaust ventilation shallconsist of movable hoods positionedclose to the work and shall be of suchcapacity and arrangement as to keepbreathing zone concentrations belowhazardous levels.

(iii) Exhausts from working spacesshall be discharged into the open air,clear of intake air sources;

(iv) Replacement air shall be cleanand respirable; and

(v) Oxygen shall not be used for ven-tilation, cooling or cleaning clothingor work areas.

(2) Hot work in confined spaces. Exceptas specified in paragraphs (f)(3)(ii) and(f)(3)(iii) of this section, when hot workis performed in a confined space theemployer shall ensure that:

(i) General mechanical or local ex-haust ventilations shall be provided; or

(ii) Employees in the space shallwear supplied air respirators in accord-ance with § 1910.134 and a standby onthe outside shall maintain communica-tion with employees inside the spaceand shall be equipped and prepared toprovide emergency aid.

(3) Welding, cutting or heating of toxicmetals. (i) In confined or enclosedspaces, hot work involving the follow-ing metals shall only be performedwith general mechanical or local ex-haust ventilation that ensures thatemployees are not exposed to hazard-ous levels of fumes:

(A) Lead base metals;(B) Cadmium-bearing filler mate-

rials; and(C) Chromium-bearing metals or met-

als coated with chromium-bearing ma-terials.

(ii) In confined or enclosed spaces,hot work involving the following met-als shall only be performed with localexhaust ventilation meeting the re-quirements of paragraph (f)(1) of thissection or by employees wearing sup-plied air respirators in accordance with§ 1910.134;

(A) Zinc-bearing base or filler metalsor metals coated with zinc-bearing ma-terials;

(B) Metals containing lead other thanas an impurity, or coated with lead-bearing materials;

(C) Cadmium-bearing or cadmium-coated base metals; and

(D) Metals coated with mercury-bear-ing materials.

(iii) Employees performing hot workin confined or enclosed spaces involv-ing beryllium-containing base or fillermetals shall be protected by local ex-haust ventilation and wear supplied air


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respirators or self-contained breathingapparatus, in accordance with the re-quirements of § 1910.134.

(iv) The employer shall ensure thatemployees performing hot work in theopen air that involves any of the met-als listed in paragraphs (f)(3)(i) and(f)(3)(ii) of this section shall be pro-tected by respirators in accordancewith the requirements of § 1910.134, andthose working on beryllium-containingbase or filler metals shall be protectedby supplied air respirators, in accord-ance with the requirements of§ 1910.134.

(v) Any employee exposed to thesame atmosphere as the welder orburner shall be protected by the sametype of respiratory and other protec-tive equipment as that worn by thewelder or burner.

(4) Inert-gas metal-arc welding. Em-ployees shall not engage in and shallnot be exposed to the inert-gas metal-arc welding process unless the follow-ing precautions are taken:

(i) Chlorinated solvents shall not beused within 200 feet (61 m) of the ex-posed arc. Surfaces prepared withchlorinated solvents shall be thor-oughly dry before welding is performedon them.

(ii) Employees in areas not protectedfrom the arc by screening shall be pro-tected by appropriate filter lenses inaccordance with the requirements ofparagraph (h) of this section. Whenwelders are exposed to their own arc orto each other’s arc, filter lenses com-plying with the requirements of para-graph (h) of this section shall be wornto protect against flashes and radiantenergy.

(iii) Employees exposed to radiationshall have their skin covered com-pletely to prevent ultraviolet burnsand damage. Helmets and hand shieldsshall not have leaks, openings or high-ly reflective surfaces.

(iv) Inert-gas metal-arc welding onstainless steel shall not be performedunless exposed employees are protectedeither by local exhaust ventilation orby wearing supplied air respirators.

(g) Welding, cutting and heating onpreservative coatings. (1) Before hotwork is commenced on surfaces cov-ered by a preservative coating of un-known flammability, a test shall be

made by a designated person to deter-mine the coating’s flammability. Pre-servative coatings shall be consideredhighly flammable when scrapings burnwith extreme rapidity.

(2) Appropriate precaution shall betaken to prevent ignition of highlyflammable hardened preservative coat-ings. Highly flammable coatings shallbe stripped from the area to be heated.An uncoiled fire hose with fog nozzle,under pressure, shall be immediatelyavailable in the hot work area.

(3) Surfaces covered with preserva-tive coatings shall be stripped for atleast 4 inches (10.2 cm) from the area ofheat application or employees shall beprotected by supplied air respirators inaccordance with the requirements of§ 1910.134.

(h) Protection against radiant energy.(1) Employees shall be protected fromradiant energy eye hazards by spec-tacles, cup goggles, helmets, handshields or face shields with filter lensescomplying with the requirements ofthis paragraph.

(2) Filter lenses shall have an appro-priate shade number, as indicated inTable G–1, for the work performed.Variations of one or two shade num-bers are permissible to suit individualpreferences.

(3) If filter lenses are used in gogglesworn under the helmet, the shade num-bers of both lenses equals the valueshown in Table G–1 for the operation.

TABLE G–1—FILTER LENSES FOR PROTECTIONAGAINST RADIANT ENERGY

Operation Shade No.

Soldering ..................................... 2.Torch Brazing .............................. 3 or 4.Light cutting, up to 1 inch ........... 3 or 4.Medium cutting, 1–6 inches ........ 4 or 5.Heavy cutting, over 6 inches ...... 5 or 6.Light gas welding, up to 1⁄8 inch 4 or 5.Medium gas welding, 1⁄8–1⁄2 inch 5 or 6.Heavy gas welding, over 1⁄2 inch 6 or 8.Shielded Metal-Arc Welding 1/16

to 5/32-inch electrodes.10

Inert-gas Metal-Arc Welding(Non-ferrous) 1/16- to 5/32-inch electrodes.

11.

Shielded Metal-Arc Welding:3/16- to 1⁄4-inch electrodes .. 12.5/16- and 3⁄8-inch electrodes 14.



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§ 1917.153 Spray painting (See also§ 1917.2, definition of Hazardouscargo, materials, substance, or at-mosphere).

(a) Scope. This section covers paint-ing operations connected with mainte-nance of structures, equipment andgear at the marine terminal and oftransient equipment serviced at theterminal. It does not apply to overallpainting of terminal structures underconstruction, major repair or rebuild-ing of terminal structures, or portablespraying apparatus not used regularlyin the same location.

(b) Definitions. (1) Spraying areameans any area where flammable va-pors, mists or combustible residues,dusts or deposits may be present due topaint spraying operations.

(2) Spray booth means an enclosurecontaining a flammable or combustiblespraying operation and confining andlimiting the escape of paint, vapor andresidue by means of a powered exhaustsystem.

(3) Approved means, for the purpose ofthis section, that the equipment hasbeen approved for the specified use by anationally recognized testing labora-tory.

(c) Spray painting requirements for in-door and outdoor spraying areas andbooths. (1) Shut-off valves, containersor piping with attached hoses or flexi-ble connections shall have shut-offvalves closed at the connection whennot in use.

(2) Pumps used to transfer paint sup-plies shall have automatic pressure-re-lieving devices.

(3) Hoses and couplings shall be in-spected before use. Hoses showing dete-rioration, leakage or weakness in thecarcass or at the couplings shall be re-moved from service.

(4)(i) No open flame or spark-produc-ing equipment shall be within 20 feet (6m) of a spraying area unless it is sepa-rated from the spraying area by a fire-retardant partition.

(ii) Hot surfaces shall not be locatedin spraying areas.

(iii) Whenever combustible residuesmay accumulate on electrical installa-tions, wiring shall be in rigid conduitor in boxes containing no taps, splicesor connections.

(iv) Portable electric lights shall notbe used during spraying operations.Lights used during cleaning or repair-ing operations shall be approved for thelocation in which they are used.

(5) When flammable or combustibleliquids are being transferred betweencontainers, both containers shall bebonded and grounded.

(6)(i) Spraying shall be performedonly in designated spray booths orspraying areas.

(ii) Spraying areas shall be kept asfree from combustible residue accumu-lations as practicable.

(iii) Residue scrapings, debris, rags,and waste shall be removed from thespraying area as they accumulate.

(7) Spraying with organic peroxidesand other dual-component coatingsshall only be conducted in sprinkler-equipped spray booths.

(8) Only the quantity of flammable orcombustible liquids required for the op-eration shall be allowed in the sprayingarea, and in no case shall the amountexceed a one-day supply.

(9) Smoking shall be prohibited and‘‘No Smoking’’ signs shall be posted inspraying and paint storage areas.

(d) Additional requirements for sprayingareas and spray booths. (1) Distributionor baffle plates shall be of noncombus-tible material and shall be removableor accessible for cleaning. They shallnot be located in exhaust ducts.

(2) Any discarded filter shall be re-moved from the work area or placed inwater.

(3) Filters shall not be used when thematerial being sprayed is highly sus-ceptible to spontaneous heating and ig-nition.

(4) Filters shall be noncombustible orof an approved type. The same filtershall not be used when spraying withdifferent coating materials if the com-bination of materials may spontane-ously ignite.

(5) Spraying areas shall be mechani-cally ventilated for removal of flam-mable and combustible vapor and mist.

(6) Mechanical ventilation shall be inoperation during spraying operationsand long enough thereafter to exhausthazardous vapor concentrations.

(7) Rotating fan elements shall benonsparking or the casing shall consist


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of or be lined with nonsparking mate-rial.

(8) Piping systems conveying flam-mable or combustible liquids to thespraying booth or area shall be made ofmetal and be both bonded and ground-ed.

(9) Air exhausted from spray oper-ations shall not contaminate makeupair or other ventilation intakes. Ex-hausted air shall not be recirculatedunless it is first cleaned of any hazard-ous contaminants.

(10) Original closed containers, ap-proved portable tanks, approved safetycans or a piping system shall be used tobring flammable or combustible liquidsinto spraying areas.

(11) If flammable or combustible liq-uids are supplied to spray nozzles bypositive displacement pumps, the pumpdischarge line shall have a relief valvedischarging either to a pump section ordetached location, or the line shall beequipped with a device to stop theprime mover when discharge pressureexceeds the system’s safe operatingpressure.

(12) Wiring, motors and equipment ina spray booth shall be of approved ex-plosion-proof type for Class I, Group Dlocations and conform to subpart S ofpart 1910 of this chapter for Class I, Di-vision 1, Hazardous Locations. Wiring,motors and equipment within 20 feet(6m) of any interior spraying area andnot separated by vapor-tight partitionsshall not produce sparks during oper-ation and shall conform to the require-ments of subpart S of part 1910 of thischapter for Class I, Division 2, Hazard-ous Locations.

(13) Outside electrical lights within10 feet (3m) of spraying areas and notseparated from the areas by partitionsshall be enclosed and protected fromdamage.

(e) Additional requirements for spraybooths. (1) Spray booths shall be sub-stantially constructed of noncombus-tible material and have smooth inte-rior surfaces. Spray booth floors shallbe covered with noncombustible mate-rial. As an aid to cleaning, paper maybe used to cover the floor during paint-ing operations if it is removed after thepainting is completed.

(2) Spray booths shall be separatedfrom other operations by at least 3 feet

(0.91m) or by fire-retardant partitionsor walls.

(3) A space of at least 3 feet (0.91m)on all sides of the spray booth shall bemaintained free of storage or combus-tible materials.

(4) Metal parts of spray booths, ex-haust ducts, piping and airless high-pressure spray guns and conductive ob-jects being sprayed shall be grounded.

(5) Electric motors driving exhaustfans shall not be located inside boothsor ducts.

(6) Belts shall not enter ducts orbooths unless the belts are completelyenclosed.

(7) Exhaust ducts shall be made ofsteel, shall have sufficient access doorsto permit cleaning, and shall have aminimum clearance of 18 inches (0.46m)from combustible materials. Any in-stalled dampers shall be fully openedwhen the ventilating system is operat-ing.

(8) Spray booths shall not be alter-nately used to spray different types ofcoating materials if the combination ofthe materials may spontaneously ig-nite unless deposits of the first mate-rial are removed from the booth andfrom exhaust ducts before spraying ofthe second material begins.

§ 1917.154 Compressed air.

Employees shall be protected by chipguarding and personal protectiveequipment complying with the provi-sions of subpart E of this part duringcleaning with compressed air. Com-pressed air used for cleaning shall notexceed a pressure of 30 psi. Compressedair shall not be used to clean employ-ees.

§ 1917.155 Air receivers.

(a) Application. This section appliesto compressed air receivers and equip-ment used for operations such as clean-ing, drilling, hoisting and chipping. Itdoes not apply to equipment used toconvey materials or in such transpor-tation applications as railways, vehi-cles or cranes.

(b) Gauges and valves. (1) Air receiversshall be equipped with indicating pres-sure gauges and spring-loaded safety


236


valves. Safety valves shall prevent re-ceiver pressure from exceeding 110 per-cent of the maximum allowable work-ing pressure.

(2) No other valves shall be placed be-tween air receivers and their safetyvalves.

§ 1917.156 Fuel handling and storage.(a) Liquid fuel. (1) Only designated

persons shall conduct fueling oper-ations.

(2) In case of spillage, filler caps shallbe replaced and spillage disposed of be-fore engines are started.

(3) Engines shall be stopped and oper-ators shall not be on the equipmentduring refueling operations.

(4) Smoking and open flames shall beprohibited in areas used for fueling,fuel storage or enclosed storage ofequipment containing fuel.

(5) Equipment shall be refueled onlyat designated locations.

(6) Liquid fuels not handled by pumpshall be handled and transported onlyin portable containers or equivalentmeans designed for that purpose. Port-able containers shall be metal, havetight closures with screw or spring cov-ers and shall be equipped with spoutsor other means to allow pouring with-out spilling. Leaking containers shallnot be used.

(7) Flammable liquids may be dis-pensed in the open from a tank or fromother vehicles equipped for deliveringfuel to another vehicle only if:

(i) Dispensing hoses do not exceed 50feet (15.2 m) in length; and

(ii) Any powered dispensing nozzlesused are of the automatic-closing type.

(8) Liquid fuel dispensing devicesshall be provided with an easily acces-sible and clearly identified shut-off de-vice, such as a switch or circuit break-er, to shut off the power in an emer-gency.

(9) Liquid fuel dispensing devices,such as pumps, shall be mounted eitheron a concrete island or be otherwiseprotected against collision damage.

(b) Liquefied gas fuels—(1) Fueling lo-cations. (i) Liquefied gas powered equip-ment shall be fueled only at designatedlocations.

(ii) Equipment with permanentlymounted fuel containers shall becharged outdoors.

(iii) Equipment shall not be fueled orstored near underground entrances, el-evator shafts or other places where gasor fumes might accumulate.

(2) Fuel containers. (i) When remov-able fuel containers are used, the es-cape of fuel when containers are ex-changed shall be minimized by:

(A) Automatic quick-closing cou-plings (closing in both directions whenuncoupled) in fuel lines; or

(B) Closing fuel container valves andallowing engines to run until residualfuel is exhausted.

(ii) Pressure-relief valve openingsshall be in continuous contact with thevapor space (top) of the cylinder.

(iii) Fuel containers shall be securedto prevent their being jarred loose,slipping or rotating.

(iv) Containers shall be located toprevent damage to the container. If lo-cated within a compartment, that com-partment shall be vented. Containersnear the engine or exhaust systemshall be shielded against direct heat ra-diation.

(v) Container installation shall pro-vide the container with at least the ve-hicle’s road clearance under maximumspring deflection, which shall be to thebottom of the container or to the low-est fitting on the container or housing,whichever is lower.

(vi) Valves and connections shall beprotected from contact damage. Per-manent protection shall be provided forfittings on removable containers.

(vii) Defective containers shall be re-moved from service.

(3) Fueling operations. (i) To the ex-tent applicable, fueling operations forliquefied gas fuels shall also complywith paragraph (a) of this section.

(ii) Using matches or flames to checkfor leaks is prohibited.

(iii) Containers shall be examined be-fore recharging and again before reusefor the following:

(A) Dents, scrapes and gouges of pres-sure vessels;

(B) Damage to valves and liquid levelgauges;

(C) Debris in relief valves;(D) Leakage at valves or connections;

and(E) Deterioration or loss of flexible

seals in filling or servicing connec-tions.


237

Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor Pt. 1918

(4) Fuel storage. (i) Stored fuel con-tainers shall be located to minimize ex-posure to excessive temperatures andphysical damage.

(ii) Containers shall not be storednear exits, stairways or areas normallyused or intended for egress.

(iii) Outlet valves of containers instorage or transport shall be closed.Relief valves shall connect with vaporspaces.

(5) Vehicle storage and servicing. (i)Liquefied gas fueled vehicles may bestored or serviced inside garages orshops only if there are no fuel systemleaks.

(ii) Liquefied gas fueled vehiclesunder repair shall have container shut-off valves closed unless engine oper-ation is necessary for repairs.

(iii) Liquefied gas fueled vehiclesshall not be parked near open flames,sources of ignition or unventilatedopen pits.


§ 1917.157 Battery charging and chang-ing.

(a) Only designated persons shallchange or charge batteries.

(b) Battery charging and changingshall be performed only in areas des-ignated by the employer.

(c) Smoking and other ignitionsources are prohibited in chargingareas.

(d) Filler caps shall be in place whenbatteries are being moved.

(e) Parking brakes shall be appliedbefore batteries are charged orchanged.

(f) When a jumper battery is con-nected to a battery in a vehicle, theground lead shall connect to groundaway from the vehicle’s battery. Igni-tion, lights and accessories on the vehi-cle shall be turned off before connec-tions are made.

(g) Batteries shall be free of corro-sion buildup and cap vent holes shall beopen.

(h) Adequate ventilation shall be pro-vided during charging.

(i) Facilities for flushing the eyes,body and work area with water shall beprovided wherever electrolyte is han-dled, except that this requirement doesnot apply when employees are only

checking battery electrolyte levels oradding water.

(j) Carboy tilters or siphons shall beused to handle electrolyte in large con-tainers.

(k) Battery handling equipmentwhich could contact battery terminalsor cell connectors shall be insulated orotherwise protected.

(l) Metallic objects shall not beplaced on uncovered batteries.

(m) When batteries are beingcharged, the vent caps shall be inplace.

(n) Chargers shall be turned off whenleads are being connected or discon-nected.

(o) Installed batteries shall be se-cured to avoid physical or electricalcontact with compartment walls orcomponents.


§ 1917.158 Prohibited operations.(a) Spray painting and abrasive blast-

ing operations shall not be conductedin the vicinity of cargo handling oper-ations.

(b) Welding and burning operationsshall not be conducted in the vicinityof cargo handling operations unlesssuch hot work is part of the cargo oper-ation.

PART 1918—SAFETY AND HEALTHREGULATIONS FOR LONGSHORING

Subpart A—Scope and Definitions

Sec.1918.1 Scope and application.1918.2 Definitions.1918.3 Incorporation by reference

Subpart B—Gear Certification

1918.11 Gear certification (See also §§ 1918.2,definition of ‘‘Vessel’s cargo handlinggear’’ and 1918.51).

Subpart C—Gangways and Other Meansof Access

1918.21 General requirements.1918.22 Gangways.1918.23 Jacob’s ladders.1918.24 Fixed and portable ladders.1918.25 Bridge plates and ramps (See also

§ 1918.86).1918.26 Access to barges and river towboats.

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