For office use only

Participatory Rural Appraisal Report of

Khandali Village, Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur

Summarized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol

Solapur – 413213, M.S.

2012-13

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, MOHOL

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Content

1 Introduction

2 Bench mark survey

Climate and Land Holding Pattern

Soil Type and Soil and water conservation structures

Irrigation/ water Source

Natural Vegetation

Cropping Pattern

3 PRA

Village map

Social map

Soil Map and Village Transect

Time line

Trend analysis

Matrix ranking

Venn diagram

List Of Participated Farmers in PRA

4 SWOT and POIN Analysis

5 Seasonability

6 Major Cropping Pattern

7 Major problems identified

8 Problem Cause Diagram

9 Farmers – Scientist interaction for action plan development

10 PRA photo

1

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol

Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - 2012

Village Khandali 1. Introduction:

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol established in year, 2011 for technology

dissemination though various agricultural extension activities. Participatory Rural

Appraisal survey is an important mean to identify the problem constraints and need of the

farmers through their own involvement. Though this Krishi Vigyan Kendra comes under

scarcity zone of Maharashtra and mainly work for dryland agriculture, the village

Khandali Tal. Mohol has maximum irrigation potential. Hence Krishi Vigyan Kendra has

to focus on both dryland and irrigated technologies.

Village Khandali comes in Mohol tahsil situated near Pune- Solapur National

Highway- 9 with approach road of 8 Km and it is 25 Km away from this Krishi Vigyan

Kendra, Mohol. The village Khandali popularly grown of Banana and pomegranate along

with cash crop Sugarcane and cereals like Maize, Sorghum, Wheat etc. pulses and oilseeds

are grown to some extent. There is opportunity for enhancing crop production with fruit

and vegetable processing.

Facilitators: 1 Dr. D. R. Nandre. 2 Dr. P. G. Chavan 3 Mr. D. N. Kshirsagar 4 Dr. N.S. Deshmukh 5 Mr. A. G. Dighe 6 Ms. S. B. Kakade

2

2. Bench mark survey of Khandali 2.1 Climate:

The climate of the area is semi-arid tropical. Generally, South-West monsoon starts

from June and peak rainfall occurs in July and August. Usually there are short and long

dry spells occurs between the outset and station of rain.

Annual Rainfall Approximate 537 mm

Period June to Oct

Temperature Maximum 40.40c

Minimum 120c

Distribution:

Month Temperature

(OC) Humidity

(%) Rainfall (mm)

Maxi Min Morning Evening

Jan 30.8 12.32 59.2 28.2 0.0

Feb 35 14.42 54.75 30.25 0.0

Mar 38.2 16.22 33.8 17.85 0.0

Apr 40.26 23.5 53.64 28.28 8.2

May 40.42 23.4 71.5 38 7.6

Jun 36.8 78.625 77.5 46.5 65.3

July 33.36 22.88 79.4 53.6 55.8

Aug 33.62 21.82 79 53.5 39.0

Sept 33 21.9 75.25 51 35.8

Oct 32.32 19.42 72.6 47.2 148.4

Nov 31.57 15.1 61.25 37.5 3.4

Dec 31.7 13.175 58.25 34.5 0.0

Reference: Agril. Research Station, Mohol , year:2012

2.2 Land Holding Pattern:

Sr. No. Holding (ha) No. of cultivators

1 Small (<1 Ha) 286

2 Marginal(1- 2 Ha) 840

3 Large(>2 Ha) 170

3

2.3 Soil Types:

Soil of Khandali village varies from light to medium and medium to deep with

light soil- 40 %, Medium type of soil- 35 % and deep soil of 25 %.

Light soil : < 30 cm depth (40%)

Medium soil : 30-45 cm depth (35%)

Heavy/ Deep soil : > 45 cm (25%)

2.4 Soil and Water conservation structures:

1. Vegetative bund

2. Compartment bunding

3. Nala Bund

4. Earthen Bund

5. Percolation tank

6. Cement plug

7. Check dam

2.5 Irrigation/water source/facilities:

Hand pump 28

Well : 600

Bore well : 1150

Farm Pond

Nala Bunding

Cement Plug

:

:

:

02

1200 ha.

02

2.6 Natural vegetation:

Forest Species : Babool, Tamarind etc.

Trees : Acacia spp., Ber

Shrubs : Euphorbia spp., Cassia etc.

Weeds /floara : Harali, syprus, Congress, Chikta, Kena, tansad

4

2.7 Cropping pattern:

3. PRA at Bitale, Tal Mohol, Dist. Solapur

The different tools used for PRA Village Map Social Map Soil map Transect walk Time line Trend analysis Venn diagram Matrix ranking

3.1 Village map

The cadastral map of the village Khandali Tal. Mohol was collected from Talathi

Office,Khandali

.

Season Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fruits Vegetables Fodder crop

Kharif Maize, sugarcane

Pigeon Pea, Moth bean, green gram

-- Pomegranate Anola, Grapes, Banana, Mango, citrus, custard apple, watermelon, muskmelon

Tomato, flower, Brinjal, pumpkin, Methi, Coriander, onion

Maize,

Rabi Wheat, maize, sorghum, Sugarcane

Gram Groundnut Ghas

Summer Maize - Groundnut

5

3.2 Social map

The village Khandali is located near national highway -9. In the center of the

village, the houses of villagers are located. There are common well for drinking water in

the village. The temple of goddess ‘Yamai Mata’ of Hemand Panthi type is located at the

center of the village.

1. Population : 4542 (male 2380, female 2162)

2.Educational facilities

Nursery/ Anganwadi : 04

Primary School : 04

Secondary School : 01

Higher Secondary : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.)

Senior College : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.)

3. Drinking water availability : Pipe line(01), Well (01), Boar (42),Hand

pump etc.

4. Temple : 08, Hanuman, Sonamai

5. Material availability in the village

a. Grocery : In Village- 07

b. Dal mill : 10

6

c. Seeds/ Fertilizers

Krishi Seva Kendra : 04

d. Insecticides and fungicides

Krishi Seva Kendra : 04

6.Farm implements

1.Tractor : 50 2.Seed Drill : 01

3.Rotavator : 25 4.Sprayer

(Manual / Engine )

: 500

5. Thresher : 10 Power tiller : 10

7.Medical facilities

Name of institute /organization In Village Nearby Village Dist. from Village

a.Primary Health Center: -- : patkul 15 km

b. b.Veterinary Health Center: 01 : -- --

8.Marketing facility

a. In Village/ Nearby Village -- : Modnimb 12 km

b. Tehsil/District -- : APMC, Solapur 60 km

9.Availability of technology/ knowledge source

a. Information regarding agricultural

practices

: Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol

News Paper, Agrowan

10.Industries

Dairy : 06

11. Self Help Group 05

3.3 Soil Map of village Khandali:

The Soil map indicating type of soils available on cultivable land in village.

7

3.3 Transect of village:

The transect walk was carried out with the villagers from North to South and East

to West direction. The various item viz, topography, irrigation source, crops and cropping

system, trees and fruits trees etc. were identified by observatory method during walk. The

details given below

Topography Leveled Slope 1 to 2 % Slope 2 to 4 % Slightly sloppy 2 to 3 %

Soil type Medium to deep

Medium Heavy Soil shallow Soil

Irrigation source

Well, Borewell

Well, Percolation tank, Borewell

Well, Borewell, farm pond

Well, Borewell, cement bund , Nala bund

Crops and Cropping system

Sugarcane, Onion, Maize, Sorghum, Watermelon.

Maize, Tomato, Wheat, Gram

Sugarcane Onion, Maize

Jowar, Gram

Trees

Neem, Babul, Acacia sp.

Neem, Nilgiri, Rain tree ,

Acacia sp. Hiwar

Neem, Babul

Fruit trees Banana, Mango, Ber

Pomegranate, Turmarind, Ber, Mango, Lime

Mango, Banana Ber, Pomegranate

Weeds

Harali, Parthenium

Parthenium, Pathri, Cockscomb, Kena

Ekdandi, Parthenium , Lawala,

Harali. Aghada, Kunda.

Fodder crop Lucerne, berseem

Lucerne, Maize, Fodder Sorghum

Maize, Sugarcane

Pasture land

Pest and diseases

Wooly aphids & Thrips, Red nut, wilt, Shoot Fly

Rust, Pod boron Wilt, Aphid

Thrips, Rust, Stem borer

Pod borer, Shoot fly, Chikta

Animals Cow Khillar, Jerssey, HF, Local Buffalo Pandharpuri Goat Osmanabadi, Local Poultry Local

8

3.4 Time line:-

The major events remembered by the villagers was drawn with the help of key

informants.

Year Major events 1920 Bicycle 1950 Radio 1950 Motorcycle

1950,2011 Nala Bund 1950 Z. P. Primary School 1956 Establishment of Grampanchyat. 1960 Chemical Fertilizer 1972 Electricity 1972 Drinking Water Well and Pipeline

1972,2003,2012,1998,2007 Famine 1975 Hand Pump 1975 Thresher 1980 Crossbreed Cow 1985 Farm Pond 1985 Television 1992 Drip irrigation

1992,2003 Percolation Tank 1993 Earth Quake 1994 Tractor

1997-98 Telephone 1998 Bio-Gas 1998 Use of Improved seed 2000 Mobiles 2000 Agril. Service Center 2000 Cement Plug 2005 SHG 2009 Pest Occurrence

9

3.5 Trend analysis: The trend analysis in respect of rainfall, water table, cropping pattern, area of various crops grown during the year, livestock etc. was done with the help of the farmer participants involved in PRA.

Particulars 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Rainfall * * - * * * -

Kharif cropping area - - - - 00 000 000

Rabi cropping area ### ### ### ### ## ### ###

Horticultural Crops

Banana - - - - - - -

Pomegranate Vv vvv vvv Vvv vvv vvv vvv

Onion OOO OOO OOO - - - -

Ber >>> >>> >>> - - - -

Area under various crops

Sugarcane $ $$ $$ $$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$

Rabi Sorghum @@@@ @@@@ @@@ @@@ @@ @@ @

Maize X XX XX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX

Tomato - - - - II II III

Attack of Insect Pest ! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!

Livestock

Cow

Desi AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA A A

Crossbreed - < < < < <<< <<<<

Buffalo

Local BBB BBB BBB BB BB B B

3.6 Matrix ranking:

The Matrix ranking was completed with the help of the participatory farmers in

respect of various crops, varieties, sheep and goat and the information is given below.

1. Matrix ranking of crops:

Sr. No.

Particulars/ Crop

cereals pulses Oilseed Vegetable Cash crop Fruit crop

1 Food 5 3 3 4 2 3 2 Fodder 5 4 3 2 5 2 3 Expenditure

on fertilizers 3 3 3 3 5 5

4 Market price 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Income 3 4 5 4 5 5 Rank II III III IV I II

It is observed that Cash crop is major crop followed by Cereals and fruit crop.

2. Matrix ranking of Sugarcane:

Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 86032 671 94005

1 Availability of planting material

4 3 2

2 Crop duration 4 4 3

3 Expenditure on fertilizers

4 4 4

4 Ratoon yield 5 4 3 5 Higher Yield 5 3 3 Rank I II III

3. Matrix ranking of maize:

Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Parmeshwar Pinecle Dicalb 1 Grain yield 4 4 4 2 Fodder yield 5 4 3 3 Drought resistant 4 4 4 4 Fodder quality 5 3 3 5 Market price 5 4 4 Rank I II III

4. Matrix ranking of Tomato.

Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 955

50/ Namdhari Us- 3383

1 Plant growth 3 3 4 2 Fruit size 4 3 4 3 Pest and disease resistance 3 3 4 4 Yield 4 4 5 Rank I III II

5. Matrix ranking of Onion

Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 955

50/ Namdhari Us- 3383

1 Duration 3 3 4 2 Expenditure 3 3 4 3 Yield 4 3 3 4 Water 4 4 3 5 Quality 5 3 4 6 Storage 4 3 3 Rank I III II

3.7 Venn diagram:

The institutional relationship diagram indicating, how close the contact and

cooperation between those organizations and groups is prepared with the help of farmers.

This indicates the importance of the various individuals and the institutions in and outside

the village with regard to a phenomenon related to agriculture. The importance of various

organizations/ individuals for a phenomenon is indicated in terms of size of the circles and

distance from the centre.

VENN DIAGRAM OF VILLAGE, Bitale , Tal. Mohol , Dist. Solapur

Village Khandali Tal. Mohol

Veternary Clinic

,

APMC Modnimb

Krishi SevaKendra

PHC

GramPanchayt

KVK, ARS

Mohol

Sugarcane factory

25km

15km

12km

km

Sugar FactoryLoknete

15km

3.8 Farmers participated in PRA:

Shri.Uttam Kashinath Mane Shri. Jaywant Sambhaji Vyavhare Shri. Arun Hanumant Mule Shri. Rahul Subhash Patane Shri. Dhanaji Babru Dongare Shri. Shivaji Datta Mule Shri. Maruti Datta Shrikhande Shri. Manik Maruti Shrikhande Shri. Hanumant Maruti Shrikhande Shri. Shrimant Bajrang Srikhande Shri. Krishna Dagdu Darphalkar Shri. Ankush Ramchandra Shrikhande Shri. Pralhad Mule Shri. Janardhan Shivaji Bhosale Shri. Arvind Balkrishna Patil Shri. Bhalchandra Bhagvant Tarate Shri. Ganesh Dattatray Mule Shri. Bharat Sadashiv Bhosale Shri. Kiran Parameshwar Mule Shri. Vishnu Maruti Mule Shri. Brahmadev Maruti Mule Shri. Nitin C. Mule Shri. Mahadev Dattray Bhange Shri. Shahu Datttray Bhosale Shri. Vikram Datttray Bhosale Shri. Dipak hari Mane Shri. Nandkumar Ananda Mule Shri. Samadhan Hanumant Asade Shri. Suryakant Narayan Joshi Shri. Kantilal Manik Dongare Shri. Anurat Shivaji More Shri. Maruti Mule Shri. Suresh Laxshman Mule Shri. Satyavan Mule Shri. Shivaji Govind Mule

4 .1 SWOT analysis of village: S- Strength, W- Weaknesses, O- Opportunity, T- Threats Strength:

1. Use of drip irrigation system on large scale. 2. Positive attitude towards fruit crop. 3. Availability use of farm implements. 4. Diversified agro climatic situation. 5. Diversified farming system. 6. Greater participation in social activities. 7. Positive attitude towards dairy enterprise. 8. Adoption of improved technology and post harvest management. 9. Soil suitable for all type of crops.

Weaknesses: 1. Unawareness about IPM, IDM.. 2. Lack of knowledge about INM. 3. Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management to livestock. 4. Unskilled marketing. 5. Less important to expenditure incurred on labour and other inputs..

Opportunities:

1. Scope for increasing efficiency of fertilizer use. 2. Scope for developing fertigation techniques. 3. Scope for increasing area under pulses and oilseeds crops. 4. Scope for developing agro base enterprises, value addition. 5. Scope for enterprunrship development.

Threats: 1. Uncertainty of rainfall 2. Discontinuity in electricity 3. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers lead to soil degradation. 4. Unavailability of storage facility.

4.2 POIN analysis

Sr.No. Problem Opportunity Issues Needs 1 Lack of Knowledge about

integrated approach Regarding integrated approach of dryland and irrigation technology

Water conservation devices, proper tools and techniques for farming

Gatcharcha Demonstration Exposure visit

2 Communication gap among farmers for adopting new technology

Formation of cluster approach and farmers club

Limited approach , less initiative

Exposure visit Group discussion Gatcharcha

3 Less participation of farm woman in decision making

Increasing participation of farm woman in decision making

Less education, Male dominant society

Formation of SHG Extension programme

4 Marginal productivity enhancing crop yield through adoption of new technology

Traditional Farming practices, Lack of knowledge about IPM, INM

Training Exposure visit Kisan mela

5 Minimum use of quality fodder for milch animal

Introduction of improved variety of fodder crop

Traditional feeding approach, open grazing, low milk yield, low fat percentage

Demonstration Training Gatcharcha Campaigning

6 Lack of knowledge about processing of value addition of agricultural produce

Promotion of agro base processing enterprise

Post harvest losses, low risk ability towards Capital Investment economic status

Training Exposure visits Gatcharcha Exhibition

5.1 Seasonability of weather:

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall - - - - - - - - *** **** - -

Temperature * *** **** **** **** ** ** ** * * * *

Humidity ** ** * * * ** ** ** **** *** *** **

5.2 Seasonability of crop:

Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Sugarcane 80 % 20%

Maize

Tomato

Banana

Onion

Pomegranate

5.3 Seasonability of animal diseases:

Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

H.S

B. Q.

FMD

Diarshea

5.4Seasonability of pest and disease:

Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Sugarcane

Sorghum

Pomegranate

Onion

Tomato

Banana (June- July planting)

6. Major cropping pattern:

1. Banana based production system 2. Pomegranate based production system 3. Sugarcane based cropping system 4. Maize based cropping system 5. Dairy based production system

Wooly Aphid

Top Shoot Borer

Red rot

Shoot fly

Chikta

Oily spot

Thrips

Fruit borer

Leaf curl

Fruit borer

Leaf curl

Steam borer

7. Major problems identified:

1. Agronomy

1. Fertilizers unavailability at proper time.

2. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers.

3. Less use of biofertilizers

4. Unawareness about INM practices.

5. No proper irrigation management.

6. Improper management practices for agronomical crops.

7. Traditional method of sowing and planting followed

2. Horticulture

1. Improper Disease management

2. Unawareness about INM.

3. Improper use of insecticide, pesticide.

4. Unawareness about bahar management.

5. Lack of knowledge about pruning.

3. Livestock

1. Unawareness about mineral mixture feeding.

2. Low milk yield.

3. Lack of knowledge about improved varieties of green fodder.

4. Lack of knowledge about animal disease and their remedies.

4. Soil Science

1. Less use of soil and water conservation practices.

2. Unawareness about soil testing.

3. Unawareness about reclamation of problematic soils.

5. Food science and technology

1. Lack of knowledge about post harvest handling

2. No value addition.

3. Scope for food and V processing

6. Agriculture Extension

1. Less participation in technology adoption.

2. Technical gap among farmers.

8. Problem cause diagram: a. Problem cause diagram for low yield in sugarcane:

Less use of modern Technologies

Unawareness

Lack of knowledge

Lack of INM

Practices

b. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Maize:

Unawareness about Diversified approach

Lack of knowledge

Improper plant spacing

Lack of knowledge

Lack of soil testing

Low yield in

sugarcane

Traditional irrigation management

Indiscriminate use of biofertilizers

Lack of set treatment

Low yield in ratoon

Low yield in Maize

No proper crop rotation

Uneven plant population

Imbalance nutrient supply

Monoculture

c. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Tomato:

Unawareness

Lack of plant protection

Measures/ seed treatment

Lack of knowledge

Unawareness about

IWM practices

Less use of

micronutrients

d. Problem Cause Diagram for low yield in Onion:

Less use of plant

protection measures Lack of knowledge

Lack of knowledge

about INM

Lack of knowledge

Low Yield in Tomato

Occurrence of pest and disease

Imbalance use of fertilizer

Improper irrigation

Use of local variety

Micronutrient deficiency

Low Yield in Onion

Improper nursery management

Less seedling treatment

Imbalance use of fertilizers

Occurrence of sucking pest

e. Problem cause diagram for low yield in pomegranate:

No proper spacing

Use of disease infected

material

Lack of knowledge

Unawareness

Lack of Knowledge

Lack of knowledge/

Poor economic status

f. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Banana:

Unawareness

Lack of pest and

Disease management

Lack of knowledge

Lack of IWM practice

Lack of knowledge

Low Yield in

Pomegranate

Incidence of pest and disease

Improper bahar management

No proper pruning techniques

Uneven plant population

Indiscriminate use of fertilizer/micronutrients

Low yield in

Banana

Occurrence of pest and diseases

Imbalance use of fertilizer

Improper use of irrigation water

Use of local snckers

Lack use of seed treatment

Indiscriminate use of irrigation water

9. Farmers – scientist’s interaction for action plan development:

An interactive session was conducted with the farmers of Khandali village during

the survey. The farmers with distinguished farming approach viz. crop component, Animal

Component, Horticulture and emerging entrepreneur. Participated actively for identifying

the constraints and need of farmers and the problems raised by them are given below-

Points raised by the farmers:-

Lack of seed treatment. Less use of biofertilizers. Improper method of planting. Availability of planting material/ use of local cultivar. Unawareness about dryland technologies. Unawareness about pruning techniques in orchards. Unavailability of quality fodder material. Unawareness about vaccination in animal. Lack of knowledge grading, packaging and processing of fruit and vegetables. Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management. Unavailability of skilled labour. Lack of knowledge about fertigation techniques.

.

10. PRA photos: