part b 6. national laboratories

7/29/2019 Part B 6. National Laboratories....

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6National Laboratories, Scientific Research

Institutes, Medical Research Institutes,

Physiology & Hygiene

National Laboratories

Functions of National Laboratories: The National Laboratories undertake basic and applied

research with special reference to the problems of industries falling within their spheres. These

laboratories are actively associated with the work of industrial development and standardization,

each having its own detailed programme of work drawn up by expert committees.

Birla Industrial and Technological Museum, Calcutta (West Bengal).

Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (U.P.)

Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.)

Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu)

Central Electronic Engineering Research Institute, Pilani (Rajasthan)Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore (Karnataka)

Central Fuel Research Institute, Jealgora (Bihar)

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Jadavpur (West Bengal)

Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organization, Lucknow (U.P.)

Central Leather Research Institute, Madras (Tamil Nadu)

Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur (West Bengal)Central Mining Research Station, Dhanbad (Bihar)

Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur (Maharashtra)

(Its new name is National environment Engineering Institute)

Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (Delhi)

Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar (Gujarat)

Central Scientific Instruments Organizatin, Chandigarh (Chandigarh)

Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehra Dun (U.P.)

Industrial Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow (U.P.)

National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore (Karnataka)

National Biological Laboratory (in Planning), Palampur,Kangra Dist. (Himachal Pradesh)

National Botanical gardens, Lucknow (U.P.)

National Chemical Laboratory, Pune (Maharashtra)National Environment Engineering Institute, Nagpur (Maharashtra)

National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)

National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji (Goa)

National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur (Bihar)

National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi (Delhi)

Pulsars Research Laboratory, Pachmarhi (U.P.)

Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar (Cuttack), Jorhat (Assam)


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Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir) and Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)

Structural Engineering Research Centre, Roorkee (U.P.)

Visvesvarayya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore (Karnataka)

Nuclear Research and Atomic Energy

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (Formerly Atomic Energy Establishment)Trombay near Bombay (Maharashtra)

Centre for Advance Technology (CAT), Indore.High Altitude Research Laboratory, Gulmarg (Kashmir)

Indian Cancer Research Centre, Bombay.

Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmadabad (Gujarat).

Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta (West Bengal).

Seismic Research Centre, Gaurividanur near Bangalore.

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay (Maharashtra).

Scientific Research Institutes

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow (U.P.)

Biotechnology Institute, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.)

Bose Research Institute, Calcutta (W. Bengal).

Central Arid zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan).Central Cocoanut Research Station, Kasergod (Kerala)

Central Inland Fisheries Research Station, Barrackpore (W. Bengal).

Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Ernakulam (Kerala)

Central Jute Technological Research Institute, Calcutta (West Bengal)Central Marine Fisheries Institute, Mandapam Camp (S. India)

Central Marine Research Station, Madras (Tamil Nadu)

Central Research Laboratory, Chepauk, Madras (Tamil Nadu)

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Orissa)

Central State Farm, Suratgarh (Rajasthan).

Central Tobacco Research Station, Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh).

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun (U.P.)Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (Delhi)

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (Karnataka)

Indian Institute of Sugar Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)

Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi (Bihar)

Indian Space Research Organisation, Thumba, (Kerala)

National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana)National Sugar Research Institute, Kanpur (U.P.).

Medical Research Institutes

All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Calcutta (West Bengal).All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (Delhi).

All-India Malaria Institute, Delhi.Central Research Institute, Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh).

Desert Medicine Research Institute, Jodhpur(Rajasthan).

Haffkin Institute , Bombay (Maharashtra).

Indian Institute of Experimental Medicine, Calcutta (W. Bengal).

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar and Izatnagar(U.P.)

Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, Jamnagar(Gujarat)

Institute of Aviation Medicine, Bangalore (Karnataka)

National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Delhi

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Nutrition Research Laboratory, Coonoor (Tamil Nadu)

Tuberculosis Institute, Delhi.

INDAIN SATELLITE : AT A GLANCE

Name

of.

Date of

Launchin

Wt.

in kg

Launching Station ' Rocket by

which

Purpose Outcome

Aryabhatta 19' April,

1975

360 Russian Rocket

Launching Station,

Cosmodrome, Soviet

Union.

Intercosmos

Rocket

Scientific . Successful

Bhaskara-1 7 June,

1979

442 Russian Rocket Launching

Station, Cosmodrome,

Soviet Union.

Intercosmos

Rocket

Earth

Scanning

Successful

Rohini

R.S.-I

10 Aug.

1979

35 Rocket Launching

Centre, Sriharikota.

Range, Andhra Pradeh,

India

SLV-3 Earth

Scanning

Unsuccessful

Rohini

R.S.-2

18 July-

1980

35 Rocket Launching

Centre, Sriharikota

Range. Andhra Pradeh,

India

SLV-3 Earth

Scanning

i

Unsuccessful

Rohini

R.S.D.-I

31 May,

1981

38 Rocket Launching Centre,

Sriharikota

Range, Andhra Pradeh,India

SLV-3 Scientific ' Successful

Apple 19 June,

1981

670 European Rocket

Launching Station,

Kourou, French, Guiana

South America.

Ariane Communi

cation

Successful

Bhaskara-2 20 Nov.

1981

436 Russian Rocket Launching

Station,

Cosmodrome, Soviet

Union.

Intercosmos

Rocket

Earth

Scanning

Successful

JNSAT-IA 10 April,

1982

1160 American Rocket,

Launching Station, Cope

Canaveral, America.

Delta Rocket Multipurp

ose

Successful

Rohini

R.S.D.-2

17 April,

1983

41.5 Rocket launching Centre,

Sriharikota Range, Andhra

Pradesh, India

SLV-3 Scientific Successful

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Chapter 6

INSAT-1B 30 Aug.

1983

1193 Kennedy Space

Centre, Cape

Canaveral,

America.

Shuttle

Challanger

Multipur

pose

Successful

Name

Satellite

Name.

of

Launchi

Date

of in

kg.

Wt. Launching

Station

which

projected

Rocket by

PurposeOutcome

SROSS-A 24 March

1987

150 Rocket Launching

Centre, Sriharikota

Range, Andhra

Pradesh, India.

ASLV-D

s1

RemcStc

Sensing

Unsuccessful

IRSIA 17 March,

1988

980 Russian Space

Station, Baikanonr,

Soviet Union.

Vostok Remote

Sensing

Successful

SROSS-B 13 July,

1988


Centre, Sriharikota

Range, Andhrn

Pradesh, India

ASLV-D2 Remote

Sensing

Unsuccessful

INSAT-IC 22 July.

1988

- European Rocket

launching Station,

Kourou, French Guiana,

South America

Ariane Multipurpose Unsuccessful

INSTAT-ID 12 June,1990

650 Kennedy Space Centre,Cape Canaveral,

America

ShuttleChallanger

Multipurpose Successful

IRS - 1B 29 Aux

1991

985 Russian Space

Station, Baikapour,

Soviet Union.

Vostok Remote

Sensing

Successful

SRO5 C-1 20 May.

19'92


Centre, Srinarikota

Range, Andhra

Pradesh, India

ASLV-D 3 Multipurpose Successful

NSTAT-2A 10 July

1992

1416 European Rocket

Launching Station,

Kourou, French Guinea,

Ariane Multipurpose Successful

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INSAT-2B 23 July,

1993


Launching Station,.

Kourou, French Guiana

South America.

Ariane Multipurpose Successful

IRS-P1 20 Sept

1993

850

Rockct Launching

Centre, Sriharikota

Range, Andhra Pradesh,

India

: -not* S 'li'lttri

PnH/1 Vnrlt ' i -

PSLV-D1 Remote

Sensing

Unsuccessful

SROSS C-2 3 April,

1994 1 1 3

Rocket Launching

Centre, Sriharikota

Range, Andhra Pradesh,

India .iiiiarikota

ASLV-D4 Remote

Sensing

Successful

IRS-P2 15 Oct.

1994


Centre, Sriharikota

Range, Andhra

Pradesh, India

PSLV-D2 Remote

Sensing

Successful

Name of

Satellite

Date of

Launching

Wt.

in

kg.

Launching Station Rocket

by which

projected

Purpose Outcome

INSAT-2C 7 Dec,

1995

20.50 European Rocket

Launching Station Kourou,

French Guiana, South

America.

Ariane Multipurpos

e .

Successful

IRS-l C 28 Dec,

199S

1250 Baiknnour

Launching Station,

Kazakhstan.

Molniya Remote

Sensing

Successful '

IRS-P3 21 Mar.,

1996

930 Rocket Launching Centre,

Sriharikbta Range. Andhra

Pradesh, India.

PSLV-D3 Remote

Sensing

Successful

INSAT-

2D

4 July,

1997


Launching Station,

Kourou, French Guiana,

South America.

Ariane-4 Multipurpos

e

Successful

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Chapter 6

IRS-ID 29 Sept,

1997

1200 Rocket Launching Centre

Sriharikota Range,

Andhra Pradesh, India

PSLV-C1 Remote

Sensing

Successful.

INSAT-2E 3 Apr,

1999

2550 European Rocket Launching

Station Kouou, French

Guiana South America

Ariane

42P

Multipurpos

e

Successful

1RS-P4 26 May,

1999

Rocket Launching Centre,

Sriharikota.

PSLV-C2 Remote

Sensing

Successful

INSAT-3B 22 Mar,

2000


Launching Station,

Kourou

Ariane

'

- Successful

GSAT-1 28 Mar,

2001

1540 Sriharikotn High

Altitude Range

(SHAR). Andhra

Pradesh

GSLV-D1 Commercial

Communicat

ion

Unsuccessful

GSAT-I 18 April,

2001

1540 Sriharikota High

Altitude Range

(SHAR), Andhra

Pradesh

GSLV-D1 Commercial

Communicati

on

Successful

Name of

Satellite

Date of

Launching

Wt.

Inkg

Launching Station Rocket by

whichprojected

1 Purpose Outcome

TES 22 Oct.. 2001 110

9

Sriharikota High

Altitude Range

(SHAR), Andhra

Pradesh

PSLV-C3 Technology

Experiments

Successful

1NSAT-3C 24 Jan. 2002 - European Rocket

Launching Station

Kourou, French

Guiana

Ariane Communications Successful

KALPANA-1 12 Sept., 2002 106

0

Salish Dhawan Space

Centre, Sriharikota

PSLV-C4 Meteorological Successful

JNSAJ-3A 10 April. 2003 295

8

Ariane Space Centre,

Kourou (French

Guiana)

Ariane-5 Multipurpose Successful

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INSANT-3E 28 Sep. 2003 - European Rocket

Launching stallan.

Kouran, French

Guiana.

Ariane-5 Communications Successful

RESOWRCES

AT-1

17 Oct. 2003 - Sriharikota PSLVC-6 Multipurpose Successful

EDUSAT 20 Sep. 2004 - Sriharikota GSLV-F01 Education Successful

CARTOSAT-1

&

HAMSATHA

MSAT

5 May 2005 Sriharikota PSLV-C6 Communication Successful

INSAT-4A 22 dec. Kouran, French Guiana

Ariane

Communication Successful

Note METSAT has been renamed as kalpana -1 to commemorate the memory of Dr. Kalpana

Chawla, the US astronaut of India origin, who was kind along with other six astronauts in the US

shuttle Columbia which on its way back from space on Feb. 1, 2003.

Physiology & Hygiene

Human Organs and their Functions

1) Blood, Function of: The food substances are absorbed by the blood in minute vessels in the

intestines; hence it is a medium by which nutriment is taken to all parts of the body. The plasma

of the blood contains red corpuscles and while corpuscles. The red corpuscles play an importantpart in taking oxygen from air into the lungs and carrying it to various parts of the body. The

white corpuscles appear to operate in connection with resistance to diseases. There are other

substances in the blood which assist in resisting diseases and among these are anti-toxins which

neutralize poisons or toxins.

2) Ductless glands: are the glands which manufacture internal secretions which are passed

directly into the blood inside vessels within the gland itself and not via duct or ducts as in the case

of bile manufactured by the liver and passed into the intestine. They are thyroid gland, pituitary

gland and suprarenal gland.

3) Duodenum: It is the small intestine following the stomach about ten inches in length forming

a C-shaped loop in the cavity of which lies the pancreas. It contains the duct through which thebile secreted by the liver and the pancreatic juice prepared by the pancreas pass into the

intestines. These fluids act upon the churned food entering from the stomach by emulsifying the

fats in it, and converting starchy matter into sugar and rendering the food alkaline which becomesready for absorption.

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4) Eye, lens of the eye: It lies in front of the eye-chamber. It focuses light rays so that small real

images are formed on a sensitive nervous screen called the retina at the back of the eye. The

regulation of light pass through the centre of the lens.

5) Gall Bladder: It is situated on the under-surface of the liver like pear-shaped pouchcontaining bile.

6) Glands: are of three main types : (1) Lymph glands found at various junctions of the body; (2)

larger glands such as the pancreas and liver; (3) the endocrine glands or ductless glands. The

function of these glands is to trap germs and prevent them reaching the vital areas in the body.

7) Heart: It is a hollow muscular organ lying the middle of the chest cavity, just above the

diaphragm and between the lungs. By its contraction it pumps the blood into blood vessels. It is

divided into 4 chambers, to upper, called the auricle, and two lower, called the ventricles; right

auricle is connected with right ventricle and left auricle with left through valves. The impure

blood from all the parts of the body is imported to the right auricle by superior and inferiorvane

cava. Then it enters the right ventricle from where it goes to lungs for oxygenation through

pulmonary artery and then returns via pulmonary veins into left auricle and then forces out pure

blood to all parts of the body.

8) Intestines: It is the long tube beginning at the mouth of the abdomen and ending at the rectum.

In this tube digestion takes place.

9) Kidneys: They are two, one on each side of the spinal column in the small of the back. All

the blood in the body is filtered through the kidneys and the waste matter passes through two

tubes known as ureters which enters the bladder. It then leaves the body through the urethra in

the form of urine.

10) Liver: is the largest gland in the body dark red in colour and weighing 40 to 60 ounces. It

is located immediately below the diaphragm towards the right side of the body cavity. It serves

to store up in the form the glycogen certain constituents of food brought form the stomach and

intestines and to transform this glycogen into sugar which is distributed to the body. It alsoserves to destroy the worn-out blood corpuscles and to excrete the bile which is poured into the

intestines.

11) Lungs: two large spongy organs that fill most of the chest are the organs of respiration.

Their function is to purify the impure blood. The minute blood vessels in the cell walls are

constantly taking in the oxygen contained in the inhaled air and discharging impurities in theform of carbonic gas, water vapours and other waste matter.

12) Muscular System: It consists of pieces of flesh known as muscles, which are thick at the

centre and thin at the ends. These muscles are either fixed with the bones or with the sides of theorgans. These are of two types:-

i) Voluntary muscles: are those type of muscles, which act according to our willand are generally fixed with the bones.

ii) Involuntary muscles: are those muscles, which do not work according to our will.

They produce the movement of internal organs.

13) Nervous System: It comprises brain, spinal cord and nerves. The function of this system is

to control the working of the various organs of the body. The function of the brain is to control

intellect, will, action, memory, thought, emotion and various other movements, while the spinal

cord acts as a sub-conscious brain and controls the reflex action.

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14) Pancreas: is a large gland lying behind the stomach. Its function is to produce ferments

which are passed into the stomach to help in the digestion of proteins. Insulin is also produced in

this gland.

15) Plasma: It is the fluid portion of the blood and is composed of aqueous solution containingions of sodium, potassium, calcium etc, together with a soluble protein, which in the event of the

blood being shed becomes insoluble and forms a net work of threads in which the blood cells getentangled, so that a clot is formed and blooding stops.

16) Retina: It is the innermost coating of the posterior segment of the eye-ball. It is a sensitive

nervous screen where a large number of nerve fibers end, emanating from the brain. The eye lens

focuses the image on this complex layer which in turn perceives the image and transmits the

colour as well as the image perception to the brain.

17) Saliva: The large glands of the mouth secrete Saliva which contains a ferment called ptyalin

which converts starch into grape sugar. The saliva also dissolves solid particles of sugar and salt.

18) Sense Organs of human body: (1) The eyes for vision , (2) the ears for hearing and

balance, (3) the nose for smell, (4) the mouth for taste, (5) the skin for touch, temperature andpains.

Skeleton: (Bony System): It is made up of nearly two hundred separate bones joined together to

form various joints. It gives shape to the body, protects important organs. The skeleton isdivided into four parts:-

1. The skull

2. The vertebral column or the back-bone

3. The bones enclosing the cavity of thorax

4. The bones of the upper and the lower limbs or extremities.

19) Skin: The skin is a complete covering over the whole body and protects the muscles lying

under it. It consists of two layers: (i) the outer layer or the Epidermis and (ii) the inner-most layeror the Dermis.

It regulates the temperature. It also controls the sensation of touch and temperature of the body.

It throws out the waste products (both acidic and alkaline) via perspiration. The Epidermis

protects the deeper cells and is continually being worm off and interchanged by the deeper cells.

Epidermis part of the skin is free from blood vessels and the cells of its deeper layers are

nourished by the lymph.

20) Spinal Cord: It is really an extension of the brain in the form of a long cord through the

back-bone or vertebral column and in it are situated centers of nerve tissues connected with

reflex actions which consist of movements which taker place automatically such as breathingand walking. If the sensory nerve from the finger, say, carries a message to the brain and spinal

cord announcing that the finger is touching something hot, the brain and spinal cord instantlycommand through the motor nerves the muscles of the arm to move the finger away.

21) Spleen: an organ situated near the diaphragm on the left side of the body. It is about 5 x

3 in size. One of its known function is destruction of blood cells.

22) Thyroid Gland: is situated at the base of the neck and acts as acceleration to the body i.e., it

controls the speed at which the processes in the body are being carried out. When it is over-

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active, a person feels tense, nervous, blushed, his heart beats faster and he loses weight. The

enlargement of the thyroid gland causes Goitre and when this gland is too sluggish in action, it

causes Myxoedema.

23) Urethra: It is the canal that in most mammals carries off the urine from the bladder and inthe males serves also as a genital duct.

24) Vital Organs in human body: Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, spinal cord.

Human Eye

Human eye is covered inside with a black membrane called the choroid, just like a photographic

camera which is painted black from inside of it to prevent reflection of light. It possesses a

crystalline lens, which is convex in nature and functions like the focusing lens of the camera. The

place of the sensitive film in a camera is taken by a sensitive coating in front of the choroid for

receiving the image, called the retina, which conveys the visual impressions to brain through the

optical nerve.

Human Ear

The ear is that organ of the human body in which the senses of hearing and equilibrium arecentered. Anatomists divide it into three parts i.e. (i) the external ear, (ii) the middle ear and ,(iii)

the inner ear. The external ear consists of the outer flap, the opening and the inwardly directed

tube. The middle ear is a small cavity in the temporal bone form which a tube runs forward,

inward and downward and admits air into the cavity. The eardrum membrane is a part in themiddle ear. The inner ear consists of a membranous part of contained in a bony part.

Short-sight and Long-sight

Short-sight: (Myopia) Due to this defect the posterior large chamber of the eye is too long and

the image of a distant object formed by the lens falls short of the retina.

Long-sight: An eye suffering form this defect cannot see things placed near it. The defect is

due to the eye ball being too short or the eye-lens being not sufficiently convergent so thatparallel rays are focused being the retina.

Common Diseases

(Causes, Cure and Prevention)

Disease Part of the body affected

AIDS : immune system of body

Arthritis : inflammation of joints

Cataract : eyes

Diabetes : pancreasDiphtheria : throat

Eczema : skinGoitre : thyroid gland

Infantile paralysis : limbs (arms and legs)

Jaundice : liver

Meningitis : spinal cord and brain

Pleurisy : lining of the chest wall

Pneumonia : lings

Pyorrhea : gums

Rheumatism : joints

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Trachoma : eyes

Tuberculosis : lungs

Typhoid : Intestines; whole body

Common Diseases

AIDS: Abbreviated name for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, the disease is said to be

caused by a Virus. Intravenous drug abusers and homosexuals are mostly affected by thisdisease. The virus, once in the blood stream, multiples many times faster than other Viruses, and

progressively destroys the T-cells in the blood which help fight infections, thus crippling the

entire immune system.

The disease is fatal and the researchers are yet to come up with an effective cure.

Appendicitis: a disease of the large intestine which begins with pain over the stomach (in the

upper part of the abdomen). There is usually fever and sometimes vomiting. The treatment is

generally by surgery.

Beri-Beri: is caused by lack of vitamin ,1B which is found in most grains, principally in the

embryo and the outer covering. It can be prevented by giving a good mixed diet.

Cholera: Cause: Housefly; by swallowing of Kochs Coma bacillus through infected water,

food, fruits and vegetables. Cure: Tombs Cholera Mixture. Prevention: Anti-cholera vaccine;

isolate the patient, prevent contamination of drink and food supply.

Diabetes: There is still not the faintest notion as to what causes diabetes. Its immediate cause is,

however, failure in varying degrees of the pancreas to produce insulin and inability of the body to

make use of sugar the glucose which is the end product of the carbohydrate digestion.

Symptoms: increasing appetite, great thirst, frequency in passing urine and presence of sugar in

the urine, increasing loss of weight in spite of all that is takes in, appearance of boils and itching

of the skin.

The disease is incurable but can be kept in check by diet-control and regular light exercise in mild

cases and by regular use of insulin in serious cases.

Filaria: (elephant-foot) Cause: due to an infection of the body with tiny worms which block the

lymph vessels, Spread by blood-sucking flies and mosquitoes.

Influenza: Cause: Pfeiffers bacillus which is mainly present in the secretion of the respiratory

tract. Some investigators think that it is caused by another organism called Bacterium

Pneumocentes. Prevention: Avoid over-crowding, fatigue and dusty atmosphere. Isolate the

patient. Do not expose to cold and chill. Spend as much of time as possible out-doors in fresh

air.

Malaria: is caused by the bite of the Anopheles female mosquito. A special type of celled

organism enters the blood and attacks the red blood corpuscles, and thereby gets multiplied. So,due to the reduction of the corpuscles, the newly formed parasites, being free in the blood plasma,

take up their abode in other corpuscles.

The symptoms of malaria start with trembling of body, resulting in high fever soon after. The

vomiting starts in the next stages.

Its prevention can be effected by adopting offensive and defensive measures against female

mosquitoes. Kerosene oil or D.D.T is sprinkled over standing water to prevent the breeding of

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Chapter 6

mosquitoes, and thereby destroying them at the very place of their birth. Use of mosquito-net in

the night, use of medicines like atebrine,paludrine and quinine also prevent the disease.

Measles: is an infectious disease marked by fever, redness of the eyes, a rash of pink spots and

mild bronchitis. Cause: it is caused by a virus. The most serious dangers of this disease are the

complications as infection of eyes, nose or throat. Cure: rest in the bed and light diet; in somecases injections of serum from the blood of those patients who have recently recovered.

Plague: Cause: Bite of infected rat flea. Prevention: Anti-plague inoculation. Isolate the patient,

disinfect the patients clothes and utensils. Burn the dead rats found in the vicinity. Cure:

Sulpha drugs and streptomycin.

Polio: It is an acute infectious disease which affects the central nervous system and by

destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord produces flaccid paralysis. It is caused by a kind

of virus, which is found in throat and the stools. Entering through the mouth, the virus multiplies

in the throat and the intestines. It can be prevented by avoiding human contact and interfamily

contact among young children. Improved sanitary and hygienic conditions favour prevention.

Pyorrhea: Cause: infection of the gums causing the edges of the tooth sockets to blood easily

when the teeth are being brushed. Cure: Penicillin lozenges or vitamin C tables are useful but thetreatment depends on the cause and can hest be carried out by a dentist.

Rabies: (or Hydrophobia) Cause: by bite or even licking by mad animal, generally a dog or a

jackal. Cure: Prophylactic vaccination; full treatment in Pastour institute. Prevention: clean the

bitten part with hot water.

Rickets: This is a bone disease usually affecting artificially fed infants between the ages of six to

fifteen months. It is cause by the deficiency of vitamins A and D. The soft spots like the one in

the crown do not close up when they should. The bones of the legs become crooked. The

abdomen is usually enlarged. The child is weak and undersized. It is often due to lack of

exposure to sunlight.

Scurvy: Cause: lack of vitamin C. Cure: lies in dietetic treatment i.e. use of fruits and goodwholesome food.

Small-pox: attacks people of all ages and is carried by excreta and droplet infection, but

particularly by the dried scales on the skins of convalescent patients.

Prevention : (i) vaccination in small pox infected locally; (ii) isolation of the patient, (iii)disinfect the clothes, bedding etc. of the patient; (iv) do not mix with the patient; (v) sputum to be

destroyed.

Tetanus : Cause: toxin secreted be bacillus tetani which lives in earth and dust. Cure: Penicillininjections. Prevention : injections of an anti-toxic soon after the wound is received.

Vitamins

Vitamins are substances found naturally in certain foods, the absence of which leads to one or the

other of the so-called deficiency diseases.

Vitamin A: found in milk, butter, egg-yolk, ghee, carrots, and cod liver oil.

Uses: promotes healthy functioning of nasal cavities, eyes and ears and resistance to anemia.

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Deficiency disorders: reduced resistance to infections, interference with growth and

development of bones anemia.

Vitamin B: is present in cereals, yolk of eggs, peas and beans.

Uses: affects growth, appetite, nervous and endocrine system and aids in tuberculosis.

Deficiency disorders: disease of beriberi, digestive disturbances, enlargement of liver and

adrenals, affects the thyroid, causes degeneration of sex glands and some disorders in diabetes.

Vitamin B Complex: the original Vitamin B, containing all factors found in a wide range of

natural foods, particularly rich sources.

Vitamin C: is present in fresh vegetables, orange, lemon, lettuce, tomato, cabbage, turnip,

onions etc.

Uses: development of bones necessary for pregnant and nursing women in certain disorders of

stomach and below, diseases of the liver.

Deficiency diseases: disease of scurvy, defective teeth, injury to bones, cells and blood vessels.

Vitamin D: is present in milk, butter, ghee, cod liver oil, yolk of eggs, sun rays.

Uses: promotes bone formation; it is derived form plants, food and from the sun and ultra-violetrays.

Deficiency diseases: imperfect skeleton formation, bones diseases, rickets, caries.

Vitamin E: is present in wheat, green vegetables, peas, oats, corns, and lettuce leaf.

Uses: keeps sterility.

Deficiency disorders: lack of fertility of reproductive powers; habitual abortion.

Vitamin K: practically eliminates prolonged bleeding in operations and is billiary tract of

jaundice patients; found in fats, fish meals, oats, wheat, rye and alfalfa.

Balanced Diet

A balanced diet is the foodstuff which supplies the various constituents needed by the body in

proper proportion for its proper functioning. It consists of the following : (i) Proteins the tissueand flesh building substance of the body. It is found in meat, cheese, peas, beans, milk etc. (2)

carbohydrates which form the fuel of the body, found in starchy foods, sugar and sweets. (3)

Fats the warmth producing and protecting food, found in butter and animal fats. (4) Vitamins

which exert a necessary influence on digestive processes and help in the absorption f\of food;

found in the above mentioned articles of food and fresh fruits and vegetables.

Important Hormones

Hormone Produced by Action

AdrenalinInsulin

OestrogenTestoterone

Thyroxin

AdrenalinPancreas

OvaryTestes

Thyroid

Blood pressure controlSugar metabolism

Affects female organsAffects male re-productory

function.

Growth and metabolic rate.

Important Digestive Enzymes

Enzyme Produced by Converts

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Chapter 6

Amylase, Ptyalin Salivary glands in mouth Starch to Sugars (Maltose)

Peptin Gastric glands in stomach Proteins to amino-acids

(Peptones)

Trypsin Pancreas in abdomen Proteins to Peptones

Amylase Pancreas Carbohydrates to Maltose

Lipase Pancreas Fats to fatty acids and Glycerol

Erepsin Intestinal glands

glands in small intestines

Peptides to amino acids

Maltose Intestinal glands Maltose to glucose

Lactose Intestinal glands Lactose to glucose

Sucrose Intestinal glands Sucrose to glucose

Important Vaccines

Vaccine Discovered by

Small Pox Edward Jenner (1786) of Gloucestershire made the first,

successful small pox vaccination.

Cholera Louis Pasteur (1880) prepared the first cholera vaccine

Diphtheria and

Tetanus

Emill Adolf von Belming and Shibasaburo Kitasato of Berlin

(1891) developed anti-toxins to treat diphtheria and tetanus

T.B. Vaccine Leon Calmelte and Camille Guerin (1992) Paris, developed the

first TB vaccine

Polio Vaccine Jonas E. Salk (1954) Pittsburgh (USA)

Measles Vaccine John F. Enders (1960) USA

Other Medical Inventions

Invention Inventor

Penicillin Alexander Fleming

Bacteria Lueven hock

Insulin WatingVaccination of kalazar U.N. Brahmachari

Artificial Heart Christian Wanard

Circulation of Blood William Harvey

Vaccination Edward Jenner

Stethoscope Linek

Hydrophobia Lewis Pastuer

Pasteurization Lewis Pastuer

Malarial parasite Ronald Ross

Chloroform Sympson & Harison

D.N.A Wattson & Crick

Morphine Fredrick Struerr

Psychoanalysis Singmond Fried

Dialysis Colf

Polio Vaccine Jhons Salk

Streptomycin Waxman

Sulpha drugs Domick

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Microscope Robert Hook

Electron Microscope Noll & Rusk

Wisdom test Vinet

Evolutionary theory Charles Darwin

Small pox vaccination Edward JennerD.D.T. Dr. Paul Mular

Ultra Violet rays treatment FinsonAntiseptic treatment Lord Joseph Lister

Thermometer Fahrenheit

Parantage theory G.P. Mendol

Weather science H.N. Wadia

Homeopathy Hannyman

Tuberculosis Cock

Leprobacillus Hanson

Anti conceiving tablets Pincus

Anti aids medicine Dr. Prakash Chandra

Vitamin F.G. Hopkins

Vitamin A Mac Column & M. Davis

Vitamin B Minat & MurphyVitamin C Frolik Tolset

Vitamin D Mac Colon

Kidney Machine Colf

Electro Cardio graph Lenubam SprondrewNeurology Frong Joseph

Birth-Weight of Indian Infants

Average Birth weight of Infants

Well-to-to Indian 3.2 kg

Poor Indian 2.8 kg

Prematurity Percent (Infants below 2.5 kg)Well-to-do Indian 14

Poor Indian 29

Changes in Body-Weight form Birth Toll 5 years

Body Weight (Average Weight) by months

At Birth 2 4 6 8 10 123 kg 5 kg 6 kg 7 kg 8 kg 8.5 kg 9 kg

Body Weight (Average Weight) by years

2 3 4 511 kg 13 kg 15 kg 17 kg

Wedding Anniversaries

Traditionally a special kind of gift was associated with a few of the anniversary celebrations. A

widely accepted list is given below:

Wedding Celebrating

Wood 5

Tin 10

Crystal 15

China 20

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Chapter 6

Silver 25

Pearl 30

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part b 6. national laboratories

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