Part 3: Ch 4 & 5FROM CARBON TO MACROMOLECULES

Date: 9/01/2016

AP Bio Vocabulary of the Day

(Stems, Prefixes, and Suffixes…Oh my!)

arthro- joint

Example: arthropod (an invertebrate with

an exoskeleton and jointed appendages

like an insect)

Fabulous Fact

Human jaw muscles can

generate a force of 200

pounds (90.8 kilograms) on

the molars.

You Must Know…

To learn the properties of carbon that make it so important.

To learn the properties and components of organic macromolecules.

To understand and be able to model and explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

AP Biology Standards addressed: Big Idea 2, Science Practice 1

People to

Ponder

John Dalton

Dalton was born Sept. 6 1766 in Eaglesfield, England

Dalton’s father was a handloom weaver with a modest income. As a result, while Dalton longed for a formal education, the family couldn’t afford it. Instead, Dalton needed to work.

Dalton attended a Quaker school in his village, and at age 12 he began to teach there.

At age 14 he spent a year as a farmhand and then returned to teaching at a Quaker boarding school. By age 19 he was the principal of the school.

In 1793 Dalton became a math and philosophy tutor at New College in Manchester.

Dalton became a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society which gave him access to science labs.

Dalton was interested in meteorology and kept daily logs about the weather from this time on for the rest of his life. He published his initial work in his first book, Meteorological Findingsthe first year he lived in Manchester.

Dalton and his brother were both colorblind, so some of his early research was also on this topic.

John Dalton He reasoned that since they were both affected, it had to be genetic.

A genetic analysis of his preserved eyes was done in 1995 and showed that he was missing the green photoreceptor, supporting his theory and showing he had a rarer version of colorblindness.

Because of his contributions to work on red-green colorblindness, the condition is often referred to as Daltonism.

In the early 1800s, Dalton started studying the chemical make-up of air.

Dalton discovered that air is made up of individual particles that apply pressure. This led to the publication of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures in 1803.

The law has many practical applications today, including scuba diving- the gauge on the tank uses the pressure law to determine how depth will affect air and nitrogen

Based on his work with gases, in 1803 Dalton went on to assert that every form of matter is made up of small, individual particles

A Greek philosopher Democritus had suggested something similar and been discredited (Aristotle opposed him). Dalton borrowed his term- atomos- and labeled these particles “atoms.”

That same year in an article he wrote for the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Darwin published the first chart of atomic weights

In 1808 Dalton expanded on his idea in a book, A New System of Chemical Philosophy

John Dalton

In his book Dalton became the first scientist to explain the behavior of atoms in terms of atomic weight. He also explained that atoms couldn’t be created or destroyed.

The work in Dalton’s book and the appendix he published two years later together form atomic theory.

Daltons ideas were quickly accepted- it is said he “made atoms scientifically useful.”

In 1817 Dalton was made president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.

He was a shy, humble man and turned down more prestigious positions and honors.

He did accept an honorary degree from Oxford and had to wear a red robe for the ceremony. Quakers aren’t supposed to wear red, but with his colorblindness he couldn’t see it.

In 1834 a statue of Dalton was erected in London- a rare if not unique event for a scientist in their own lifetime.

Dalton taught and lectured at universities for the rest of his life.

He suffered two strokes and died in 1844.

He was given a civic funeral with full honors- 40,000 people joined the procession.

Dalton’s work is credited with initiating the transition of chemistry into a modern science.

The majority of the conclusions in his atomic theory still stand up today.

I. Importance of Carbon

• Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that specializes in study of

carbon compounds

• Organic compounds: contain Carbon (& H)

• Major elements of life: CHNOPS

• Carbon can form large, complex, and diverse molecules

II. Diversity of Carbon

It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalence)

It can form up to 4 covalent bonds

Most frequent bonding partners: H, O, N

II. Diversity of Carbon

3. Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds.

II. Diversity of Carbon4. Carbon can form large molecules

4 classes of macromolecules:

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

nucleic acids

II. Diversity of Carbon

5. Molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched

II. Diversity of Carbon

6. Forms isomers

Molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom

arrangement

different structures different properties/functions

Structural Isomer Cis-Trans Isomer Enantiomers

Varies in

covalent

arrangement

Differ in spatial

arrangement

Mirror images of

molecules

III. Functional Groups

• Behavior of organic molecules depends on functional groups

• Most common functional groups:

Hydroxyl

Carbonyl

Carboxyl

Amino

Sulfhydryl

Phosphate

Methyl

IV. Macromolecules

• Monomer: one molecule- can join with other molecules

• Polymer: many monomers joined

together to form a macromolecule• Organisms are composed of four major

organic macromolecules

Carbohydrates

• Monomer: monosaccharide (simple sugar)

• Polymer: polysaccharide made of 100s to 1000s of monosaccharides

• Starch- storage in plants• Glycogen- storage in animals- mainly in muscle and liver• Cellulose- structural- used in cell walls of plants• Chitin- structural- used by arthropods to produce exoskeleton

• Purpose: to provide quick energy

• Example: Grains, fruits, vegetables

Lipids

• Monomer: glycerol and three fatty acids

• No polymers- just conglomerations- steroid (cholesterol), phospholipids (cell membrane)

• Types: • Saturated- all single bonds• Unsaturated- one or more double bonds- leads to kinks in

the hydrocarbon chain

• Purpose: to store energy, build biological membranes, and provide cushion and insulation

• Example: Butter, oil, cheese

Proteins

• Monomer: amino acid (molecule with carboxyl and amino groups)

• Polymer: polypeptide chain (amino acid chain)• Chain folds- this shape gives the protein its function

• Purpose: to build and repair tissue

• Example: meat, legumes, beans, nuts, quinoa

Nucleic Acids

• Monomer: nucleotide- nitrogenous base, pentose (5 carbon) sugar, and phosphate group

• Families of nitrogenous bases:• Pyrimidines- six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen• Purines- six membered ring fused to five membered ring

• Polymer: nucleotide strand• In DNA there are two strands held together in the middle by H-

bonds and Van der Waals forces

• Purpose: to store genetic information

• Example: DNA, RNA

• Note: Unique to you! You don’t get this from your food!

How are macromolecules made from

monomers and broken down into

monomers???

V. Dehydration & Hydrolysis Reactions

Dehydration Synthesis

Description: Two monomers or

molecules are joined together. A

molecule of water is released.

Hydrolysis

Description: A monomer or molecule is

separated from a polymer by adding a

molecule of water.

Modified from Anna VanDordrecht (SCOE) & Mrs. Chou

(Longmont High School)