part 5. conclusion phonons

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THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES


Particle Accelerators

The search for the nature of momentum and force had been yielding no results even into the twentieth century when science and technology began again to progress forward by leaps and bounds. The concepts about force had also undergone serious changes mainly due to the advanced research into the microscopic world with the aid of more and more powerful accelerators.

CMS acceleratorChicago's Tevatron particle accelerator


The Four Fundamental Forces

One of the most popular theories accepted by the scientific community is that all the fundamental forces can be classified into four categories:

(i) The Strong;

(ii) The weak;

(iii) Electromagnetic; and

(iv) Gravitation.

GRAVITATION

WEAKIn radiation process

STRONGBinding nucleii

ELECTROMAGNETICBinding atoms


WEAK

ELECTROMAGNETIC

STRONG

GRAVITATION

ELECTROWEAKFORCE

Evolution of ForcesScientists also hold the belief that all the four forces were of the same origin in the beginning of the universe. In the course of time, the original force evolved, the various force emerged and became independent.

UNIFIED FORCE

BIG BANG


The Scale of Strengths

These forces are shown here in the order of strength. The difference among them is in fact much greater by the factor of trillions. Here they are represented roughly by their relative strength.

STRONG

ELECTROMAGNETIC

WEAK

GRAVITATION


Relative Strength of the Forces

In numerical terms, their strength may be represented as follows. We take the strong force as unity, then the other forces are weaker by the exponential numbers as -2, -8, and -45. One can see that gravitational force is utterly and absolutely out of class.

1. Strong (nuclear) force (1)The force that holds nuclei together.

2. Electromagnetic force (10-2)Interaction among electrically and magnetically charged particles.

3. Weak force (10-8)Responsible for certain nuclear decays and reactions.

4. Gravitational force (10-45) Interaction between masses (all particles) familiar to us as weight.


PARTICLE EXCHANGEForces by


Force by Particle Exchange

In the 1930’s, Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) and Ettore Majorana(1906-1938) in postulated that the force between particles is due to the exchange of force carrying particles. For example the electromagnetic force is produced by the exchange of photons between electrons.

Positive Positron Mediating Photon Negative Electron


Passing Ball as Analogy

The mechanism of particle exchange may be compared to a basketball exchange between two players on frictionless ground wearing skates. As the second player catches the ball, he will recoil and moves away from the first player. When he returns the ball to the first player, she will move away on her turn. The actions carry on until both are pushed far apart.

Moves back upon receiving the ball

Moves back upon throwing the ball


No Analogy for Particles

The basketball scenario is, of course, a very crude analogy since it can only explain repulsive forces and gives no clue for example of how exchanging particles can result in attractive forces. However it is a good example of contact force which the physicists may have overlooked. What the basketball represents is actually the mechanical momentum which is not included in the basic forces. This momentum exchanges could be viewed as momentum changing hosts.

Momentum


Momentum Particles

It is my postulate that momentum in classical mechanics exists in the form of particles. They are transmitted from one object to another like little bees. That is to say, these bees are the particles that mediated the mechanical forces.

Momentum bees


From Angels to Particles

It had been a long journey and lots of changes. But the road to maturity is firm and clearly oriented: from impetus to momentum; from momentum to particles; (from angels to bees) the true cause of motion has finally unveiled itself as phonons, even if it is a quasi-one for the time being as classified by scientists.


The Momentum Particles - Phonons

So finally, the true body of momentum has surfaced. It is the phonons that have been there all along, unnoticed by any scientists in the past.

Phonons are wave-particles most familiar to solid state physicists. If asked, they would present you with hundreds of documents and books written on it. So it is not a hard subject to follow.

Let us see what it will unveil to us in the coming sections.


PHONONThe Quasi-Particle


Igor Tamm & the Phonon

The idea of phonons was introduced in 1932 by the Russian physicist Igor Tamm (1895-1971).

The phonon was not a real particle but was fabricated as a concept which facilitated many treatment of heat and sound in solids. The virtual particle became a great and successful idea used by all scientists in solid state physics.


Importance of Phonons

Phonons play a major roles in deciphering many of the physical properties of solids. They are responsible for the electrical conductivity and thermal property of the condensed matter. Interactions between phonons and electrons are thought to be responsible for such phenomena as superconductivity.

The importance of phonons in matter is equivalent to the importance of photons in free space.


The real Nature of Phonon OverlookedLittle did Igor and his follower scientists know that this phonon concept is actually one of the greatest discoveries in the history of physics. Its usefulness has led people to concentrate on the practicality ONLY and not on its real nature. In solid state physics, phonons are only regarded as quasi-particles, that is, it is not in the same rank of real particles.


Characteristics of Phonons

1. Phonons carry momenta.

2. Phonons do not play any part in altering the internal structure of any hosting body.

3. According to current studies, phonons do not have a rest mass so that the overall mass change in the particle or in collisions is negligible.

4. Phonons can travel from one object to another.

5. The transfer of phonon from one place to another is so fast that the motion is not measurable in conventional collision experiment.


Fulfilment of Newton’s Work

With these characteristics recognized, all the pictures about motion come fitting together. It is a simple matter to replace all momentum terms by phonons.

In Newton’s time, the concept of particles mediating forces was not yet available. So his concepts about motion could not extend beyond force and momentum. We cannot blame Newton for not providing something more solid than force and momentum.

Now it seems settled. All we need to do is to confirm the existence of the phonon particle. In doing so, we may be able to put a smile on Newton’s face which was hardly seen in his life.

That is what I have been looking for!


The CulminationThis is exciting. Since the time of Aristotle, it has been an epoch of over two thousand five hundred years of speculating, philosophising, and calculating until now. The elusive particle is finally found in its full glory. The phonon is not only the crown jewel of modern science, it is also the carrier of momentum, the cause of motion, the origin of almost all particle motions in the universe – provided, of course, we can prove it.


PHONON REPRESENTATIONThe Art of


From Angels to Particles

In the past, we had been representing momentum by angels or cherubs. Now scientists use balls to stand for phonon particles. Angels and cherubs are religious or mythical, suitable only when the concept of impetus or momentum were introduced. Balls are not what the phonons may look like, especially when they can perform so many functions.


Representation by Bees or Butterflies

According to conventional theories, phonons can vibrate, carry out wavy motions, attract and repulse, perform heat and sound functions so on and so forth. These duties are beyond what simple balls can perform. So we think that bees and butterflies are still the best alternative before the true forms of the phonons are identified. To have more fun, we can use the images of fairies to show the versatilities of these little particles.


Phonon Data

• Phonon symbol 𝛿𝛿 (delta → delton)

• Mass 𝑚𝑚 This is the rest mass or average mass .

• Velocity 𝑣𝑣 Velocity inside matter.

• Photum (momentum) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 The average momentum.

• Frequency 𝑓𝑓 The original frequency as the photon.

• Angular frequency ⍵ Internal rotation or spin [5}.

• Wave Number 𝜅𝜅 With velocity 𝑣𝑣 and not 𝑐𝑐.

• Energy 𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 = ℏ⍵=𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐2 The original photon energy.


Major References

1. Isaac Newton: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Royal Society. Latin original 1686. English version. 1728.

2. Richard Sorabji: Matter, Space & Motion. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. 1988.

3. Max Jammer: Concept of Force. Harvard University Press. 1957.

4. Mary Hesse: Forces and Fields. Cambridge University Press. T. Nelson. 1961.

5. Wikipedia: The free internet Encyclopaedia.

6. Rod Nave: HyperPhysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University

7. Charles Kittel: Solid State Physics. John Wiley & Son. 1953.

8. Isaac Asimov: Understanding Physics: Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and Company. 1966.

9. Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe. R. E. Latham. Penguin Books Ltd.. 1951

10. New-Physics web site: www.new-physics.com. Publications: 01-05-2015 to 29-05-2015.

http://www.new-physics.com/


Picture Credits

1. Wikipedia.2. Jade Comics.

Hong Kong3. Dragon Ball and

Others. Japan4. Starwar Movies.5. Art Explosion.

Nova Development Corporation. 1995.

6. Various Art and Science Museums of the world.

part 5. conclusion phonons

Science

strong force

electromagnetic force

exchange of force

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gravitational force

original force

various force

strong nuclear force