parts of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells. cell theory 1. all living things are made of...

Parts of Prokaryotic & Parts of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Cell TheoryCell Theory

1. All living things are made of 1. All living things are made of ____________.____________.

2. Cells are the basic unit of 2. Cells are the basic unit of __________ & __________ in an __________ & __________ in an organism.organism.

3. All cells come from the reproduction 3. All cells come from the reproduction of ____________ cells.of ____________ cells.

CELL MEMBRANE MODELCELL MEMBRANE MODEL

Phospholipids and Phospholipids and proteins move proteins move laterally, or side to laterally, or side to side, for short side, for short distances.distances.Proteins make a Proteins make a pattern on the surface pattern on the surface known as the fluid known as the fluid mosaic model.mosaic model.

NUCLEUS and NUCLEUS and NUCLEOLUSNUCLEOLUS

NUCLEUS is:NUCLEUS is:

Surrounded by nuclear MEMBRANESurrounded by nuclear MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR envelope.called the NUCLEAR envelope.

Serves as the control CENTER OF Serves as the control CENTER OF CELLCELL

Nuclear pores allow molecules in and Nuclear pores allow molecules in and outout


CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL ( DNA)MATERIAL ( DNA)

Contains Contains NUCLEOLUS NUCLEOLUS

(Dark spot) which (Dark spot) which

makes ribosomes makes ribosomes

(RNA) (RNA)


– Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes

– Genes control cell characteristics

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding nucleusDouble membrane surrounding nucleusAlso called nuclear membraneAlso called nuclear membraneContains nuclear pores for materials to Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleusenter & leave nucleusConnected to the rough ERConnected to the rough ER

CHROMATIN & CHROMOSOMESCHROMATIN & CHROMOSOMES

DNA is scrunched up as DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in DIVIDING CELLSCHROMOSOMES in DIVIDING CELLS

DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in NON-DIVIDING CELLSNON-DIVIDING CELLS

CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON

Made of PROTEINS called actin and Made of PROTEINS called actin and tubulin.tubulin.

FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS: – Helps cell maintain its shapeHelps cell maintain its shape– Helps organelles move Helps organelles move

aroundaround

LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES

Sac containing digestive enzymes Sac containing digestive enzymes

FUNCTION: FUNCTION: Digests: food, bacteria, and worn out Digests: food, bacteria, and worn out

cell parts for cellscell parts for cells Plays a role in APOPTOSIS: Plays a role in APOPTOSIS: “programmed cell death” “programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the Cell suicide for the good of the ORGANISMORGANISM

LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES

Cells take in food by phagocytosis

Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes

VACUOLEVACUOLE

STORAGE SPACE FOR: STORAGE SPACE FOR:

–In plants, they store In plants, they store Cell SapCell Sap–Includes storage of sugars, Includes storage of sugars,

proteins, minerals, lipids, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and wastes, salts, water, and enzymesenzymes

Huge in PLANT cells, small in ANIMAL Huge in PLANT cells, small in ANIMAL cells, NOT in BACTERIAL cells.cells, NOT in BACTERIAL cells.

VACUOLEVACUOLE

CENTRIOLESCENTRIOLES

Bundle of microtubules made of Bundle of microtubules made of PROTEINS called tubulin. (9+3 ring)PROTEINS called tubulin. (9+3 ring)

Only seen in ANIMAL cells during cell Only seen in ANIMAL cells during cell divisiondivision

Function: largely unknown, Function: largely unknown,

but they do assist in but they do assist in

cell division cell division

CILIA & FLAGELLACILIA & FLAGELLA

Made of PROTEINS called Made of PROTEINS called microtubules– tubulin also.microtubules– tubulin also.organized in a “9+2” organized in a “9+2” arrangement arrangement

that help with moving cells, that help with moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell particles across the cell surface surface


CILIA: shorter& more numerous; look CILIA: shorter& more numerous; look like short “hairs”like short “hairs”

FLAGELLA: longer & fewer; look like FLAGELLA: longer & fewer; look like “tails”; typically only 1-3 per cell.“tails”; typically only 1-3 per cell.

FUNCTION (BOTH): cell movement, if FUNCTION (BOTH): cell movement, if cell is non-motile, moves fluid over cell cell is non-motile, moves fluid over cell surface Ex.- Cilia lining your windpipe surface Ex.- Cilia lining your windpipe sweep mucus containing trapped sweep mucus containing trapped debris out of your lungs.debris out of your lungs.

Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungsfrom the Lungs

RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES

Can be FREE in the cytosol or Can be FREE in the cytosol or ATTACHED to the surface of Rough ERATTACHED to the surface of Rough ER

MADE OF rRNA (ribosomal) & PROTEINMADE OF rRNA (ribosomal) & PROTEIN

FUNCTION: MAKE PROTEINSFUNCTION: MAKE PROTEINS

CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA CELL MEMBRANE or PLASMA MEMBRANEMEMBRANE

Made mainly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and Made mainly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and PROTEINSPROTEINS

HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up phospholipids make molecules line up as a LIPID BI-LAYER with POLAR as a LIPID BI-LAYER with POLAR heads facing OUT and NON-POLAR heads facing OUT and NON-POLAR tails facing IN (to inside of bi-layer)tails facing IN (to inside of bi-layer)


Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains


Proteins attached to Proteins attached to surface (inside or surface (inside or outside)= PERIPHERAL outside)= PERIPHERAL PROTEINSPROTEINSProteins stuck into Proteins stuck into membrane = membrane = INTEGRAL PROTEINSINTEGRAL PROTEINS(can go part way in or (can go part way in or all the way through)all the way through)


Membranes are selectively permeable/ Membranes are selectively permeable/ semi-permeable when they allow semi-permeable when they allow certain molecules to pass through; but certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out. keep others out.

Cytoplasm/ cytosol is the “gel-like Cytoplasm/ cytosol is the “gel-like material + organelles” between nucleus material + organelles” between nucleus and cell membraneand cell membrane


OTHER MOLECULES:OTHER MOLECULES:

GLYCOPROTEINS with GLYCOPROTEINS with attached attached CARBOHYDRATE tails CARBOHYDRATE tails to recognize selfto recognize self

Contain the steroid Contain the steroid CHOLESTEROL to CHOLESTEROL to make membranes make membranes more flexiblemore flexible

MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRION (plural: MITOCHONDRIA)MITOCHONDRIA)

Surrounded by Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane.DOUBLE membrane. Contains its own Contains its own DNA.DNA. Called the Called the “powerhouse” of cell“powerhouse” of cell Burns food (sugars, Burns food (sugars, fats, etc) to release fats, etc) to release energy.energy.


Stores energy Stores energy released as ATP. released as ATP.

Smooth outer Smooth outer membranemembrane

Folded inner Folded inner membrane = CRISTAE membrane = CRISTAE

(increases surface area for (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)more chemical reactions) Cellular respiration happens in Cellular respiration happens in the inner membrane.the inner membrane.


More active More active cells like cells like muscle cells muscle cells have MORE have MORE mitochondriamitochondriaBoth plants & Both plants & animal cells animal cells have have mitochondriamitochondria

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)

Internal network Internal network of hollow of hollow membrane membrane tubules.tubules.

Connects to Connects to nuclear nuclear envelope & cell envelope & cell membranemembrane


ROUGH ERROUGH ERRough ER has ribosomes Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface, while on its surface, while smooth does not.smooth does not.Rough ER: Attached Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make ribosomes make PROTEINS which are PROTEINS which are modified & exported.modified & exported. FUNCTION ROUGH ER: FUNCTION ROUGH ER: Makes membrane Makes membrane proteins and proteins proteins and proteins

for export out of cell for export out of cell


Proteins are made by Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER ribosomes on ER surfacesurface

They are then threaded They are then threaded into the interior of the into the interior of the Rough ER to be Rough ER to be modified and modified and transportedtransported


Rough ER has Rough ER has RIBOSOMES on its RIBOSOMES on its surface, while surface, while SMOOTH does not.SMOOTH does not.

Is attached to the Is attached to the ends of rough ERends of rough ER


SMOOTH ERSMOOTH ERFUNCTION SMOOTH ER:FUNCTION SMOOTH ER: Makes cell products that Makes cell products that are USED In the cellare USED In the cellMakes membrane lipids Makes membrane lipids (steroids)(steroids)Regulates calcium Regulates calcium (muscle cells)(muscle cells)Destroys toxic Destroys toxic substances (Liver)substances (Liver)

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)

Looks like a stack of flattened sacs.Looks like a stack of flattened sacs.FUNCTION: Modify, sort, and package FUNCTION: Modify, sort, and package substances from ER for transport out of cell substances from ER for transport out of cell OR for storage.OR for storage.

Have a shipping side (cis face) & a Have a shipping side (cis face) & a receiving side (trans face)receiving side (trans face)Receive proteins made by ERReceive proteins made by ERTransport vesicles with modified Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the endsproteins pinch off the ends


Transport

vesicle

CIS

TRANS

VESICLESVESICLES

Sacs made of membraneSacs made of membraneUsed to transport Used to transport substances within the cell– substances within the cell– protein from ER to Golgi to protein from ER to Golgi to cell membrane, or to take in cell membrane, or to take in food (endocytosis) or get rid food (endocytosis) or get rid of wastes (exocytosis)of wastes (exocytosis)Disposable; pinch off of and Disposable; pinch off of and fuse with other membranes fuse with other membranes in the cell.in the cell.

VESICLESVESICLES

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEMENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

• Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEMENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPLASTS

Surrounded by double Surrounded by double membranemembraneHas its own DNAHas its own DNAOuter membrane Outer membrane smoothsmoothInner membrane sacs Inner membrane sacs called THYLAKOIDS called THYLAKOIDS contain CHLOROPHYLL contain CHLOROPHYLL where photosynthesis where photosynthesis happens.happens.

CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPLASTS

Stacks of Stacks of thylakoids called thylakoids called GRANA. Gel like GRANA. Gel like material around material around thylakoids called thylakoids called STROMA.STROMA.

FOUND ONLY IN FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLSPLANT CELLS

CELL WALLCELL WALL

Found OUTSIDE the cell Found OUTSIDE the cell membrane.membrane.

Provides structure & support.Provides structure & support.

Cellulose in the cell wall makes Cellulose in the cell wall makes plant cells sturdy.plant cells sturdy.

Bacteria have cell walls made of Bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan instead of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose.cellulose.Made of chitin in Fungi

PROKARYOTESPROKARYOTES

Bacteria are the most Bacteria are the most common prokaryotic cell. common prokaryotic cell. They do not have a They do not have a nucleus, but do contain a nucleus, but do contain a single circular chromosome single circular chromosome made of DNA, found in the made of DNA, found in the NUCLEOID REGION.NUCLEOID REGION.Like all cells, bacteria are Like all cells, bacteria are surrounded by a cell surrounded by a cell membrane which contains the membrane which contains the gel-like cytosol of the cell.gel-like cytosol of the cell.

TONOPLASTTONOPLAST

Membrane that Membrane that encloses the encloses the CENTRAL CENTRAL VACUOLE in a VACUOLE in a plant cell, plant cell, separating it separating it from the from the cytosol.cytosol.

PEROXISOMESPEROXISOMES

Organelle containing Organelle containing enzymes that enzymes that transfer hydrogen transfer hydrogen from various from various substrates to substrates to oxygen, producing oxygen, producing and then degrading and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.hydrogen peroxide.

PLASMODESMATAPLASMODESMATA

An open An open channel in the channel in the cell wall of cell wall of PLANTS PLANTS through which through which strands of strands of CYTOSOL CYTOSOL connect from connect from adjacent cells.adjacent cells.

CENTROSOMECENTROSOME

Present in cytosol of all eukaryotic cells; Present in cytosol of all eukaryotic cells; important during cell division; the important during cell division; the MICROTUBULE organizing center.MICROTUBULE organizing center.

parts of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells. cell theory 1. all living things are made of...

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