Part 2: Environmental Issues

and the search for solutions

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Chapter 8: Human Population

its approaching 7 billion population growth rate is at 1.2%

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U.S.Population

U.S.Population Growth 2000-2012

Effect of Population on the Environment

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Population as a Factor that affect the Environment

As population increases it takes more space, resources and generates waste

IPAT model I= impact P= population A= affluence T= technology I = P x A x T

Other factors to consider

many factors could be considered but the most important ones are:

Sensitive factor– if the environment where the population is located is

sensitive to human pressure, that factor (S) has to be considered as well

– I = P x A x T x S

pollution resource consumption

Effect of Population Growth on the Environment

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Demography

study of human population environmental impact depends on

– density– distribution– technology– composition

Density and Distribution

clumped distribution – cities and towns

highest in temperate, subtropical and tropical– Europe– China and India– Africa

lowest in extreme-climate biomes, have high S value in IPAT

– desert– tundra– deep rainforest

Age Distribution: low vs. high growth rate

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China

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US Baby Boomers and Echo Boomers

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Dallas CensusDallas Census

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Factors Affecting Population Growth

birth rate– declined due to birth pill and education

death rate– declines due to technology

immigration and emigration– created environmental degradation in areas

where war caused people to flee Rwanda genocide in the 80's Sudan civil war

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children born per female individual, during lifetime

Factors that lower the #-low children mortality rates-increasing urbanization-children impose costs-women in the workforce

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Life Expectancy

average number of years a person is expected to live from birth.

increase in life expectancy reduced rates of infant mortality

– urbanization– industrialization– personal wealth– improved quality of life

Demographic Transition

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Woman's Rights

contraceptive availability education opportunities personal freedom

of choice as a result children

are better cared for as a consequence the environment is less affected

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Population Policies and Family Planning

China- 1.3 billon people– one child policy since the 70s

India- 1 billion people– sterilization – two child policy

incentives education contraception reproductive health care

Poverty Strongly Correlated with Population Growthwww.aw-bc.com/Withgott

Poverty vs Population Growth GNI= gross national income PPP= purchasing power parity

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Consumption from Affluent Societies

can be equal or worse than a high density poor population

affluent societies consume resources from other localities plus theirs

larger footprints 1 American= 6 Chinese=12 Indians/Ethiopians humans live 25% above the environment's carrying

capacity global sustainability is needed

HIV/AIDS

67.5% of infected population is in the sub-Sahara desert

high natality high mortality life expectancy dropped from 59 to 40 in the last

decade Caribbean and Southeast Asia is next

– 10 million expected to be infected between 2005-2010

Demographic Changes due to HIV/AIDS

young productive citizens are affected by HIV/AIDS– Zambia: 600 teachers die of AIDS, 300 are graduated per

year– Rwanda: 1:3 of the college educated are infected

demographic fatigue– government is overwhelmed by demands– stretched beyond capabilities– government collapses and chaos arises

THE END