part ora ppl(a) training manual (tm) ora.ato.230(a) ora...

Part ORA

PPL(A) Training Manual (TM)

ORA.ATO.230(a)

ORA.ATO.125

FCL210.A

Procedure Reference L-TRA/0151

Edition 5.0

Edition Date 13/02/2017

Noordzee Vliegclub VZW BE/ATO-311

Nieuwpoortsesteenweg 947a B – 8400 Oostende

Telephone: (059)31.04.79 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.nzvc.be

Part ORA TM PPL(A)

ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL OF MANUAL

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Noordzee Vliegclub VZW Revision number 5.0 13 February, 2017

Table of Contents

0 Administration and Control of Manual ............................................................. 3 0.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 3 0.2 References ................................................................................................. 3 0.3 Abbreviations .............................................................................................. 4 0.4 Definitions ................................................................................................... 7 0.5 Administration ............................................................................................. 9 0.6 Function and Management ......................................................................... 9 0.7 Revision record......................................................................................... 10

1. Training Plan .................................................................................................. 1 1.a The aim of the course ................................................................................. 1 1.b Pre-entry requirements ............................................................................... 3 1.c Credits for previous experience .................................................................. 4

1.c.1 Holders of a LAPL(A) license .................................................................... 5 1.c.2 Holders of a LAPL(S) license with TMG extension .................................... 5 1.c.3 Holders of a license for another category of aircraft .................................. 5

1.d Training syllabi............................................................................................ 5 1.e Time scale and scale in weeks, for each syllabus ...................................... 6 1.f Training program ........................................................................................ 7 1.g Training records........................................................................................ 10 1.h Safety training........................................................................................... 11 1.i Tests and examinations ............................................................................ 12

1.i.1 Theoretical knowledge .............................................................................. 12 1.i.2 Practical examination or skill test.............................................................. 12

1.j Training effectiveness ............................................................................... 13 1.k Standards and level of performances at various stages ........................... 13

2. Briefing and Air Exercises ............................................................................... 1 2.a Air Exercises............................................................................................... 1

2.a.1 Phase 1 ..................................................................................................... 1 2.a.2 Phase 2 ................................................................................................... 11

2.b Air exercise reference list ......................................................................... 19 2.c Course structure - Phases of training ....................................................... 20 2.d Course structure: integration of syllabi ..................................................... 20 2.e Student progress ...................................................................................... 21 2.f Instructional methods ............................................................................... 22 2.g Progress tests........................................................................................... 23 2.h Glossary of terms ..................................................................................... 23

3. Flight Training in an FSTD .............................................................................. 1 3.a FSTD .......................................................................................................... 1

4. Theoretical Knowledge Instruction .................................................................. 1 4.a Structure of the Theoretical Knowledge Course ......................................... 1

4.a.1 Distance learning PPL course ................................................................... 1 4.a.2 Standard class room and self-study PPL course ....................................... 1

4.b Lesson plans .............................................................................................. 3

4.b.1 Air law and ATC procedures ...................................................................... 3 4.b.2 Human Performance ................................................................................. 4 4.b.3 Meteorology ............................................................................................... 4

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4.b.4 Communications – VFR Communications ................................................. 6 4.b.5 Principles of flight: Aeroplane .................................................................... 6 4.b.6 Operational Procedures ............................................................................. 7 4.b.7 Flight Performance and Planning .............................................................. 7 4.b.8 Aircraft General Knowledge ....................................................................... 8 4.b.9 Navigation ............................................................................................... 10

4.c Teaching materials ................................................................................... 11 4.d Student progress ...................................................................................... 11 4.e Progress testing........................................................................................ 13 4.f Review procedure ..................................................................................... 14

5. CLASS RATING SEP (L), RETRAINING AND REFRESHER COURSE ........ 1 5.a Class Rating SEP (L) Training .................................................................... 1 5.b Refresher Course ....................................................................................... 2 5.c Retraining Course ....................................................................................... 3 5.d Air exercises ............................................................................................... 6

6. Night Rating Training ...................................................................................... 1 6.a Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 6.b Theoretical course ...................................................................................... 1 6.c Flying Training ............................................................................................ 1 6.d Weather minima for night flights ................................................................. 2 6.e Use of the airspace ..................................................................................... 2

7. Familiarization Training ................................................................................... 1 7.a Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 7.b Theoretical course ...................................................................................... 1 7.c Practical course .......................................................................................... 1

8. Appendices ..................................................................................................... 1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 1 Appendix 1 – BCAA forms ...................................................................................... 1 Appendix 2 – New student inscription form ............................................................. 2 Appendix 3 – Student Progress Form, Theoretical .................................................. 3 Appendix 4 - Student Progress Form, Practical ...................................................... 4 Appendix 5 - Progress test report form ................................................................... 5 Appendix 6 – Standard Debriefing sheet ................................................................. 6 Appendix 7 – Training certificate ............................................................................. 7 Appendix 8 – Cross reference table air exercises to syllabus ................................. 8 Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date ..................................................... 9 Appendix 10 - List of teaching materials ............................................................... 10 Appendix 11 - Cross reference lists theoretical syllabi .......................................... 11

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0 Administration and Control of Manual

0.1 Introduction

This PPL(A) Training Manual (TM) documents the training plan, the flight and theoretical training to obtain the EASA PPL(A) license for the Noordzee Vliegclub Approved Training Organization (NZVC BE/ATO-311). The table of contents for chapters 1 to 4 is identical to the EASA “UserGuideForATO_Manuals080612.pdf” document. Paragraph numbers that are not applicable to the PPL(A) course have been marked as “not applicable”.

Regulations with regard to Part-FCL and Part-MED, have been extracted from the “Commission Regulation EU 1178/2011” and the related AMC and GM “Annex to ED Decision 2011/016/R”.

Regulations with regard to Part-ORA have been extracted from the “Regulation (EC) No 216/2008AMC” and the related AMC and GM “Annex to ED Decision 2012/007/R”.

The procedures and information contained in this TM should be respected during all PPL(A) training activities by NZVC BE/ATO-311. This will ensure that training operations are conducted consistently in respect to standardized procedures.

Moreover, all training operations will also respect the procedures stipulated in the other NZVC BE/ATO-311 manuals: the Operations Manual (OM) and the Organization Management Manual (OMM). The procedures set out in these documents are in addition to the Noordzee Vliegclub’s statutory requirements and only apply to the NZVC BE/ATO-311 stakeholders, that is the managers (AM, HT, CMM, SM), the instructors (FI and TKI) and the students.

All training procedures in this TM have been conceived to make sure that a student signed off by the HT to participate in the PPL(A) theoretical exam or the skill test, possesses all the competences required to complete the test successfully.

The NZVC BE/ATO-311 manuals are based on templates for these manuals by the Vereniging Vlaamse MotorVliegclubs (VVMV). In the remaining of this document, the term ATO stands for Noordzee Vliegclub Approved Training Organization or NZVC BE/ATO-311.

0.2 References

Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 – Annex I to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew (Part-FCL)

Annex to ED Decision 2011/016/R – Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material to Part-FCL

Commission Regulation (EU) No 290/2012 – Annex VII to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew (Part-ORA)

Annex to ED Decision 2012/007/R – Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) to Part-ORA

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0.3 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation

(A) Aeroplane

(H) Helicopter

ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System

AD Airworthiness Directive

ADF Automatic Direction Finder

AIP Aeronautical Information Publications

AIRMET Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations

AIS Aeronautical Information Service

AM Accountable Manager

AMC Acceptable Means Of Compliance

app Appendix

ARA Authority Requirements For Aircrew

ATA Air Transport Association

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATO Approved Training Organization

ATPL Airline Transport Pilot License

ATS Air Traffic Services

BCAA Belgian Civil Aviation Authority

BPL Balloon Pilot License

CBT Computer-Based Training

CDI Course Deviation Indicator

CFI Chief Flying Instructor

CG Centre of Gravity

CM Compliance Monitoring

CMP Compliance Monitoring Program

CMS Compliance Monitoring System

COP Code Of Practice

CRM Crew Resource Management

CS-FSTD(A) Certification Specifications For Aeroplane Flight Simulation Training Devices

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CS-FSTD(H) Certification Specifications For Helicopter Flight Simulation Training Devices

CTKI Chief Theoretical Knowledge Instructor

DG Dangerous Goods

DME Distance Measuring Equipment

DR Dead Reckoning

EC European Community

ELP English Language Proficiency Test

ERP Emergency Response Plan

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

FI Flight Instructor

FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device

FTE Full-Time Equivalent

GAMET General Aviation Meteorology

GM Guidance Material

GMP General Medical Practitioner

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems

HT Head of Training

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

LAPL Light Aircraft Pilot License

LEP List of Effective Pages

METAR Aviation routine weather report

NDB Non-Directional Beacon

NOTAM Notice to Airmen

OBS Omni Bearing Selector

OM Operations Manual

OMM Organization Management Manual

ORA Organization Requirements For Aircrew

PIC Pilot-In-Command

PPL Private Pilot License

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R/T Radio Telephony

SE Single Engine

SIGMET Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations

SMM Safety Management Manual

SPL Sailplane Pilot License

SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar

TAF Aerodrome Forecast

TM Training Manual

TKI Theoretical Knowledge Instructor

TMG Touring Motor Glider

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VHF Very High Frequency

VHF/DF Very High Frequency Direction Finding

VOR Very High Frequency Omni Directional Radio Range

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0.4 Definitions

Term Definition

Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC)

Non-binding standards adopted by the Agency to illustrate means to establish compliance with the Basic Regulation and its Implementing Rules

(The) Agency The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

Alternative means of compliance Those that propose an alternative to an existing AMC or those that propose new means to establish compliance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules for which no associated AMC have been adopted by the Agency

Approved training organization (ATO)

An organization qualified for the issue or continuation of an approval to provide training for pilot licenses and associated ratings and certificates

Audit A systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which requirements are complied with

Flight instructor (FI) An instructor with the privileges to provide training in an aircraft, in accordance with Part-FCL

Flight simulation training device (FSTD)

A training device which is:

1. in the case of aeroplanes, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD), a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT), or a basic instrument training device (BITD);

2. in the case of helicopters, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD) or a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT)

Grounding The formal prohibition of an aircraft to take-off and the taking of such steps as are necessary to detain it

Guidance Material (GM) Non-binding material developed by the Agency that helps to illustrate the meaning of a requirement or specification and is used to support the interpretation of the Basic Regulation, its Implementing Rules and AMC

Inspection An independent documented conformity

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Term Definition

evaluation by observation and judgement accompanied as appropriate by measurement, testing or gauging, in order to verify compliance with applicable requirements

Other training device (OTD) An aid used for pilot training other than an FSTD that provides for training where a complete flight deck or cockpit environment is not necessary

Part-ARA Annex VI to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew

Part-ORO Annex III to the Regulation on Air Operations

Part-FCL Annex I to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew

Part-MED Annex IV to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew

Part-ORA Annex VII to the Regulation on Civil Aviation Aircrew

Principal place of business The head office or registered office of the organization within which the principal financial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are exercised

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0.5 Administration

To keep this manual current the Accountable Manager (AM) will issue revisions of the Training Manual (TM). Each revision is a complete electronic document (pdf-file) and contains:

• A cover page with the ATO name, revision number and procedure reference.

• An abstract of the changes within this manual, in addition to an accompanying MCCF document.

• An approval page, signed by the stake holder.

Any change to EASA regulations which has an impact on the content of this TM, will lead to a revision.

Revisions which are subject to BCAA approval shall only become valid upon receipt by the ATO of the written BCAA approval.

In case of any doubt with regard to legislation or a required modification, the HT can contact the BCAA training department on the following coordinates:

[email protected]

www.mobilit.belgium.be

02 / 277 43 91

0.6 Function and Management

Function Name Contact Details Full / Part Time

Accountable Manager

Pierre Peeters

Phone: (09)371.78.38

Mobile: (0475)26.38.68

E-mail: [email protected]

Part Time

Compliance Monitoring Manager

Michel Huybrechts

Phone: -

Mobile: (0475)93.80.35


Part Time

Head of Training

Ludo Tanghe

Phone: -

Mobile: (0477)37.55.51


Part Time

Safety Manager

Michel Huybrechts

Phone: -

Mobile: (0475)93.80.35


Part Time

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0.7 Revision record

Revision Date Changes

1.0 10 February 2015

2.0 20 November 2015 Night rating training

3.0 23 June 2016 - Sign off for BCAA theoretical exam - Familiarization training

4.0 10 October, 2016 - Replacement of the logo by the new one.

- Revisions are now only available in electronic form: partially rewrite of procedure of for new revisions.

- Correcting contact information

- Addition of section 0.6: function and management, similar to the other manuals

5.0 13/02/2017 Reorganization of chapter 5 to make a clear distinction between class rating SEP(L) training, refresher course and retraining course.

Training Manual PPL(A)

Chapter 1

TRAINING PLAN

ORA.ATO.125

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TRAINING PLAN

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1. Training Plan

1.a The aim of the course

The aim of the course is to enable the student to acquire the theoretical knowledge and the practical skills required to operate a specific airplane1 safely and efficiently according to the EASA Part-ORA and Part-FCL regulations with regard to PPL(A).

In order to achieve this goal, the ATO will provide a theoretical training course and a practical flight training. The details of the theoretical training have been documented in chapter 4 of this TM.

The details of the practical flight training have been documented in chapter 2 of this TM.

The syllabus of the theoretical knowledge for PPL(A) complies with the principles as described in AMC1 FCL.210. The details of this syllabus can be found under the TM/Training Plan/1d. The use of the syllabus for the theoretical training is described in section 4.c.

The syllabus of the practical training for PPL(A) complies with the principles as described in AMC1 FCL.210A. The details of this syllabus can be found under the TM/Training Plan/1d. Its practical use during flight training is described in section 2.d.

The theoretical and practical training will be given by qualified FI’s and approved TKI’s under supervision of the HT.

At the end of the theoretical training course, the student will have acquired the required knowledge for attempting the PPL(A) theoretical examination.

At the end of the practical flight training, the student will be ready for the practical PPL(A) skill test. Another condition is that the student has succeeded in the theoretical examination before being allowed to attempt the skill test.

The HT will ensure both the combined theoretical knowledge progress and the practical skill progress of the student.

1 For the purpose of this TM it is assumed the basic trainer aircraft for PPL(A) is a Single Pilot Aircraft/Single Engine Piston Land. The exact type and model(s) can be found in the OMM, Appendix C.

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Summarized information on the PPL(A) license

While the PPL(A) training is described in detail in this TM, it is also important to properly inform a student pilot on the general requirements for all licenses contained in Part-FCL, subpart A. Please find a summary of the rules a student pilot should be aware of at the start of his training:

• FCL.001 Competent authority: It is important for a (student) pilot to know that the national aviation authorities, the BCAA in Belgium, will need to be contacted for all transactions related to licenses.

• FCL.015: Every license is valid for one aircraft category. This manual will provide procedures for PPL(A) training, where A stands for the aircraft category “airplane”.

• FCL.020 Student pilot: During the entire training course the student will be flying either with a FI on board or under the supervision of a FI. The student shall be at least 16 years old.

• FCL.025 and FCL.020: According to these rules, only an ATO has the authority to sign a student off for the theoretical exam or the skill test. This also implies that all pilot training shall be conducted in an ATO.

• FCL.035: The ATO can give credits for previous flying experience. See section 1.c. of this manual.

• FCL.040: The privileges of a license shall only be granted if the pilot meets all validity requirements for both his license and ratings, and if he/she is the holder of a valid medical certificate.

• FCL.045: This rule stipulates that a pilot should at all times have the following documents on board: his license (except for students), his medical certificate and an identification document with a picture. A student flying solo shall have his pilot’s logbook on board, a pilot should be able to present it without undue delay.

• FCL.050: This rule describes the requirement for a pilot’s logbook. The ATO recommends students to buy their logbook from the BCAA.

• FCL.055: Language proficiency is required for pilots, the ATO will organize or subcontract the English Language Proficiency test.

• FCL.060 Recent experience: For the carriage of passengers, the 90 day rule stipulates that 3 take offs and landings shall have been made in an aircraft of the same class within the last 90 days. For night operations, at least 1 of these landings shall have been made at night.

Specifically for PPL and PPL(A) the ATO considers it essential that students be aware of the following rules:

• FCL.200: To be holder of a PPL the minimum age is 17 years.

• FCL.210: The PPL training course must be followed at an ATO. This is also the case for class and type ratings, as stipulated in FCL.725.

• FCL.215: Description of the theoretical training. Chapter 4 of this TM is compliant with FCL.215.

• FCL.235: Description of the skill test. Essential for the student to know is that after 2 failed attempts retraining at the ATO is required.

• FCL.205.A: A PPL(A) license entitles the holder for non-commercial operations only. The only exceptions are that a PPL(A) holder qualified as FI or FE can receive remuneration for these activities.

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• FCL.210.A: Describes the flight time required, and the composition of this flight time, to obtain a PPL(A). Chapter 2 of this manual meets these criteria and the requirements in this article are included in the phase 2 completion standards.

1.b Pre-entry requirements

Candidate PPL(A) students will be informed that there are no prior knowledge-requirements except for a spoken knowledge of the English language.

This knowledge facilitates success in the ELP test, mandatory for PPL(A).

Candidate students will also be informed before starting training that EASA specifies the following pre-entry requirements:

• to be at least 16 years old before attempting a first solo flight

• to be holder of a certificate of medical certificate class 1 or 2, mandatory for solo flights

The applicant for a PPL license will be at least 17 Years of age. (EC regulations 1178/2011 subpart C FCL.200).

The PPL-student is allowed to perform training flights in national and European international airspace under dual control or as a solo pilot in command under supervision of a FI.

The registration procedure of the applicant in the ATO has been detailed in this TM, section 1.g.

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1.c Credits for previous experience

With regard to the 3 cases clearly defined in FCL.210.A and in sections 1.c.1 to 1.c.3 of this chapter, the HT will allocate credits as stipulated in these sections.

Holders of a ULM license will be informed that unfortunately no credits can be given since the ULM license is not ICAO conformal. ULM pilots must complete the entire theoretical and flight training course.

For student pilots who started their PPL(A) training in another ATO, the HT will:

• Obtain a copy of the progress sheet (if available, the student progress forms, both theoretical and practical) of the student delivered by the former ATO.

• The HT will allocate the student to a FI to pursue flight training relying on the student progress sheet.

• The HT may allocate full credits for flight training exercises that were completed in the former ATO.

• Full credits may also be allocated for theoretical training subjects completed in the former ATO. Subjects partially instructed will be taught once more in the new ATO. A copy of the results of the theoretical exam at BCAA (or foreign, European CAA’s) may be used as a proof to fully credit the student for the theoretical part of the training. The lapsed time after the training at the other ATO should also be considered. One year is the validity of the recommendation for the theoretical exam given by an ATO. The HT then evaluates the student’s knowledge through a test exam and uses these results to possibly propose courses to follow to raise the knowledge to the required degree for a recommendation.

• With regard to flying exercises started but not completed, the FI will assess the competency of the student during at least 1 flight. Relying on this assessment he/she will plan further flight training and mention this on the debriefing sheet of the check flight. The student’s logbook may be used to double check the training history as documented by the HT of the former ATO.

This procedure ensures continuity of training according to equal ATO standards.

In the student’s records, a copy of the old progress sheet and/or enrollment form will be filed for later reference. The HT will prepare the standard documentation as described in section 1.g. in “Registration of a student in the ATO” and “Documents filed in the students records during the progress of training”.

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1.c.1 Holders of a LAPL(A) license

Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(A) will have completed at least 15 hours of flight time on aeroplanes after the issue of the LAPL(A), of which at least 10 will be flight instruction completed in a training course at an ATO. This training course will include at least 4 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 2 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure will be made.

Since the theoretical training course for LAPL(A) is equal to PPL(A), full credits for theoretical knowledge will be given.

1.c.2 Holders of a LAPL(S) license with TMG extension

Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(S) with a TMG extension will have completed:

1. At least 24 hours of flight time on TMG after the endorsement of the TMG extension; and

2. 15 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes in a training course at an ATO.

These 15 hours will at least include the requirement of 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure will be made.

Holders of a LAPL(S) will be given credits for the theoretical exam for the subjects that are common between PPL(A) and LAPL(S): air law, human performance, meteorology and communications.

They need to pass the BCAA theoretical exam, and follow the theoretical training

course, for the other subjects: Principles of flight, Operational procedures, Aircraft

general knowledge, Flight Performance and planning and Navigation.

1.c.3 Holders of a license for another category of aircraft

Applicants holding a pilot license for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, will be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours.

These 10 hours should not include the requirement of 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure will be made.

They will receive credits for theoretical knowledge for the subjects the training course for their license has in common with PPL(A).

According to: EC regulations 1178/2011 Subpart C FCL 210.A

1.d Training syllabi

Both a flying instruction and a theoretical knowledge training syllabus are part of the course.

The integration of these syllabi into the theoretical and flight training is described in

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detail in chapters 2 and 4.

The syllabi used by the ATO:

1. Flying instruction syllabus: The Air Pilot's Manual, volume 1 – Flying Training. Author: Trevor Thom. Editor: Air Pilot Publishing.

2. Theoretical knowledge training syllabus: BAFA/Carpels Series, including these syllabi:

Carpels – deel 01 – Vluchtbeginselen Carpels – deel 02 – Algemene kennis van het luchtvaartuig 1 Carpels – deel 03 – Algemene kennis van het luchtvaartuig 2 Carpels – deel 04 – Vluchtprestaties en planning Carpels – deel 05 – Meteorologie Carpels – deel 06 – Navigatie Carpels – deel 07 – Luchtvaartreglementering Carpels – deel 08 – Communicatie Carpels – deel 09 – Menselijke prestaties Carpels – deel 10 – Operationele Procedures Carpels – deel 11 – Vragen en antwoorden

According to Chapter 2 and 4 of this training manual

1.e Time scale and scale in weeks, for each syllabus

A time scale in terms of course hours has been defined for each syllabus. It can be found in section 4.a.2.

The lesson planning by date for the current theoretical training cycle has been included in Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date. It is updated for every next training cycle.

A time scale for practical training is variable since it depends on weather conditions and the availability of an aircraft and instructors. As a guidance value to new candidates, an estimated 2 years duration will be given.

According to: TM/chapter 2 and ATO.AMC1 FCL.210.A.

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1.f Training program

Link between theoretical and flight training

Typical to PPL training is the diverse group of students following the training course. Organizing a fully integrated theoretical and practical training is not practical due to the following influencing factors:

• Students differ strongly in terms of prior knowledge and speed of acquiring knowledge.

• There will also be significant differences in the speed of acquiring practical skills during flight training. One student will require the minimum of 45 hours, another may require more hours.

• Based on their professional and private life, their availability can either be during weekends and in the evening only, or also on weekdays.

• In a recreational flying environment, all persons involved are doing their hobby. The availability of instructors, airfield directors, aircraft and students must match.

The HT will, when a new candidate presents himself for a PPL(A) course, advise the candidate when best to start flight training, relative to theoretical training. This advice will be based on questions on the topics described above.

The goal is, to avoid that a student would exceed the 24 months validity of the theoretical exam or that he/she would lack theoretical knowledge to safely execute solo navigation flights. Two precautions should prevent this:

• FI and HT will use the progress tests during flight training to detect lack of theoretical knowledge at the end of a phase of flight training. Lack of knowledge will lead to delaying the start of flight exercises requiring this knowledge.

• Before solo navigation can be authorized, the student will need to have obtained the 75% minimum score on a trial exam on the subjects of navigation and air law.

Although not related to flight safety, an expensive situation that must be avoided is that a student has completed flight training but is far from the knowledge standard required for the theoretical exam. He/she will need to continue flight training to remain proficient, at significant extra cost.

The following examples will give guidance to the HT how to plan the start of flight training for a candidate:

Example 1:

A 19 year old candidate PPL student is a university student and confirms he/she is very motivated to absorb the theoretical knowledge. This person wants to pass the theoretical exam shortly after the end of the courses. Availability for flight training is on Saturdays only.

The HT should recognize the danger that this student will have a long flight training and could come into conflict with the 24 months validity. He/she will advise to start flight training as early as possible.

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Example 2:

A 62 year old person, with limited prior knowledge, would like to follow the PPL(A) course. Having recently retired, the person is available for flight training on any day of the week.

The main concern of the HT in this case will be that the student would quickly build up flying hours while being slow to build up theoretical knowledge.

The best advice would now be to start theoretical training, but to delay the start of flight training by at least 6 months. Following up the progress of the student during theoretical training will possibly lead to further delaying the start of flight training.

Example 3:

A holder of a SPL qualifies to receive 10 hours credit for PPL(A) training. Availability to fly is on Saturdays or Sundays.

A pilot with flying experience in another category of aircraft will easily acquire skills during flight training. The extra theoretical training required is now the main concern.

A careful advice in this case could be to initially plan one training flight per week, with the possibility of increasing this if progress during theoretical training is sufficient.

Training plans theoretical and flight training

Details of the theoretical training plans can be found in section 4.b. and in the lesson planning by date in Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date.

The FI should remind the student about the personal requirements before first solo, as stated in paragraph 1b.

At the moment of first solo flight, the FI shall check that these requirements have been fulfilled. The FI should also ensure the ability of the applicant to use R/T communication before the first solo flight.

If the student has also succeeded in the PPL(A) theoretical examination, the FI and the HT, will assess whether he/she is ready for the practical PPL(A) skill test or not. The 2 years validity of the theoretical examination has to be taken into account.

The student should meet the phase 2 completion standards as specified in section 2.e.

Although having passed the ELP is a licensing requirement, the BCAA requires a student to have passed the ELP before taking the skill test. Examiners have been instructed to check that this requirement has been fulfilled, before starting the skill test.

Bad weather constraints

A training flight will only be conducted if the weather conditions meet the VFR minima as stated in the AIP. No training flights will be operated in case of significant weather that could be a flight safety hazard. The training “basic instrument flight” can be done under IFR conditions, if the FI and the aircraft is certified.

All operations will be done within the operating limits of the training aircraft as specified

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in the pilot’s operating handbook.

Program constraints

The only limitation is that duty and rest times shall be respected. They have been defined in the OM part A, paragraph A.14 to A.17.

Restrictions of duty periods for students and instructors

Please refer to the OM part A, paragraph A.14 and A.15.

Minimum rest period between duty periods

Please refer to the OM part A, paragraph A.14 and A.15.

Maximum number of flights or flying hours in one day

No FI will hesitate to declare himself/herself or the student “not fit to fly” in case of fatigue or any (medical) condition that may impact his or her ability to fly.

Duration of dual and solo flights at various stages

As a general guideline to FI’s, the average duration of training flights during all phases should be 60 minutes, except for navigation training. However, occasionally and at the discretion of the FI, longer flights may be included in the PPL training.

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1.g Training records

The main goal of keeping students records, is to document the students’ progress by filing all relevant documents. As a general guideline, the HT will make sure a copy of any standard ATO form, BCAA form, ELP, theoretical exam or skill test result is inserted into the student’s records. They should reflect the progress the student has made during training.

A copy of the students medical certificate will be made as soon has he/she has obtained one.

Registration of a student in the ATO

When a new student enters the ATO, 3 standard documents will be completed and inserted:

• The ATO student registration form, found in Appendix 2 – New student inscription form at the end of this document. This form will document:

− The student’s personal details.

− Information on any prior flight experience or training.

− If he/she is already holder of a license, the type of license and ratings.

− If he/she is already holder of a medical certificate, the class.

− A statement that the student has been informed about the pre-entry requirements detailed in section 1.b.

− In addendum to the form, a copy of the medical certificate.

• The student enrolment form, found in Appendix 3 – Student Progress Form, Theoretical. This form will, during all phases of training, be used to summarize the progress of the student. The different topics on the form will be signed off by the HT, or by the FI or TKI who provided the training.

• The student progress form, found in Appendix 4 - Student Progress Form, Practical. This form will document which flight training exercises have been started or completed.

Documents filed in the students records during the progress of training

Of all students of the ATO who are at any stage of the theoretical course, a presence list will be kept to be signed by the students after each lesson they attended. Although this document is not included in the student’s records, it is essential to document which student attended which theoretical training courses. It will be kept centrally and will be used to update the student enrolment forms at the end of each theoretical subject.

The paragraph “standardization of entries in training records” below, lists the documents which should – as a minimum – be inserted into the students records.

Standardization of entries in training records

All FI’s and the HT will use the same standard documents, added in the appendices at the end of this document:

• Debriefing a student (Appendix 6 – Standard Debriefing sheet)

• Signing off a student for a theoretical exam (Appendix 1 – BCAA forms)

• Signing off a student for the skill test (Appendix 1 – BCAA forms)

• Signing off a student for solo local or navigation flight (Appendix 1 – BCAA forms)

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• Approving the flight planning and preparation for a solo navigation flight (Appendix 1 – BCAA forms)

• Documenting the progress of a student: which flight training exercises have been started or completed (Appendix 4 - Student Progress Form, Practical).

• Documenting the result of a progress test (Appendix 5 - Progress test report form).

• Marking the first solo flight as a milestone in flight training (Appendix 1 – BCAA forms). It is legally allowed, and considered a best practice by the ATO, to complete this form and note the approval in the pilots logbook, after the first solo flight.

Rules concerning log book entries

Please refer to OM, Part A, paragraph A.18.

Rules for security of records and documents

Please refer to OM, Part A, paragraph A.11.

The nature and frequency of record checks

During his/her follow-up of the progress of the students, the HT will be vigilant for any inaccurate, incomplete or missing documentation. In case of findings he/she will discuss them with the student’s FI.

1.h Safety training

One of the main aims of the ATO is to insure the safety of aviation activities as far as possible. This goal includes the introduction and the correct application of a SMS.

Safety training is described in the OMM, Part 2 paragraph 2.14.

Emergency drills

Emergency drills are integrated in the flight training in the form of exercises 1b, 5b, 12 and 13. Please refer to section 2.a. of this manual for further details.

Essential exercises

The essential skills a student must develop before completing one of the training phases are described in section 2.e. on student progress.

Dual checks

Three progress tests have been included in the flight training. Their content is described in section 2.g. on progress checks. At least one check must be performed by a second FI or the HT.

Requirements for solo flight and solo navigation flight

For any solo flight, a student should:

• Be holder of a medical certificate of at least class 2

• Have the approval of his/her FI either in the pilot’s logbook or by holding a signed copy of the BCAA solo approval form. This approval is not required for a first solo flight.

For a solo navigation flight, a student should:

• Have the approval of his/her FI by holding a signed copy of the solo cross country authorization form in Appendix 1 – BCAA forms.

• Have the flight planning and preparation signed off by his/her FI via the solo cross country briefing certificate, also found in Appendix 1 – BCAA forms.

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1.i Tests and examinations

1.i.1 Theoretical knowledge

At the end of the theoretical course cycle, the students will be informed about the date of a trial examination about all subjects of the theoretical course. This date is planned within 3 weeks after the last lesson (see Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date). As for the theoretical exam organized by the BCAA, the minimum score for the trial examination has been set to 75% for each subject.

For the students having passed this trial examination, the HT fills in the standard BCAA form “Application for PART-FCL theoretical knowledge examinations” (ARA.FCL.300), which is a recommendation form for PPL(A) theoretical exam (see Appendix 1 – BCAA forms), organized by the BCAA, not by the ATO. This recommendation is valid for 12 months, according to FCL025, paragraph 3.

Students who could not attend the initial trial examination, may contact the HT to organize another one at a later date. Students passing it will equally be signed off for the PPL(A) theoretical exam. However, the examination at BCAA must be performed within 12 months after the date of the initial test examination, thereby avoiding a cascade of two periods: the legal period of 12 months and the extra period after the initial trial examination. The Noordzee Vliegclub ATO estimates that extending the legal period would deteriorate the student’s knowledge. So, the recommendation form will contain two dates: the date of the trial examination and the advised date of the BCAA exam, which is the date of the initial trial examination + 12 months. Make sure a copy is inserted into the student records to document his progress.

The trial examination can be repeated as often as required, and relying on the grades, the HT may propose the student additional training for specific subjects.

All subjects and sittings of the theoretical exam shall be taken with the same CAA.

1.i.2 Practical examination or skill test

Only the HT has the authority to sign a student off for the skill test and to contact an examiner. The HT will ensure to alternate the designated examiners.

The conditions for being signed off are:

• The student has passed the PPL(A) theoretical exam.

• The student meets the phase 2 completion standards (section 2.e) and has passed the final progress test (section 2.e).

• As a best practice, although legally this is a licensing requirement only, the student should not be signed off before having passed the ELP.

• A student can take the skill test before having reached the age of 17. However, a PPL license cannot be issued before the applicant is at least 17 years old.

• The skill test will be performed by a BCAA approved flight examiner, using the standard BCAA form “Skill test and proficiency check report form” also mentioned in Appendix 1 – BCAA forms.

• The HT has done at least one evaluation flight during the practical training of the student.

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1.j Training effectiveness

Since achieving training effectiveness is essential to any flight school, the HT encourages an open debate between all ATO FI’s, TKI’s and students.

This should involve other users of the airfield, the aero club Board of Directors, the airfield director or other stakeholders.

The purpose is to identify any deficiencies in the training effectiveness.

These deficiencies will then be discussed by the HT with all FI’s and TKI’s and will be remedied as much as possible.

Disciplinary action

The policy with regard to taking disciplinary action against students is described in the OM Part A, paragraph A.4.

Procedure if a student “silently” interrupts training

A specific situation the HT may be confronted with, is a student who abruptly stops showing up for training, without any communication. This can be for professional, personal or even medical reasons.

In this specific situation, the HT, either personally or via the team of FI/TKI, will try to contact the student. If over a period of 3 months or more all attempts are unsuccessful, he/she will insert a memo into the student’s records stating that the training is considered to be interrupted until further notice.

Upon return of the student, a new memo will be written allowing the student to continue training at the ATO. If the length of the interruption was longer than 6 months, the HT will require a check flight with a FI to assess the level of competency of the student before flight training can be restarted.

If theoretical courses have been missed, the HT will proceed as described in section 4.d under “What will the ATO do if a student needs to interrupt training”.

1.k Standards and level of performances at various stages

The standard levels that need to be achieved during training have been detailed in this TM, sections 2.e and.4.e.

Before being signed off to register for the PPL(A) theoretical examination, the student will pass a trial exam as specified in section 1.i.1.

During the practical flight training, 3 progress tests have been integrated to check whether the student is able to start with a next set of exercises. These progress test are described in section 2.g. At least one of these test must be done by a different FI or the HT.

Moreover, the practical training has been divided into 2 phases and each phase has its completion standards. These are defined in section 2.e.

Standardization of training procedures, and FI/TKI standardization training

Essential in an ATO is standardization of procedures. This will ensure a student can change instructors without being confused by different methods of instruction.

Standardization of training procedures has been achieved by the following means:

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making maximum use of standardized forms.

FI’s follow the standard flight training procedures as described in chapter 2.

TKI’s follow the standard theoretical training procedures as described in chapter 4.

All training operations will be conducted in accordance with the OM and the OMM.

FI standardization training will be organized. Every new FI or TKI entering the ATO will receive a full briefing on the training procedures described in this TM. The need to carefully follow them will be accentuated by the HT.

Please refer to the OM, Part D, paragraph D.4 for full detail of the ATO standardization training for FI.

Standards of competence

Standards of competence for the completion of the training phases, and to be signed off for the PPL(A) theoretical examination or skill test, have been set in chapters 2 and 4.

Individual responsibilities during training

The HT will select FI’s and TKI’s and follow-up the correct progress of training activities. His/her main tools to do this are direct contact with students, FI’s and TKI’s and checking of students records for completeness and accuracy. It is his/her responsibility to intervene at any time, when procedures laid down in this manual are not applied correctly. He/she will also follow up student training progress and only the HT can sign a student off for the theoretical exam or skill test. No changes to any training program or to this manual can be made without his/her agreement.

A FI will strictly follow the procedures in this manual, whereby most of his/her activities will focus on the air exercises in chapter 2. He/she will contact the HT without delay if any irregularity occurs during flight training.

The FI will brief and debrief students, including long briefings. He/she will file all documents with regard to everyday flying activities in the student’s records. He/she will also do the progress tests and advise the HT when a student is ready for the skill test or shows no progress at all despite efforts.

A TKI will strictly follow the procedures in this manual, whereby most of his/her activities will focus on the theoretical training in chapter 4. He/she will make sure courses are well prepared and documented, in agreement with the content in section 4.b. He/she will make sure the presence list is signed by all students attending courses. After the courses are ended, the student must pass a trial exam with questions about all courses.

Students will behave in a responsible way, respecting the material and staff of the ATO. They will follow the instructions received from FI, TKI, HT or other ATO staff. Although PPL students are enjoying their hobby, they should at the same time realize that good airmanship and a responsible attitude are basic skills of every pilot.

Individual responsibilities with regard to students’ progress

It is essential to successful completion of PPL(A) training, that all staff involved in training are vigilant to lack of progress with students. The responsibilities have been defined as follows:

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The general attitude by all staff will be: slow progress is acceptable for PPL as long as the required standards for a proficient pilot are eventually met.

When a TKI detects slow progress, his/her responsibility is to take the steps described in section 4.d. If the lack of progress cannot be remedied by the steps specified in this paragraph, he/she will discuss further initiatives with the HT.

When a FI detects slow progress, he/she will allow extra training flights for the air exercises concerned. Only when this does not provide a solution, intervention by the HT will be requested.

The HT will, if he/she needs to intervene, make an appointment with the student and discuss the issues in detail. He/she will write a memo clarifying to the student the standards that should eventually be met to successfully complete the present phase of training. It will state that the student will not be allowed to progress to next phases of training before he/she meets those standards. However, given the recreational character of PPL flying a constructive proposal will be included on how the HT would like the student to proceed. Both parties will sign the document, which will be placed in the students records.


Chapter 2

BRIEFING AND AIR EXERCISES

ORA.ATO.125 & FCL210.A

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2. Briefing and Air Exercises

2.a Air Exercises

The details regarding phase 1 and 2 of the PPL(A) flight training course can be found in section 2.c.

For each exercise, the following information is given:

• Reference is made to the relevant chapter in the syllabus. The suggested preflight briefing for each exercise can be found in the related chapter. It is common practice that students read the chapter in the syllabus before each training flight.

• The list of topics to be included in each exercise has been extracted from the AMC1 FCL.210.A PPL(A).

2.a.1 Phase 1

Exercise 1a. Familiarization with the aeroplane.

See chapter 1 of the syllabus “Aircraft Familiarization”.

This exercise will be preceded by a long briefing to make the student aware of:

(1) Introduction to the aeroplane; (2) Explanation of the cockpit layout; (3) Aeroplane and engine systems; (4) Checklists, drills and controls; (5) Propeller safety;

(a) Precautions general; (b) Precautions before and during hand turning; (c) Hand swinging technique for starting (if applicable to type).

(6) Differences when occupying the instructor’s seat; (7) Emergency drills:

(a) Action if fire in the air and on the ground: engine, cock or cabin and electrical fire.

(b) System failure as applicable to type. (c) Escape drills: location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

According to the AMC, this exercise includes:

(A) Characteristics of the aeroplane; (B) Cockpit layout; (C) Systems; (D) Checklists, drills and controls.

Exercise 1b: Emergency drills:

See chapter 1 paragraph E of the syllabus “Emergency drills”.


(1) action if fire on the ground and in the air;

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(2) Engine cabin and electrical system fire; (3) Systems failure; (4) Escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits. Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:

See chapter 2, paragraph 2a to 2c of the syllabus, “Preparation for flight”, “Starting and stopping the engine” and “Post-flight actions”.


(1) Flight authorization and aeroplane acceptance, including technical log (if applicable) and certificate of maintenance; (2) Equipment required for flight (maps, etc.); (3) External checks; (4) Internal checks; (5) Student comfort, harness, seat or rudder pedal adjustment; (6) Starting and warming up checks; (7) Power checks; (8) Running down, system checks and switching off the engine; (9) Leaving the aeroplane, parking, security and picketing; (10) Completion of authorization sheet and aeroplane serviceability documents.


(A) Flight authorization and aeroplane acceptance; (B) Serviceability documents; (C) Equipment required, maps, etc.; (D) External checks; (E) Internal checks; (F) Harness, seat or rudder panel adjustments; (G) Starting and warm-up checks; (H) Power checks; (I) Running down system checks and switching off the engine; (J) Parking, security and picketing (for example tie down); (K) Completion of authorization sheet and serviceability documents.

Exercise 3: Air experience: flight exercise.

See chapter 3 of the syllabus “Air experience”.

No long briefing is required prior to this exercise.

According to the AMC, during this flight the instructor will allow the student to experience the most common sensations of flying an aeroplane.

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Exercise 4: Effects of controls:

See chapter 4 paragraphs 4a to 4j of the syllabus “The primary effect of each main flight control”, “The further effect of each main flight control”, “The art of trimming”, “The effect of airspeed and slipstream”, “The effects of power changes”, “The effect of using flaps”, “Carburetor Heat”, “The Mixture control”, “Using the radio” and “Cabin heating and ventilation”.


(1) Function of primary flying controls: when laterally level and banked; (2) Further effect of ailerons and rudder; (3) Effect of inertia; (4) Effect of air speed; (5) Effect of slipstream; (6) Effect of power; (7) Effect of trimming controls; (8) Effect of flaps; (9) Operation of mixture control; (10) Operation of carburetor heat control; (11) Operation of cabin heat or ventilation systems;


(A) Primary effects when laterally level and when banked; (B) Further effects of aileron and rudder; (C) Effects of:

(a) Air speed; (b) Slipstream; (c) Power; (d) Trimming controls; (e) Flaps; (f) Other controls, as applicable.

(D) Operation of: (a) Mixture control; (b) Carburetor heat; (c) Cabin heating or ventilation.

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Exercise 5a: Taxiing:

See chapter 5 of the syllabus “Taxiing an Aeroplane”.


(1) Pre-taxiing checks; (2) Starting, control of speed and stopping; (3) Engine handling; (4) Control of direction and turning (including maneuvering in confined spaces); (5) Parking area procedures and precautions; (6) Effect of wind and use of flying controls; (7) Effect of ground surface; (8) Freedom of Rudder movement; (9) Marshalling signals; (10) Instrument checks; (11) ATC procedures; (12) Emergencies: steering failure and brake failure.


(A) Pre-taxi checks; (B) Starting, control of speed and stopping; (C) Engine handling; (D) Control of direction and turning; (E) Turning in confined spaces; (F) Parking area procedure and precautions; (G) Effects of wind and use of flying controls; (H) Effects of ground surface; (I) Freedom of rudder movement; (J) Marshalling signals; (K) Instrument checks; (L) Air traffic control procedures.

Exercise 5b: Emergencies: brake and steering failure.

See chapter 5 paragraph 5.e of the syllabus “Taxiing Emergencies”.


No further detail available in the AMC. The content of this exercise is:

Brake failure.

Failure of steering.

Exercise 6: Straight and level:

See syllabus, chapter 6 paragraph 6a to 6c (”Flying straight and level in balance at constant power”, “Flying straight and level in balance at a selected airspeed”, “Cruising with flap extended”).


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(1) The forces; (2) Longitudinal stability and control in pitch; (3) Relationship of CG to control in pitch; (4) Lateral and directional stability (control of lateral level and balance); (5) Attitude and balance control; (6) Trimming; (7) Power settings and air speeds; (8) Drag and power curves; (9) Range and endurance.


(A) At normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight; (B) Flight at critically high air speeds; (C) Demonstration of inherent stability; (D) Control in pitch, including use of trim; (E) Lateral level, direction and balance and trim; (F) At selected air speeds (use of power); (G) During speed and configuration changes; (H) Use of instruments for precision.

Exercise 7: Climbing:

See chapter 7 of the syllabus “Climbing”.


(1) The forces; (2) Relationship between power or air speed and rate of climb (power curves maximum rate of climb (vy)); (3) Effect of mass; (4) Effect of flaps; (5) Engine considerations; (6) Effect of density altitude; (7) The cruise climb; (8) Maximum angle of climb (vx).


(A) Entry, maintaining the normal and max rate climb and levelling off; (B) Levelling off at selected altitudes; (C) En-route climb (cruise climb); (D) Climbing with flap down; (E) Recovery to normal climb; (F) Maximum angle of climb; (G) Use of instruments for precision.

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Exercise 8: Descending:

See chapter 8 paragraph 8a to 8d of the syllabus "The Glide", “The powered descent”, “Use of flap in the descent”, “The sideslip”.


(1) The forces; (2) Glide descent: angle, air speed and rate of descent; (3) Effect of flaps; (4) Effect of wind; (5) Effect of mass; (6) Engine considerations; (7) Power assisted descent: power or air speed and rate of descent; (8) Cruise descent; (9) Sideslip.


(A) Entry, maintaining and levelling off; (B) Levelling off at selected altitudes; (C) Glide, powered and cruise descent (including effect of power and air speed); (D) Side slipping (on suitable types); (E) Use of instruments for precision flight.

Exercise 9: Turning:

See chapter 9 paragraph 9a to 9d of the syllabus "The medium level turn", “The climbing turn”, “Descending turns”, “Turning onto selected headings”.


(1) The forces; (2) Use of controls; (3) Use of power; (4) Maintenance of attitude and balance; (5) Medium level turns; (6) Climbing and descending turns; (7) Slipping turns; (8) Turning onto selected headings: use of gyro heading indicator and magnetic compass.

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(A) Entry and maintaining medium level turns; (B) Resuming straight flight; (C) Faults in the turn (for example in correct pitch, bank and balance); (D) Climbing turns; (E) Descending turns; (F) Faults in the turns (slipping and skidding on suitable types); (G) Turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass; (H) Use of instruments for precision. Exercise 10a: Slow flight:

See chapter 10 paragraph 10a of the syllabus "Slow Flying".


(1) Aeroplane handling characteristics during slow flight at: (a) Vs1 & Vso + 10 knots; (b) Vs1 & Vso + 5 knots.

(2) Slow flight during instructor induced distractions; (3) Effect of overshooting in configurations where application of engine power causes a strong ‘nose-up’ trim change. According to the AMC, this exercise includes:

Note: the objective is to improve the student’s ability to recognize inadvertent flight at critically low speeds and provide practice in maintaining the aeroplane in balance while returning to normal air speed.

(A) Safety checks; (B) Introduction to slow flight; (C) Controlled flight down to critically slow air speed; (D) Application of full power with correct attitude and balance to achieve normal climb speed. Exercise 10b: Stalling:

See chapter 10 paragraph 10b of the syllabus "Stalling".


(1) Characteristics of the stall; (2) Angle of attack; (3) Effectiveness of the controls at the stall; (4) Factors affecting the stalling speed:

(a) Effect of flaps, slats and slots; (b) Effect of power, mass, CG and load factor.

(5) Effects of unbalance at the stall; (6) Symptoms of the stall; (7) Stall recognition and recovery; (8) Stalling and recovery:

(a) Without power; (b) With power on;

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(c) With flaps down; (d) Maximum power climb (straight and turning flight to the point of stall with uncompensated yaw); (e) Stalling and recovery during maneuvers involving more than 1 G (accelerated stalls, including secondary stalls and recoveries); (f) Recovering from incipient stalls in the landing and other configurations and conditions; (g) Recovering at the incipient stage during change of configuration; (h) Stalling and recovery at the incipient stage with ‘instructor induced’ distractions.

Note: consideration is to be given to maneuver limitations and references to the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook) in relation to mass and balance limitations. The safety checks should take into account the minimum safe altitude for initiating such exercises in order to ensure an adequate margin of safety for the recovery. If specific procedures for stalling or spinning exercises and for the recovery techniques are provided by the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook), they have to be taken into consideration. These factors are also covered in the next exercise spinning.


(A) Safety checks; (B) Symptoms; (C) Recognition; (D) Clean stall and recovery without power and with power; (E) Recovery when a wing drops; (F) Approach to stall in the approach and in the landing configurations, with and without power and recovery at the incipient stage.

Exercise 11: Spin avoidance:

See syllabus, chapter 11 paragraph 11a to 11b ("Incipient Spins" and "Full Spins").


(1) Causes, stages, autorotation and characteristics of the spin; (2) Recognition and recovery at the incipient stage: entered from various flight attitudes; (3) Aeroplane limitations.


(A) Safety checks; (B) Stalling and recovery at the incipient spin stage (stall with excessive wing drop, about 45 °); (C) Instructor induced distractions during the stall.

Note 1: at least two hours of stall awareness and spin avoidance flight training should

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be completed during the course.

Note 2: consideration of maneuver limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane manual and mass and balance calculations.

Exercise 12: Take-off and climb to downwind position:

See chapter 12 of the syllabus "Standard take-off and climb to downwind leg".


(1) Handling: factors affecting the length of take-off run and initial climb; (2) correct lift off speed, use of elevators (safeguarding the nose wheel), rudder and power; (3) Effect of wind (including crosswind component); (4) Effect of flaps (including the decision to use and the amount permitted); (5) Effect of ground surface and gradient upon the take-off run; (6) Effect of mass, altitude and temperature on take-off and climb performance; (7) Pre take-off checks; (8) ATC procedure before take-off; (9) Drills, during and after take-off; (10) Noise abatement procedures; (11) Tail wheel considerations (as applicable); (12) Short or soft field take-off considerations or procedures; (13) Emergencies:

(a) Aborted take-off; (b) Engine failure after take-off.

(14) ATC procedures. According to the AMC, this exercise includes:

(A) Pre-take-off checks; (B) Into wind take-off; (C) Safeguarding the nose wheel; (D) Crosswind take-off; (E) Drills during and after take-off; (F) Short take-off and soft field procedure/techniques including performance calculations; (G) Noise abatement procedures.

Exercise 13: Circuit, approach and landing:

See chapter 13 paragraph 13a to 13h of the syllabus "The circuit, powered approach and normal landing", "The go-around", "Departing and joining the circuit", "The flapless approach and landing", "The glide approach and landing", "Crosswind operations", "Short-field operations", "Soft-field operations".


(1) Downwind leg, base leg and approach: position and drills; (2) Factors affecting the final approach and the landing run; (3) Effect of mass;

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(4) Effects of altitude and temperature; (5) Effect of wind; (6) Effect of flap; (7) Landing; (8) Effect of ground surface and gradient upon the landing run; (9) Types of approach and landing:

(a) Powered; (b) Crosswind; (c) Flapless (at an appropriate stage of the course); (d) Glide; (e) Short field; (f) Soft field.

(10) Tail wheel aeroplane considerations (as applicable); (11) Missed approach; (12) Engine handling; (13) Wake turbulence awareness; (14) Wind shear awareness; (15) ATC procedures; (16) Mislanding and go-around; (17) Special emphasis on look-out. According to the AMC, this exercise includes:

(A) Circuit procedures, downwind and base leg; (B) Powered approach and landing; (C) Safeguarding the nose wheel; (D) Effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds and use of flaps; (E) Crosswind approach and landing; (F) Glide approach and landing; (G) Short landing and soft field procedures or techniques; (H) Flapless approach and landing; (I) Wheel landing (tail wheel aeroplanes); (J) Missed approach and go-around; (K) Noise abatement procedures.

Exercise 12/13: Emergencies:

See chapter 12 paragraph 12E of the syllabus "Emergencies during the take-off".



(A) Abandoned take-off; (B) Engine failure after take-off; (C) Mislanding and go-around; (D) Missed approach.

Note: in the interests of safety it will be necessary for pilots trained on nose wheel aeroplanes to undergo dual conversion training before flying tail wheel aeroplanes, and vice-versa.

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Exercise 14: First solo:

Please make sure this milestone during flight training is documented by inserting the “first solo registration form”, Appendix 1 – BCAA forms, into the student records.

See chapter 14 of the syllabus "First solo".

As long briefing items, during the flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation period the following should be covered:

(1) Procedures for leaving and rejoining the circuit; (2) Local area (restrictions, controlled airspace, etc.); (3) Compass turns; (4) QDM meaning and use.


(A) instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and de-briefing; Note: during flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation the following should be revised:

(B) Procedures for leaving and rejoining the circuit; (C) The local area, restrictions, map reading; (D) Use of radio aids for homing; (E) Turns using magnetic compass, compass errors.

2.a.2 Phase 2

Exercise 15: Advanced turning:

See syllabus, chapter 15 paragraph 15a to 15c ("The steep level turn", "Recovery from unusual attitudes", "The steep descending turn").


(1) The forces; (2) Use of power; (3) Effect of load factor:

(i) Structural considerations; (ii) Increased stalling speed.

(4) Physiological effects; (5) Rate and radius of turn; (6) Steep, level, descending and climbing turns; (7) Stalling in the turn and how to avoid it; (8) Spinning from the turn: recovery at the incipient stage; (9) Spiral dive; (10) Unusual attitudes and recoveries.

Note: considerations are to be given to maneuver limitations and reference to the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook) in relation to mass and balance, and any other restrictions for practice entries to the spin.

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(A) Steep turns (45 °), level and descending; (B) Stalling in the turn and recovery; (C) Recoveries from unusual attitudes, including spiral dives.

Exercise 16: Forced landing without power:

See chapter 16 of the syllabus "The forced landing without power".


(1) Selection of forced landing areas; (2) Provision for change of plan; (3) Gliding distance: consideration; (4) Planning the descent; (5) Key positions; (6) Engine failure checks; (7) Use of radio: R/T ‘distress’ procedure; (8) Base leg; (9) Final approach; (10) Go-around; (11) Landing considerations; (12) Actions after landing: aeroplane security; (13) Causes of engine failure. According to the AMC, this exercise includes:

(A) Forced landing procedure; (B) Choice of landing area, provision for change of plan; (C) Gliding distance; (D) Descent plan; (E) Key positions; (F) Engine cooling; (G) Engine failure checks; (H) Use of radio; (I) Base leg; (J) Final approach; (K) Landing; (L) Actions after landing

Exercise 17: Precautionary landing:

See chapter 17 paragraph 17a to 17b of the syllabus "The precautionary search and landing" and "Ditching in water".


(1) Occasions when necessary (in-flight conditions); (2) Landing area selection and communication (R/T procedure); (3) Overhead inspection; (4) Simulated approach; (5) Climb away; (6) Landing area selection:

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(a) Normal aerodrome; (b) Disused aerodrome; (c) Ordinary field;

(7) Circuit and approach; (8) Actions after landing; aeroplane security.


(A) Full procedure away from aerodrome to break-off height; (B) Occasions necessitating; (C) In-flight conditions; (D) Landing area selection:

(a) Normal aerodrome; (b) Disused aerodrome;

(c) Ordinary field. (E) Circuit and approach; (F) Actions after landing.

Exercise 18a: Navigation:

See chapter 18 paragraph 18a of the syllabus "Pilot navigation".


(1) Flight planning; (a) Weather forecast and actual(s); (b) Map selection, orientation, preparation and use:

(A) Choice of route; (B) Regulated or controlled airspace; (C) Danger, prohibited and restricted areas; (D) Safety altitude.

(c) Calculations: (A) Magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route; (B) Fuel consumption; (C) Mass and balance; (D) Mass and performance.

(d) Flight information: (A) NOTAMs etc.; (B) Noting of required radio frequencies; (C) Selection of alternate aerodrome(s).

(e) Aeroplane documentation. (f) Notification of the flight:

(A) Pre-flight administration procedures; (B) Flight plan form (where appropriate).

(2) Departure; (a) Organization of cockpit workload; (b) Departure procedures:

(A) Altimeter settings; (B) Setting heading procedures; (C) Noting of ETA(s).

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(c) En-route map reading: identification of ground features; (d) Maintenance of altitudes and headings; (e) Revisions to ETA and heading, wind effect, drift angle and groundspeed checks; (f) Log keeping; (g) Use of radio (including VDF if applicable); (h) Minimum weather conditions for continuance of flight; (i) ‘In-flight’ decisions; (j) Diversion procedures; (k) Operations in regulated or controlled airspace; (l) Procedures for entry, transit and departure; (m) Navigation at minimum level; (n) Uncertainty of position procedure, including R/T procedure; (o) Lost procedure; (p) Use of radio navaids.

(3) Arrival procedures and aerodrome circuit joining procedures: (a) ATC liaison, R/T procedure, etc.; (b) Altimeter setting, (c) Entering the traffic pattern (controlled or uncontrolled aerodromes); (d) Circuit procedures; (e) Parking procedures; (f) Security of aircraft; (g) Refueling; (h) Booking in.


(A) Flight planning: (a) Weather forecast and actuals; (b) Map selection and preparation:

(1) Choice of route; (2) Controlled airspace; (3) Danger, prohibited and restricted areas; (4) Safety altitudes.

(c) Calculations: (1) Magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route; (2) Fuel consumption; (3) Mass and balance; (4) Mass and performance.

(d) Flight information: (1) NOTAMs etc.; (2) Radio frequencies; (3) Selection of alternate aerodromes.

(e) Aeroplane documentation; (f) Notification of the flight:

(1) Pre-flight administrative procedures; (2) Flight plan form.

(B) Departure: (a) Organization of cockpit workload; (b) Departure procedures:

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(1) Altimeter settings; (2) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace; (3) Setting heading procedure; (4) Noting of ETAs.

(c) Maintenance of altitude and heading; (d) Revisions of ETA and heading; (e) Log keeping; (f) Use of radio; (g) Use of navaids; (h) Minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight; (i) In-flight decisions; (j) Transiting controlled or regulated airspace; (k) Diversion procedures; (l) Uncertainty of position procedure; (m) Lost procedure.

(C) Arrival and aerodrome joining procedure: (a) ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace; (b) Altimeter setting; (c) Entering the traffic pattern; (d) Circuit procedures; (e) Parking; (f) Security of aeroplane; (g) Refueling; (h) Closing of flight plan, if appropriate; (i) Post-flight administrative procedures.

Exercise 18b: Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility:

See chapter 18 paragraph 18b of the syllabus "Navigation at lower levels and in reduced visibility".


(1) General considerations: (a) Planning requirements before flight in entry or exit lanes; (b) ATC rules, pilot qualifications and aircraft equipment; (c) Entry or exit lanes and areas where specific local rules apply.

(2) Low level familiarization: (a) Actions before descending; (b) Visual impressions and height keeping at low altitude; (c) Effects of speed and inertia during turns; (d) Effects of wind and turbulence;

(3) Low level operation: (a) Weather considerations; (b) Low cloud and good visibility; (c) Low cloud and poor visibility; (d) Avoidance of moderate to heavy rain showers; (e) Effects of precipitation; (f) Joining a circuit; (g) Bad weather circuit, approach and landing.

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(A) Actions before descending; (B) Hazards (for example obstacles and terrain); (C) Difficulties of map reading; (D) Effects of wind and turbulence; (E) Vertical situational awareness (avoidance of controlled flight into terrain); (F) Avoidance of noise sensitive areas; (G) Joining the circuit; (H) Bad weather circuit and landing.

Exercise 18c: Radio navigation:

This subject is not included in "The Air Pilots Manual, Volume 1", however students and FI’s can refer to the theoretical training syllabus BAFA Carpels, "Navigatie".


(1) Use of VOR: (a) Availability, AIP and frequencies; (b) Signal reception range; (c) Selection and identification; (d) Radials and method of numbering; (e) Use of OBS; (f) To or from indication and station passage; (g) Selection, interception and maintaining a radial; (h) Use of two stations to determine position.

(2) Use of ADF equipment: (a) Availability of NDB stations, AIP and frequencies; (b) Signal reception range; (c) Selection and identification; (d) Orientation in relation to NDP; (e) Homing to an NDP.

(3) Use of VHF/DF: (a) Availability, AIP and frequencies; (b) R/T procedures; (c) Obtaining QDMs and QTEs.

(4) Use of radar facilities: (a) availability and provision of service and AIS; (b) Types of service; (c) R/T procedures and use of transponder:

(A) Mode selection; (B) Emergency codes.

(5) Use of DME: (a) Availability and AIP; (b) Operating modes; (c) Slant range.

(6) Use of GNSS (RNAV – SATNAV): (a) Availability;

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(b) Operating modes; (c) Limitations.

� Special attention should be given to two principles with regard to the knowledge of

radio navigation equipment:

1. A student shall learn to use every piece of radio navigation equipment available in the training aircraft.

2. GPS or GNSS should be included in radio navigation training for all students. GPS or GNSS should never replace careful flight preparation.


(A) Use of GNSS: (a) Selection of waypoints; (b) To or from indications and orientation; (c) Error messages.

(B) Use of VHF omni range: (a) Availability, AIP and frequencies; (b) Selection and identification; (c) OBS; (d) To or from indications and orientation; (e) CDI; (f) Determination of radial; (g) Intercepting and maintaining a radial; (h) VOR passage; (i) Obtaining a fix from two VORs.

(C) Use of ADF equipment: NDBs: (a) Availability, AIP and frequencies; (b) Selection and identification; (c) Orientation relative to the beacon; (d) Homing.

(D) Use of VHF/DF: (a) Availability, AIP, frequencies; (b) R/T procedures and ATC liaison; (c) Obtaining a QDM and homing.

(E) Use of en-route or terminal radar: (a) Availability and AIP; (b) Procedures and ATC liaison; (c) Pilot’s responsibilities; (d) Secondary surveillance radar:

(1) Transponders; (2) Code selection; (3) Interrogation and reply.

(F) Use of DME: (a) Station selection and identification; (b) Modes of operation: distance, groundspeed and time to run.

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Exercise 19: Basic instrument flight:

See chapter 19 of the syllabus "Instrument Flying".


(1) Flight instruments; (a) Physiological sensations; (b) Instrument appreciation; (c) Attitude instrument flight; (d) Pitch indications; (e) Bank indications; (f) Different dial presentations; (g) Introduction to the use of the attitude indicator; (h) Pitch attitude; (i) Bank attitude; (j) Maintenance of heading and balanced flight; (k) Instrument limitations (inclusive system failures).

(2) Attitude, power and performance; (a) Attitude instrument flight: (b) Control instruments; (c) Performance instruments; (d) Effect of changing power and configuration; (e) Cross-checking the instrument indications; (f) Instrument interpretation; (g) Direct and indirect indications (performance instruments); (h) Instrument lag;


(A) Physiological sensations; (B) Instrument appreciation; attitude instrument flight; (C) Instrument limitations; (D) Basic maneuvers:

(a) Straight and level at various air speeds and configurations; (b) Climbing and descending; (c) Standard rate turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings; (d) Recoveries from climbing and descending turns.

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2.b Air exercise reference list

For quick reference by FI, the following air exercise reference list can be consulted. Further details with regard to each exercise are available in section 2.a.

Exercise 1a. Familiarization with the aeroplane Exercise 1b: Emergency drills Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight Exercise 3: Air experience: flight exercise Exercise 4: Effects of controls Exercise 5a: Taxiing Exercise 5b: Emergencies: brake and steering failure Exercise 6: Straight and level Exercise 7: Climbing Exercise 8: Descending Exercise 9: Turning Exercise 10a: Slow flight Exercise 10b: Stalling Exercise 11: Spin avoidance Exercise 12: Take-off and climb to downwind position Exercise 13: Circuit, approach and landing Exercise 12/13: Emergencies Exercise 14: First solo Exercise 15: Advanced turning Exercise 16: Forced landing without power Exercise 17: Precautionary landing Exercise 18a: Navigation Exercise 18b: Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility: Exercise 18c: Radio navigation Exercise 19: Basic instrument flight

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2.c Course structure - Phases of training

The PPL(A) flight training course has been divided into two phases. For details of the content of the progress test, please refer to section 2.g.:

• Phase 1 starts with exercise 1a as described in the AMC Part FCL. It includes all flight exercises until and including the first solo flight, exercise 14. Phase 1 includes a first progress test once all skills required for the first solo flight have been trained. Only when the progress test has been completed successfully, will the student be allowed, depending on different circumstances, to make his/her first solo flight shortly afterwards.

Please make sure this milestone during flight training is documented by inserting the “first solo registration form”, Appendix 1 – BCAA forms, into the student’s records. It is legally allowed and considered a best practice by the ATO, to complete the form and note the approval in the pilot’s logbook, after the first solo.

• Phase 2 depends on Weather circumstances and the following flights will be a mix of solo circuit training and dual instruction. The dual instruction flights will be exercises 15 to 19, until the instructor deems the student ready for solo navigation exercises. This will be confirmed by the second progress test.

The solo navigation exercises will include at least one navigation flight over 150 NM minimum with two landings away from the airfield of departure.

Phase 2 will be completed by the third progress test after the entire PPL flight training has been completed. Its aim is to evaluate if the student possesses the proficiency required for the PPL(A) skill test.

If the progress test has been completed successfully and the student has also successfully passed the PPL theoretical exam, permission will be granted to take the PPL(A) skill test. Please refer to chapter 1, paragraph 1.i, for guidance on how to sign a student off for the skill test.

2.d Course structure: integration of syllabi

As a guide to the exact content of the flight training exercises, the ATO uses the following (series of) syllabi:

• The Air Pilot’s Manual part 1 – Flying Training. Reference to the applicable chapters and paragraphs in the syllabus, per air exercise is made in section 2.a.

• A cross reference list between the air exercises and the syllabus can be found in Appendix 8 – Cross reference table air exercises to syllabus.

• The contents of the air exercises as specified in AMC1 FCL.210.A have been copied into the description of each exercise in section 2.a.

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2.e Student progress

As mentioned under d.,” Course structure and phase of training”: the flight training is divided into 2 phases:

1) Phase 1 completion standards:

At the end of this phase of the flight training, the student pilot shall be able to, without assistance, conduct a pre-flight, use the checklist, perform a run-up check of engine and systems, and know how to use the controls to move the airplane about its respective axes establishing proper pitch attitude and power for climbs, descents, glides and turns.

The student pilot also should display complete understanding of possible emergencies and procedures and be able to maintain airspeed with increased awareness of impending stalls and correct, coordinated use of the controls.

During the final evaluation or progress test and before the solo flight in the local training area, the following standards shall be applied:

• Attitude held within +/- 200 feet of assigned value

• Heading held within +/- 15° of assigned value

• Airspeed maintained within +/- 10 kts of desired value

• Recognition of stalls with prompt, positive recovery

• Perform safe traffic patterns exercising collision avoidance techniques

• Demonstrate the ability to execute safe takeoffs and landings

• Safely handle emergency situations presented without loss of control

Completion of phase 1 will be visible in the student’s records by the presence of the “first solo registration form”. This document confirms exercise 14, the last exercise in training phase 1, has been completed by the student.

2) Phase 2 Completion Standards

At the end of this phase the student demonstrates an increased proficiency in previously covered procedures and maneuvers and should be able to maintain airspeed within +/- 10 knots, altitude within +/- 100 feet, and heading within +/- 10° of the desired value.

The student should also be able to determine position in the local training area by visual aids, GNSS, or ADF without any assistance. The exact standard requirements will also depend on the instrumentation of the aircraft.

Furthermore, at the end of this phase the student should be able to perform the cross-country pre-flight planning, fly the planned course making necessary off-course corrections, and can make appropriate radio communications. The student should be competent in navigating by means of dead reckoning, VOR, and / or ADF, and when so instructed, is able to accurately plan and fly a diversion to an alternate airport.

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Apart from the level of proficiency described above, two more requirements need to be met before phase 2 can be considered completed:

• The student must have passed the BCAA organized theoretical exam PPL(A).

• He should have completed at least the number of flight training hours required in FCL.210.A: 1. 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and 2. 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-

country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

3. Having made at least one evaluation flight with a different FI or the HT.

Finally, it is essential the HT makes the student aware of a licensing requirement he/she will not need to meet to pass the skill test. However, when applying for a PPL(A) license, language proficiency must be proven. In Belgium this is English language proficiency.

Please refer to section 1.i, for guidance on how to sign a student off for the skill test.

2.f Instructional methods

1. Flight briefings:

− 19 preflight briefings / reference: “The Airpilots Manual Volume 1”.

− after each flight: post- flight briefing 2. Flight training:

All training exercises should be given as described in the syllabus and this TM.

� During flights where the student acts as solo PIC, the ATO will strictly adhere to

the requirement that no FI may be on board of the aircraft.

3. Long briefings:

− By preference, given in classroom.

− The content of the long briefings is explained per air exercise in section 2.a.

− All long briefings have been based on AMC1 FCL.930.FI, part 2. 4. Type related exercises and key points (sop’s): to be given to the student pilot.

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2.g Progress tests

In order to assess the level of proficiency of the student at different stages of his/her flight training, three progress tests have been defined.

To document the results of a progress test, use the progress test report form in Appendix 5 - Progress test report form. Make sure a copy of the form is inserted in the student records.

The form contains one block for each progress test. Blocks, which are not applicable to the progress test taken, should be left blank.

1. Pre-solo progress test: During this test, the FI assesses the ability of the student to perform the basic flight maneuvers and skills as described in section 2.a., exercise 1 to 13.

Successful completion of this test will qualify the student for a first solo when the FI deems the conditions appropriate.

2. Pre-solo navigation progress test: The FI will assess if the student is competent to safely conduct a cross country navigation flight as described in exercise 18a.

Successful completion will qualify the student for solo cross country navigation flights.

3. Final progress test: During this final progress test flight, the FI will assess if the student meets the phase 2 completion standards as described in section 2.e.

After successful completion the FI will inform the HT that the student is ready for the PPL(A) skill test. The procedure for signing a student off for the skill test can be found in section 1.i.

2.h Glossary of terms

All abbreviations and definitions used in this TM have been included in sections 0.4 and 0.5.


Chapter 3

FLIGHT TRAINING IN AN FSTD


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FLIGHT TRAINING IN AN FSTD

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3. Flight Training in an FSTD

3.a FSTD

The Noordzee Vliegclub ATO does not make use of an FSTD during its PPL(A) training activities


Chapter 4

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE INSTRUCTION


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4. Theoretical Knowledge Instruction

4.a Structure of the Theoretical Knowledge Course

4.a.1 Distance learning PPL course

Not applicable for the Noordzee Vliegclub

4.a.2 Standard class room and self-study PPL course

The structure of the PPL(A) theoretical training course is fully in accordance with the following AMC documents (source: AMC and GM to Part-FCL, Annex to ED Decision 2011/016/R):

• AMC1 FCL.055 concerning language proficiency.

• AMC1 FCL.210; FCL.215 concerning the theoretical knowledge syllabi.

The HT will ensure that the structure of the course remains in compliance with Part-FCL requirements.

“The training should cover aspects related to non-technical skills in an integrated manner, taking into account the particular risks associated to the license and the activity. An approved course shall comprise at least 100 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction. This theoretical knowledge instruction provided by the ATO should include a certain element of formal classroom work but may include also such facilities as interactive video, slide or tape presentation, computer-based training and other media distance learning courses. The training organization responsible for the training has to check if all the appropriate elements of the training course of theoretical knowledge instruction have been completed to a satisfactory standard before recommending the applicant for the examination.”

Section 4.b. details the theoretical training plan of the PPL(A) course, based on the mandatory subjects as stated AMC1 FCL.210; FCL.215.

The table below indicates the number of theoretical training hours for each of the 9 mandatory subjects. The total number of theoretical instruction hours, 104 hours, meets the minimum requirement of 100 hours for an EASA ATO approved PPL training course.

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Subject Number of hours

Air law and ATC procedures 14 hours

Human performance 4 hours

Meteorology 14 hours

Communications 12 hours

Principles of flight 14 hours

Operational procedures 2 hours

Flight performance and planning 8 hours

Aircraft general knowledge 20 hours

Navigation & Radio navigation 16 hours

Total 104 hours

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4.b Lesson plans

The lesson names in the planning by date will always correspond to the lesson plans as detailed under 4.b.1 to 4.b.9. These sections will be used as the base for the lesson planning in each course cycle or at least every year.

In Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date, amended for every next training cycle, is the lesson schedule by date, teacher and name of the lesson. The lessons are listed per subject, from 1 to the total number of lessons for that subject. The name of each subject is identical to the AMC1 FCL.210 and FCL.215.

The list of topics serves as a check to TKI’s that every main topic, per subject, is included in the course preparation.

The lesson plan in this section can be modified at any time, including a change in the number of lessons required for a subject. The HT will ensure that the following conditions are met:

• The TKI’s have included all topic numbers for the subjects they teach, into their lesson preparations. They have planned and prepared the same number of lessons as stipulated in the lesson plans.

• The lesson schedule by date corresponds to the lesson plans.

• After each amendment of the lesson plans, the total number of course hours remains above the minimum of 100.

• Whenever Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date is amended, a copy of this lesson schedule is provided (on paper or electronically) to the students and the TKI’s, as reference.

Lesson plan theoretical courses

The theoretical courses start on the first week of October and last until May. They are held in the premises of the Noordzee Vliegclub, every Saturday afternoon from 13:30 to 18:10, for total of 4 hours effective course and including breaks.

Every TKI shall, at all times, make sure the course preparation is in accordance with sections 4.b.1 to 4.b.9. He/she can determine the exact order in which to teach the topics.

However, all numbered topics should be included. TKI’s shall, during their lessons, make reference to the related chapters in the syllabus. This will allow students to rehearse the syllabi accurately.

4.b.1 Air law and ATC procedures

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 07 – Luchtvaartreglementering”

Air law 1

1. International law: conventions, agreements and organizations. 2. Annex 8: Airworthiness of aircraft. 3. Annex 7: Aircraft nationality and registration marks.

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Air law 2

4. Annex 1: Personnel licensing. 5. Annex 2: Rules of the air.

Air law 3

6. Procedures for air navigation: aircraft operations doc. 8168-ops/611, volume 1 7. Altimeter setting procedures (including IACO doc. 7030 – regional supplementary

procedures). 8. Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including ICAO

Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures). 9. Annex 11: Doc. 4444 air traffic management.

Air law 4

10. Annex 15: Aeronautical information service. 11. Annex 14, volume 1 and 2: Aerodromes. 12. Annex 12: Search and rescue.

Air law 5

13. Annex 17: Security. 14. Annex 13: Aircraft accident investigation. 15. National law.

4.b.2 Human Performance

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 09 – Menselijke prestaties”

Human Performance 1

1. Human factors: basic concepts. 2. Human factors in aviation. 3. Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance. 4. Man and environment. 5. Health and hygiene.

Human Performance 2

6. Basic aviation psychology - Human information processing. 7. Human error and reliability. 8. Decision making. 9. Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit management. 10. Human behavior. 11. Human overload and underload.

4.b.3 Meteorology

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 05 – Meteorologie”

Given the limited mandatory content stated in the AMC, the following topics have been

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added:

• Air masses.

• Clouds.

• Weather on fronts, trough lines and in high and low pressure areas.

• Mist and fog.

• Icing (airframe and carburetor).

• Thunderstorms.

• Weather reports and maps.

Meteorology 1

1. The atmosphere - Composition, extent and vertical division. 2. Air temperature. 3. Atmospheric pressure. 4. Air density. 5. ICAO standard atmosphere. 6. Altimetry. 7. Wind - Definition and measurement of wind. 8. Primary cause of wind.

Meteorology 2

9. Typical airflows around the earth and the formation of high and low pressure areas. 10. Turbulence 11. See breeze and land breeze, mountain and valley winds. 12. Humidity and saturation of an air mass. 13. The formation of clouds. 14. Cloud types by level and stratiform/cumuliform.

Meteorology 3

15. Description and abbreviation of each cloud type. 16. Air masses, their properties and how they influence our weather. 17. Fronts: warm front, warm sector, cold front, occlusion and trough line. 18. Typical weather in a high and low pressure area. 19. Mist, fog and haze: definition. 20. Formation: radiation fog, advection fog, fog formed through addition of moisture.

Meteorology 4

21. Icing: ideal circumstances for the formation of carburetor ice and airframe ice. 22. Types of ice. 23. Consequences of ice on the cell and in the carburetor and how to prevent it. 24. Thunderstorms: formation, typical weather and weather hazards. 25. Mountain flying: danger of mountain waves, rotors and wind shear. 26. Introduction to METAR, TAF and GAMET.

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Meteorology 5

27. Reading a METAR, TAF, GAMET. 28. AIRMET and SIGMET. 29. The synoptic surface chart. 30. Significant weather charts. 31. Wind and pressure charts.

4.b.4 Communications – VFR Communications

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 08 – Communicatie”

Communications 1

1. Definitions. 2. General operating procedures.

Communications 2

3. General operating procedures (continued).

Communications 3

4. General operating procedures (continued). 5. Relevant weather information terms (VFR).

Communications 4

6. Action required to be taken in case of communication failure. 7. Distress and urgency procedures. 8. General principles of VHF propagation and allocation of frequencies.

4.b.5 Principles of flight: Aeroplane

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 01 – Vluchtbeginselen”

Principles of flight 1

1. Definitions. 2. Subsonic aerodynamics - Basics concepts, laws and definitions. 3. The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil. 4. The coefficients. 5. The three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage. 6. Drag.


7. The ground effect. 8. The stall. 9. CL augmentation. 10. The boundary layer. 11. Special circumstances. 12. Stability - Condition of equilibrium in steady horizontal flight.

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13. Methods of achieving balance. 14. Static and dynamic longitudinal stability. 15. Dynamic lateral or directional stability. 16. Control – General. 17. Pitch control. 18. Yaw control.


19. Roll control. 20. Means to reduce control forces. 21. Mass balance. 22. Trimming. 23. Limitations - Operating limitations. 24. Maneuvering envelope. 25. Gust envelope.


26. Propellers - Conversion of engine torque to thrust. 27. Engine failure or engine stop. 28. Moments due to propeller operation. 29. Flight mechanics. 30. Forces acting on an aeroplane.

4.b.6 Operational Procedures

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 10 – Operationele Procedures”

Operational procedures 1

1. General - Operation of aircraft: ICAO Annex 6, General requirements. 2. Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects).

Operational procedures 2

3. Noise abatement. 4. Fire or smoke. 5. Wind shear and microburst. 6. Wake turbulence. 7. Emergency and precautionary landings. 8. Contaminated runways.

4.b.7 Flight Performance and Planning

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 04 – Vluchtprestaties en planning”

Flight Performance and Planning 1

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1. Mass and Balance - Purpose of mass and balance considerations. 2. Mass limitations. 3. CG limitations. 4. Loading – Terminology. 5. Mass limits. 6. Mass calculations.


7. Mass calculations (continued). 8. Fundamentals of CG calculations. 9. Mass and balance details of aircraft. 10. Contents of mass and balance documentation. 11. Extraction of basic mass and balance data from aircraft documentation. 12. Determination of CG position – methods. 13. Load and trim sheet.


14. Performance aeroplanes – Introduction. 15. SE aeroplanes – definition of terms and speeds. 16. Take-off and landing performance. 17. Climb and cruise performance.


18. Flight planning for VFR flights – VFR navigation plan. 19. Fuel planning. 20. Pre-flight calculation of fuel required. 21. Pre-flight preparation.


22. AIP and NOTAM briefing. 23. Meteorological briefing. 24. ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan) - Individual flight plan. 25. Flight monitoring and in-flight re-planning.

4.b.8 Aircraft General Knowledge

Syllabi used:

• “Carpels – deel 02 – Algemene kennis van het luchtvaartuig 1”

• “Carpels – deel 03 – Algemene kennis van het luchtvaartuig 2”

Aircraft General Knowledge 1

1. Airframe and systems, electrics, power plant and emergency equipment - System design, loads, stresses, maintenance.

2. Airframe - Wings, tail surfaces and control surfaces. 3. Fuselage, doors, floor, wind-screen and windows.

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4. Flight and control surfaces. 5. Hydraulics - Hydromechanics: basic principles. 6. Hydraulic systems. 7. Landing gear, wheels, tires and brakes - Landing gear. 8. Nose wheel steering: design and operation. Aircraft General Knowledge 2

9. Brakes. 10. Wheels and tires. 11. Flight controls. 12. Secondary flight controls. 13. Anti-icing systems. 14. Fuel system - Piston engine. 15. Electrics: general and definitions. 16. Batteries.


17. Static electricity: general. 18. Generation: production, distribution and use. 19. Electric components. 20. Distribution. 21. Piston engines – general. 22. Fuel. 23. Carburetor or injection system. 24. Air cooling systems. 25. Lubrication systems.


26. Ignition circuits. 27. Mixture. 28. Propellers. 29. Performance and engine handling. 30. Instrumentation - Pressure gauge. 31. Temperature sensing. 32. Fuel gauge. 33. Flow meter.


34. Position transmitter. 35. Tachometer. 36. Measurement of aerodynamic parameters - Pressure measurement. 37. Temperature measurement: aeroplane. 38. Altimeter. 39. Vertical speed indicator. 40. Air speed indicator. 41. Magnetism: direct reading compass.

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42. Gyroscopic instruments - Gyroscope: basic principles. 43. Turn and bank indicator. 44. Attitude indicator. 45. Directional gyroscope. 46. Communication systems - Transmission modes: VHF, HF and SATCOM. 47. Voice communication. 48. Alerting systems and proximity systems - Flight warning systems. 49. Stall warning. 50. Integrated instruments: electronic displays - Display units.

4.b.9 Navigation

Syllabus used: “Carpels – deel 06 – Navigatie”

Navigation 1

1. General navigation – basics of navigation – the solar system. 2. The earth. 3. Time and time conversions. 4. Directions. 5. Distance.

Navigation 2

6. Magnetism and compasses – general principles. 7. Aircraft magnetism. 8. Charts - General properties of miscellaneous types of projections. 9. The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines. 10. The use of current aeronautical charts.

Navigation 3

11. DR navigation – the basics of DR navigation. 12. Use of the navigational computer.

Navigation 4

13. The triangle of velocities. 14. Measurement of DR elements.

Navigation 5

15. In-flight navigation. 16. Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation. 17. Flight log.

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Radio navigation 1

18. Basic radio propagation theory. 19. Antennas. 20. Wave propagation. 21. Radio aids – ground DF.

Radio navigation 2

22. NDB/ADF. 23. VOR.

Radio navigation 3

24. DME. 25. Radar – ground radar. 26. Secondary surveillance radar and transponder. 27. GNSS - GPS, GLONASS OR GALILEO.

4.c Teaching materials

It is the responsibility of the HT to keep the list of teaching materials up-to-date.

He/she will make sure the teaching material is available for use at the ATO training base. This will ensure that the ATO staff, auditors or the BCAA can access all teaching materials when required.

In an attempt to facilitate revision of this manual, the list of teaching materials has been included in Appendix 10 - List of teaching materials.

Every change in the use of written, audiovisual or interactive teaching materials will lead to a revision of this appendix.

4.d Student progress

Following up student progress is the responsibility of the HT. He/she will remain vigilant to identify students lagging behind as early as possible. All TKI’s or FI’s will discuss a student’s progress with the HT if they have indications he/she is not consecutively gaining theoretical knowledge.

Given the recreational character of VFR flying at PPL level, the approach towards student progress is to:

• Motivate students to invest sufficient time in studying.

• Allow for different rhythms of progress depending on the background of each student.

• Under no condition, sign a student off for the PPL(A) theoretical exam if he/she has not passed the full trial exam described in par. 1.i.1.

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How will slow progress of a student be detected?

• A student is having difficulty, during the theoretical courses, to understand the content of the courses.

• The student is not capable of answering simple knowledge questions.

• Exercises performed by the student contain a high number of mistakes.

• The student cannot meet the completion standards for the flight training phases described in par. 2.e. due to lack of theoretical knowledge.

What initiative shall be taken towards a student lagging behind?

Typical for a PPL course is that a compromise needs to be found. Building up a solid knowledge and a feel for good airmanship is essential to flying. On the other hand, expelling a person from a PPL course due to lack of knowledge must be avoided except if even with help from TKI’s no progress at all can be made.

Accepting slow progress and slowing down flying training accordingly is the preferred solution.

When a student is experiencing difficulty to keep up with the pace of the courses, the general attitude of the HT and the TKI’s will be to:

• Allow for extra time and provide guidance to students regarding the part of the syllabus they should give extra focus to.

• Use additional exercises (from the syllabi described under “c. teaching materials”) to check if the student has improved his/her knowledge level.

• Motivate students to work together.

What will the ATO do if a student needs to interrupt his/her training?

If, for professional or private reasons a student needs to interrupt training, he/she should discuss this with the HT. Depending on the length of the interruption, the HT will consider the following solutions:

• The student will use self-study to catch up.

• The student will follow the subjects he/she missed during the next training cycle.

Independent of the interruption, a student will only be released for the PPL(A) theoretical examination if he/she meets the conditions described in sections 4.e and 4.f.

How does the ATO check that students attend to courses?

In order to monitor student attendance in the theory courses, an attendance list is kept. Every student should sign it at the start of each lesson.

The attendance list will be identical in layout in terms of names and dates of the courses, to the lesson planning by date included in Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date. This will guarantee a direct link between the lesson plans, the planning by date and the attendance list.

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4.e Progress testing

It is the responsibility of the HT to determine which means of progress testing are in use at the ATO.

The only legal requirement is that no student will be signed off for the PPL(A) theoretical exam if his/her knowledge is not up to standard.

This is being ensured by the ATO by organizing a full trial exam as described in par. 1.i.1.

Passing the test will mean the HT can sign the student off for the PPL(A) theoretical exam organized by the BCAA.

If the student fails the test, he/she will receive directives on the syllabi or the chapters to focus on.

He/she will than receive a new chance to take a trial exam until the criteria in 1.i.1 are met.

On top of this, the PPL(A) syllabi provide series of questions at the end of each chapter which students can use for practice at any time during their training.

The HT will make sure the student is aware of:

• The maximum time allowed between the initial theoretical exam and the last retry, which is 18 months.

• The maximum time allowed between successfully passing the theoretical exam and the skill test, which is 24 months.

The procedure to sign a student off for the PPL(A) theoretical exam can be found in section 1.i.1.

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4.f Review procedure

The statements below are based on the fact that for a PPL course, a compromise must be found between two factors:

• The first one is achieving the level of proficiency required from every pilot.

• The second one is the recreational character of the license meaning different progress speeds based on the background of the students should be allowed.

In case a student does not meet the requirements of a part of the course, the only action that is mandatory is not to approve participation to the theoretical knowledge exam.

It is the responsibility of the HT not to approve participation to the PPL theoretical exam if a student does not meet the required knowledge standard.

What steps will be taken if a student does not achieve the 75% result on a trial exam?

The ATO will by all practical means facilitate students lagging behind in terms of knowledge to catch up thanks to additional explanation and exercise. These include:

• Provide guidance as to which chapters in the course books he/she should focus on to catch up.

• After the student has improved his/her knowledge, allow additional attempts to pass a trial exam until the required standards are met.

Copies of trial exam results will be included in the students training file to make their progress visible.

After having successfully passed a full trial exam, the Head of Training will sign the student off for participation to the PPL(A) theoretical exam organized by the BCAA.

For the correct procedure of signing a student off, please refer to section 1.i.

How will the HT plan re-training when a student fails the BCAA theoretical exam?

• For the subjects the student failed, he/she will be requested to solve at least 3 questions per chapter of the theoretical syllabus. The correctness of the answers will provide an indication of the weak points of the student.

• Based on the results, the HT will instruct which chapters in the syllabus the students’ needs to rehearse. He/she will than allow the student to pass a new trial exam for the failed subjects on his/her theoretical exam only.

• Only a trial exam up to standard will lead to the HT signing the student off for a retry of the theoretical exam.


Chapter 5

CLASS RATING SEP (L), RETRAINING AND REFRESHER

COURSE

FCL.025, FCL.235, FCL.740

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5. CLASS RATING SEP (L), RETRAINING AND REFRESHER COURSE

5.a Class Rating SEP (L) Training

The course CLASS RATING SEP (L)is to be given to pilots with a valid license and a valid rating other than SEP. It consists of a theoretical and practical part:

1. Theoretical As the candidate already has a license and a valid rating, the course will only include the technical knowledge necessary for the class rating SEP. The items to be instructed are:

− Specifications of the aircraft

− Mass and balance details of the aircraft

− Performance of the aircraft

− Speeds (Vx, Vy, Vs, Vne,)

− Study of the checklist

− Study of the aircraft systems (electrical, fuel, ventilation and heating, brakes)

− Study of the emergency checklist

− Performance (ground roll for take-off and landing)

− Leaning of the engine

− Operating limitations

2. Practical The exercises to be practiced are set out in AMC 1 FCL.210.A PPL (A) and are also written out in detail in chapter 2 of this TM. Following exercises will be trained:

− Ex1: familiarization

− Ex1b: emergency drills

− Ex2: preparation for and action after flight

− Ex3: air experience, flight experience

− Ex4: effects of controls

− Ex5: taxi, brake and steering failure,

− Ex6: straight and level

− Ex7: climbing

− Ex8: descending

− Ex9: turning

− Ex10: slow flight, stalling

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− Ex11: spin avoidance

− Ex12: take off and climb to downwind position

− Ex13: circuit, approach and landing

− Ex12/13: emergencies

− Ex15: advanced turning

− Ex16: forced landing without power

− Ex17: precautionary landing

The flying exercises will be done to a level that the flight instructor can sign off the document as published in the BCAA document (http://mobilit.belgium.be/sites/default/files/DGLV/checklist_single-pilot_aeroplanes_except_for_high_performance_complex_ae.pdf). After the sign off, the candidate will be ready for the skill test

5.b Refresher Course

The refresher course described in this chapter involves a theoretical and a practical part and is intended for pilots who have a valid license and a valid SEP(L) rating. This course is not mandatory but improves general safety and should therefore be promoted by the ATO.

Refresher training is not legally required for pilots who meet the criteria for the two yearly revalidation of the SEP(L) rating as described in FCL.740.A (2).

For this reason, the ATO will not make it an obligation for license holders who meet the revalidation requirements, but will strongly promote it as a best practice.

A course which pilots are not required to attend, needs to be interesting and interactive to be attractive for the public of recreational pilots. The purpose of this training is to avoid common errors and to encourage good airmanship. Attention has been paid to limiting the extra costs and efforts for the pilots.

A maximum duration of two hours has been set as a guideline for the theoretical refresher course. The HT will decide on the content of the course, after discussion with the team of FI and TKI and the SM.

Similar to the validity of the SEP(L) rating, the course will be organized once every two years, coinciding with a (safety or pilot) meeting to minimize the additional effort required while maximizing the audience.

The persons giving the training will – where the subjects allow this – create interaction with the public. Focus will be put on some main pillars of “good airmanship”. Where possible, examples will be based on (recent) accident or incident reports published by the BCAA or another aviation authority. The focus will be on refreshing essential knowledge, and its importance to ensure safety at any time.

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Conditions permitting, part of the training may take place on the aircraft parking or in a hangar. Explanations based on the characteristics of the ATO training aircraft increase the effectiveness of the course.

A template for the theoretical portion of the refresher course has been added in appendix 1 to this chapter. This template is a guideline, the ATO will make it a living document that will be amended when required. At least the practical examples will be changed for every next course.

A hand-out or soft copy of the previous refresher courses will be available to (student) pilots or ATO staff. This will be on paper, via the website or by e-mail on request.

The air exercises required for the refresher course are described in section 5.d.

A refresher course is considered successful when the student gets a good percentage of success in the final progress test at the first attempt. Proficient means in this case: ready to return to standard level.

5.c Retraining Course

A retraining course involves a theoretical and/or a practical course and is intended for pilots who require following further training according to Part-FCL. This is a requirement for:

• Pilots with an expired SEP (L) rating.

• Students who failed passing the theoretical examination after the maximum allowed number of four attempts.

• Students who failed passing the skill test on two occasions.

The following PART-FCL regulations define the cases for which a training course is mandatory:

• FCL.025 (b) (3): If an applicant has failed passing one of the examination papers within 4 attempts, or has failed passing all papers within either 6 sittings or the period mentioned in paragraph (2)2, he/she shall re-take the complete set of examination papers. Before re-taking the examinations, the applicant shall undertake further training at an ATO. The extent and scope of the training needed shall be determined by the training organization, based on the needs of the applicant.

• FCL.235 Skill test, (c) (4): Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

• FCL.740 (b) Renewal. If a class or type rating has expired, the applicant shall: a. Take refresher training at an ATO, when necessary to reach the level of

proficiency necessary to safely operate the relevant class or type of aircraft; and b. Pass a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part.

2 This period is 18 months, starting at the end of the month when the first examination paper was taken.

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For students who need to retake the theoretical examinations, a trial examination should be passed by the student according to the standards described in section 1.i of this TM.

The first priority of the HT is good communication with the student. Comparing the examination results to trial exam results and homework, could point out the cause of repeated failures. Since the student has previously been signed off after a successful trial exam, his/her knowledge was up to standard at that moment.

The following set of questions may help the HT to determine why the student has failed passing the exam on so many occasions:

• Describe your stress level during the theoretical examination, from 1 to 10.

• Describe how you have rehearsed your syllabi in between the different sittings.

• Have you continued to make exercises (weight & balance, performance, navigation, altimeter calculations etc...)?

• During the exams, did you feel most uncomfortable when making calculations or when answering theoretical questions?

• Can you remember terminologies used in the exams that you were not familiar with?

• Would you assess the main cause of failing the exams as stress or lack of knowledge?

Based on this information, the HT will consider (a combination of) different retraining methods. He will involve his TKI and FI when required:

• If the main issue is a lack of confidence, rather than a lack of knowledge, the student will be asked to solve series of trial exam questions.

• Repeated, successful trial examinations will help the student to build up confidence and knowledge.

• For students lacking knowledge or practice on specific topics for one or more subjects, the HT may accept self-study except if additional explanations are required.

• If the student is confused by the explanations in the syllabi, self-study is not an option. Neither would it be, in case of total lack of knowledge. The HT will check if a TKI or FI is available to provide additional training. This is not a standard service by the ATO and depends on goodwill and availability of staff.

• The student may need to attend to one or more courses during the next theoretical training cycle, possibly combined with the other retraining methods.

After any of the four methods of retraining, the student will be required to pass a full trial exam to confirm his knowledge is up to standard.

For guidance on how to organize the trial exam and how to sign off a student for the theoretical exam, please refer to section 1.i.

Since the student has already failed passing the examinations several times, he/she should be asked if confidence has improved after retraining.

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� For pilots with an expired rating, requiring retraining under FCL.740 (b), there

is a minimum requirement for training as stated in AMC1 FCL.740(b)(1):

• Expiry shorter than 3 months: no supplementary requirements.

• Expiry longer than 3 months but shorter than 1 year: a minimum of two training sessions.

• Expiry longer than 1 year but shorter than 3 years: a minimum of three training sessions in which the most important malfunctions in the available systems are covered.

• Expiry longer than 3 years: the applicant should again undergo the training required for the initial issue of the rating or, in case of helicopter, the training required for the ‘additional type issue’, according to other valid ratings held.

When the HT has made his assessment of the competency of the person, he will use the “New student inscription form” in appendix 1, to plan which theoretical training subjects and flight training exercises will be included.

The use of the comments boxes will allow the HT to clarify why these items have been included in the course. The form will provide guidance to ATO staff where to put the focus during training to solve lack of knowledge, confidence or competence.

Whereas the time interval for theoretical refresher courses has been set to once every two years, such time interval is not applicable to retraining. Retraining courses concern individual pilots and should be performed when a (student) pilot addresses the ATO and who requires further training to comply with Part-FCL. The retraining course should not be delayed. Giving a classroom (group) retraining course is generally not the best solution.

Moreover, every pilot in a retraining course will have different needs. The procedures laid down in this chapter do not specify the exact content of the training. They provide guidelines for the HT to set up a training course appropriate to a specific (student) pilot.

The air exercises required for the refresher course are described in section 5.d.

(Student) pilots who need to take a proficiency check or retake the skill test, shall have passed the final progress test as described in section 2.g.

When the retraining course is complete, a training certificate will be issued to the student. This document can be found in Appendix 1 – BCAA forms. The training certificate should clearly indicate which theoretical subjects and flight training exercises have been retrained.

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5.d Air exercises

Especially with regard to flight training, the refresher course and the retraining course are almost identical. The needs of the trainees will be similar:

• A student who failed passing the skill test after two attempts, needs to be retrained according to FCL.235 (c) (4). The aim of the course will be to obtain a level of proficiency to successfully pass the skill test.

• A PPL(A) holder with an expired SEP(L) rating needs refresher training according to FCL.740 (b). He needs to acquire the level of proficiency required to pass a proficiency check.

• A PPL(A) holder who elects to follow the non-mandatory refresher course, does this with the goal of maintaining a level of proficiency similar to that needed for a proficiency check or skill test.

The ATO will use the final progress test, as documented in section 2.g. of this TM, to assess if this level of proficiency is met. The HT or an FI will take the test.

The final progress test has been designed to assess flying proficiency of a (student) pilot before being signed off for a skill test. This progress test will reveal any deficiencies in the flying technique of the (student) pilot. The HT will compose the retraining course based on these deficiencies.

For the debriefing after this progress test, please use the progress test report form (Appendix 5 - Progress test report form). Note the air exercises to be retrained in the box “Comments, required improvements”. The list of air exercises can be found in section 2.a. and 2.b.

For PPL(A) holders taking the non-mandatory refresher course, the ATO will recommend to take the final progress test a few weeks before the expiration of their SEP(L) rating. It can be used as the required 1 hour flight with an instructor on board, to revalidate the SEP(L) rating. This will limit the extra effort and cost involved, and motivate pilots to take the refresher course.

After training flights following the progress test, the regular debriefing form will be used, found in Appendix 6 – Standard Debriefing sheet.

After completion of the last exercise, all the aspects of the final progress test which were not to standard initially, will be retested. Passing this test will confirm retraining was adequate and the (student) pilot can be signed off for the skill test or proficiency check.


Chapter 6

NIGHT RATING TRAINING

FCL.025, FCL.235, FCL.740

Part ORA TM PPL(A)

NIGHT RATING TRAINING Chapter 6 Page 1


6. Night Rating Training

6.a Introduction

This chapter describes the ATO night rating requirements, which are based on the AMC1 FCL.810(b), which refers to PPL(H) training. Therefore, this chapter only retains the parts that are required for aircrafts.

The minimum experience prior to follow this course is to have a valid PPL(A) license. The aim of the course is to qualify PPL(A) holders to exercise the privileges of the license at night.

In contrast to retraining and refresher training, the night rating training is considered as a course and the attendees are considered ATO students.

6.b Theoretical course

The theoretical knowledge syllabus should cover the revision or explanation of:

1. Night VMC minima; 2. Rules about airspace control at night and facilities available; 3. Rules about aerodrome ground, runway, landing site and obstruction lighting; 4. Aircraft navigation lights and collision avoidance rules; 5. Physiological aspects of night vision and orientation; 6. Dangers of disorientation at night; 7. Dangers of weather deterioration at night; 8. Instrument systems or functions and errors; 9. Instrument lighting and emergency cockpit lighting systems; 10. Map marking for use under cockpit lighting; 11. Practical navigation principles; 12. Radio navigation principles; 13. Planning and use of safety altitude; 14. Danger from icing conditions, avoidance and escape maneuvers.

6.c Flying Training

The exercises of the night rating flight syllabus are repeated as necessary until the student achieves a safe and competent standard:

1. In all cases, exercises 4 to 6 of the night rating flight syllabus must be completed. 2. Items marked (*) may be completed in simulated IMC or in daylight. 3. The log book entries for night flights must mention "Night rating training" in the

remarks section.

The flying exercises comprise:

Exercise 1:

(A) Revise basic maneuvers when flying by sole reference to instruments*;

(B) Explain and demonstrate transition to instrument flight from visual flight*;

(C) Explain and revise recovery from unusual attitudes by sole reference to instruments*.

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Exercise 2:

Explain and demonstrate the use of radio navigation aids when flying by sole reference to instruments, to include position finding and tracking*.

Exercise 3:

Explain and demonstrate the use of radar assistance*.

Exercise 4:

(A) Explain and demonstrate the use and adjustment of landing light;

(B) Explain and demonstrate night take-off techniques;

(C) Explain and demonstrate night circuit technique;

(D) Practice take-off, circuits and approaches;

(E) Explain and demonstrate night emergency procedures to include:

(a) Simulated engine failure (to be terminated with power recovery at a safe altitude);

(b) Simulated inadvertent entry to IMC (not on base leg or final);

(c) Simulated hydraulic control failure (to include landing);

(d) Internal and external lighting failure;

(e) Other malfunctions and emergency procedures as required by the aircraft flight manual.

Exercise 5:

Solo night circuits.

Exercise 6:

(A) Explain and demonstrate night cross-country techniques;

(B) Practice night cross-country dual and/or as a PIC under supervision to a satisfactory standard.

6.d Weather minima for night flights

The weather minima for night flights are based on AIP part 2, ENR 1.2, section 8.1 "VFR flights at night":

• The flight visibility must be at least 5km.

• The ceiling must be at least 1500ft

6.e Use of the airspace

The use of the airspace is based on AIP part 2, ENR 1.2, section 8.1 "VFR flights at night", notes 1 and 2:

• All flights require the submission of a flight plan.

• Flights shall establish and maintain two-way radio communication on the appropriate ATS communication channel, when available;

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• Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except when specifically authorized by the competent authority, a VFR Flight at night shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum flight altitude, or, where no such minimum flight altitude has been established at a level which is at least 1000ft above the highest obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of the aircraft.


Chapter 7

FAMILIARIZATION TRAINING

FCL.025, FCL.235, FCL.740

Part ORA TM PPL(A)

FAMILIARISATION TRAINING Chapter 7 Page 1


7. Familiarization Training

7.a Introduction

This chapter describes the ATO familiarization training requirements. The minimum experience prior to follow this course is to have a valid PPL(A) license. The aim of the course is to qualify PPL(A) holders to fly another plane variant.

As for the night rating training, the familiarization training is considered as a course and the attendees are considered ATO students.

7.b Theoretical course

The main part of the theoretical course for a familiarization is the Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) of the plane variant. Depending on the plane variant, the ATO may have additional information:

• Specific information about the engine.

• Additional information about the use of navigation devices (e.g. GPS devices and integrated navigation systems) or specific devices (e.g. headsets)

• Special procedures, such as starting the engine in the winter. The student must read this documentation and demonstrate he/she is sufficiently proficient about the plane variant by answering a questionnaire. This questionnaire covers all aspects of the airplane, but concentrates on important limits, such as the speed limits in different configurations.

7.c Practical course

Before starting the practical course, the FI checks the questionnaire and checks the knowledge of the student through a cockpit check. The practical course then consists of one flight (exceptionally more than one flight) with an instructor, who evaluates the student in different exercises, of which the most important are:

• Touch and go landings.

• Stalls and steep turns

• Navigation using a GPS device or an integrated navigation system (glass cockpit).

• Simulated forced landings and other emergencies.

At the end of the practical course, the instructor signs off the student’s flight log book, thereby qualifying the student to fly the given plane variant.


APPENDICES

FCL.025, FCL.235, FCL.740

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8. Appendices

Overview

The standard ATO forms have been included here for reference purposes only. Where a standard BCAA form is provided, please use the original document from the BCAA website www.mobilit.belgium.be. This will ensure use of the latest available version.

Appendix 1 – BCAA forms. This appendix is a reference to the BCAA forms to be used during and upon completion of the flight training.

Appendix 2 – New student inscription form. Use this form for the registration of a new student.

Appendix 3 – Student Progress Form, Theoretical. Use 1 document per student, providing an overview of all aspects of the training the student has completed. The HT, TKI or FI will complete this form as the training is progressing.

Appendix 4 - Student Progress Form, Practical. To be used as 1 document per student, providing an overview of all training flights and the exercises included.

Appendix 5 - Progress test report form. To be used as debriefing document for the progress tests defined in section 2.g.

Appendix 6 – Standard Debriefing sheet.

Appendix 7 – Training certificate. Use this form when a student is switching to another ATO, to document his/her progress.

Appendix 8 – Cross reference table air exercises to syllabus.

Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date. This document is renewed annually. Students and ATO personnel use it for reference at any time during the lesson cycle.

Appendix 10 - List of teaching materials

Appendix 11 - Cross reference lists theoretical syllabi

Appendix 1 – BCAA forms

Use of the following BCAA standard ATO forms is mandatory during flight training. Please always download the latest version of the documents from the website:

http://mobilit.belgium.be/nl/luchtvaart/vergunningen/opleidingscentra/ato_approved_training_organisation/ato_procedures

First solo authorization (LA/L-TRA/0151D92E)

Solo x-country briefing certificate and authorization (LA/L-TRA/0151D93E)

Skill test and proficiency check report form (LA/L-PEL/0102D61E – FCL.Appendix 7).

Please make use of all relevant forms published by the BCAA, not only those directly related to flight training.

To sign a student off for the BCAA organized theoretical exam, please use the standard “Application for PART-FCL theoretical knowledge examinations“ (LA/L-PEL/0501D51E – ARA.FCL.300) published on the BCAA website at the following location:

http://mobilit.belgium.be/nl/luchtvaart/formulieren/inschrijvingen_en_vergunningen

Appendix 2 – New student inscription form

Appendix 3 – Student Progress Form, Theoretical

Appendix 4 - Student Progress Form, Practical

Appendix 5 - Progress test report form

Appendix 6 – Standard Debriefing sheet

Appendix 7 – Training certificate

Appendix 8 – Cross reference table air exercises to syllabus

Exercise number Chapters (Ch) and Paragraphs (Par)*

Exercise 1a: Familiarization with the aeroplane Ch 1.

Exercise 1b: Emergency drills Ch 1 par E.

Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight Ch 2 par A, C and C

Exercise 3: Air experience: flight exercise Ch 3.

Exercise 4: Effects of control Ch 4 par A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J.

Exercise 5a: Taxiing Ch 5.

Exercise 5b: Emergencies: brake and steering failure Ch 5 par E.

Exercise 6: Straight and level Ch 6 par A, B, C

Exercise 7: Climbing Ch 7.

Exercise 8: Descending Ch 8 par A, B, C, D.

Exercise 9: Turning Ch 9 par A, B, C, D.

Exercise 10a: Slow flight Ch 10 par A.

Exercise 10b: Stalling Ch 10 par B.

Exercise 11: Spin avoidance Ch 11 par A, B

Exercise 12: Take-off and climb to downwind position. Ch 12.

Exercise 13: Circuit, approach and landing. Ch 13 par A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

Exercise 12/13: Emergencies. Ch 12 par E.

Exercise 14: First solo Ch 14.

Exercise 15: Advanced turning Ch 15 par A, B, C

Exercise 16: Forced landing without power Ch 16.

Exercise 17: Precautionary landing Ch par A, B

Exercise 18a: Navigation Ch 18 par A.

Exercise 18b: Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility

Ch 18 par B.

Exercise 18c: Radio navigation Carpels "Navigation", Ch 11.

Exercise 19: Basic instrument flight Ch 19.

* References to "The Air Pilots Manual" unless stated differently

Appendix 9 - Lesson planning schedule by date

The schedule of the lessons is available as an Excel sheet and is available at the administration. In addition, each student gets a schedule of the lessons at the start of the lesson cycle. This schedule is also part of the personal file of each student.

The subject of the lessons correspond to the lesson plans in section 4.b.

Below is an example of such a schedule of the lessons. The dates and the lesson order may change every year.

Datum Blok 1 Blok 2 Datum Blok 1 Blok 2

04/10/2014 Aero 1 Regl 1 17/01/2015 Kennis 5 Aero 6

11/10/2014 Kennis 1 Aero 2 24/01/2015 Regl 5 Radio 3

18/10/2014 Meteo1 Aero 3 31/01/2015 Kennis 6 Aero 7

25/10/2014 Regl 2 Kennis 2 07/02/2015 Kennis 7 Meteo 4

01/11/2014 Nav 1 Nav 2 14/02/2015 Regl 6 Radio 4

08/11/2014 Kennis 3 Meteo 2 21/02/2015 Nav 7 FlPl 3

15/11/2014 Nav 3 Nav 4 28/02/2015 Kennis 8 Meteo 5

22/11/2014 Regl 3 Radio 1 07/03/2015 Regl 7 Radio 5

29/11/2014 Aero 4 Kennis 4 14/03/2015 Nav 8 FlPl 4

06/12/2014 Nav 5 FlPl 1 21/03/2015 Radio 6 Kennis 9

13/12/2014 CMM HT 28/03/2015 Kennis 10 Opr 1

20/12/2014 Meteo 3 Aero 5 04/04/2015 Vrij: Pasen

27/12/2014 Vrij: Kerstmis 11/04/2015 Meteo 6 Menselijke 1

03/01/2015 Nav 6 FlPl 2 18/04/2015 Meteo 7 Menselijke 2

10/01/2015 Regl 4 Radio 2

Blok 1: 13:30 - 14:30 u Blok 2: 16:00 - 17:00 u

(2 uur) 14:40 - 15:40 u (2 uur) 17:10 - 18:10 u

Appendix 10 - List of teaching materials

During the theoretical PPL training course the following written, audiovisual and distance learning teaching materials are in use:

Written material:

The text books used are the “Carpels method” syllabi as described in section 1.d.

Handouts of presentations used during the training courses are made available to students.

Summary texts for quick rehearsal and extra focus on the fundamentals of each course.

Series of practice theoretical questions or trial exams.

Audiovisual material:

None. However, the TKI’s may illustrate some parts of their courses with film or picture material as can be found on several Internet sites.

Interactive material:

None

Sample objects, aircraft parts, checklists or full size aircraft used during the course:

The class room contains a model aircraft, a simplified model of a Pitot tube, parts of engines, navigation parts and navigation maps.

Appendix 11 - Cross reference lists theoretical syllabi