parts of speech how to build a beautiful sentence noun verb adverb article preposition adjective...
TRANSCRIPT
PARTS OF SPEECH How To Build A Beautiful Sentence
noun
verb
adverb
article
prepositionadjectiv
econjunction
prono
un
by Laura Jensen
Get to know each one: What is it like?
What is it best at?
What can’t it do?
Each part of speech is unique!
Click icon to add picture
noun
preposition
verb
conjunction
adjectiveadverb
pronoun
article
Part I: Nouns & Verbs
Start
here!
End here!
Beautiful
English!
Someone is always doing
something!Superman, a beautiful woman, the bad guys
flying, saving, lifting, shooting, fainting, escaping
Nouns
Verbs
Minimum Requirements for a Sentence?
1 Noun
+ 1 Verb =
1 Clause
And every sentence has at least one
clause.
Time flies. My teacher adores grammar.
These students are very intelligent.
The baby is sleeping.
Meet the Verb!
Action! But also non-action…
Kick!
Jump! Scor
e!
I just love thinking about grammar!
Some Examples:
Go Drive Make Cook Work Study
Be Know Like Seem Cost Need
Action verbsNon-action verbs (also called non-progressive or stative verbs)
Remember: Non-action verbs cannot be used in progressive tenses!
Learn when to use each form!
Verbs have five forms
Click icon to add picture Base Form They like to go out to dinner.
-s Form He likes to go out to dinner.
PastWe cooked dinner at home last
night.
Present Participle My family is eating dinner right
now.
Past ParticipleWe have already eaten lunch.
Tense: past, present, futureAgreement: Remember to use that –s form!Auxiliaries are helping verbs: do, be, have, and modalsVoice: active or passive (Is the subject doing the action?)
Linking verbs: the “equal sign” verbsTransitive or Intransitive: Does the verb take an object?
Other useful things to know about verbs:
revi
e
w
new
Find the verbs in these sentences:
•How much can you tell me about each of
these verbs?
•Tense?
•Five forms?
•Agreement?
•Helping verbs?
•Linking?
•Transitive?
Laura is a teacher. Laura is teaching ESL 042 now. Laura loves teaching! Laura is picky. Laura teaches enthusiastically. Laura has taught at NSCC since 1991. Does Laura teach other ESL classes? ESL 042 is taught by other teachers,
too. My students can visit me in my office.
Meet the Noun!
Person
Place
Thing
Idea
Proper or Common: Is it a name? Count or Non-count: Can I make it plural?Concrete or Abstract: Can I touch it?Collective Nouns: British versus American EnglishNouns Do Jobs: They can be subjects, objects, etc.
Other things to know about nouns
Nouns: Proper or Common?
a university
a community college
a city
my professor
his native country
the zoo
a history class
our family doctor
The University of Washington
North Seattle Community College
Seattle Professor Collins Ethiopia Woodland Park Zoo Modern European
History 101 Doctor Zhivago
Common Nouns Proper Nouns:
Capitalize them!
Nouns: Count or Non-count?
an apple three rings many chairs my glasses all these cars!
[a piece of] fruit some jewelry a lot of furniture my coffee all this traffic!
Count Non-count:
Note: many + plural count noun much + non-count noun (neg.) few + plural count noun less + non-count noun
Don’t add -s
some, enough, a lot of
Never make them plural!
Three Common Non-Count Nouns
Click icon to add picture
InformationHomework
Advice-s
I’ve gotten rather tired of correcting these three
nouns…yawn…
Nouns: Concrete or Abstract?
Book Teacher Office People Elevator
War Intelligence Happiness Disease Democracy
Things you can touch: Ideas:
Collective Nouns: Do they represent a group of many individual things (plural) or one unit (singular)?
The committee make our policy decisions.
The faculty choose the textbooks.
The family enjoy vacations.
The committee makes our policy decisions.
The faculty chooses the textbooks.
The family enjoys vacations.
British English tends to see collective nouns as plural
American English tends to see collective nouns as singular
Notice how this affects subject-verb agreement.
Follow this idiom: When in Rome, do as the Romans do!
Noun Jobs
• Laura teaches this class.Subject
•Laura teaches this class.Direct Object
•Laura teaches English to her students.
Object of a Preposition
• Laura is a teacher. [Laura = teacher]
Subject Complement
Noun Jobs: Laura teaches ESL to her students.
Subject Who teaches? Laura!
Direct Object What does Laura teach? ESL!
Object of the Preposition
To whom? [Her amazing]
students!
Noun Jobs: The dog is chasing a child around the garden.
Subject What is chasing? [The] dog!
Direct ObjectWho is being
chased? [A] child!
Object of the Preposition
Around what? [The] garden!
Complement—something that completes. Subject complements follow linking verbs. A subject complement completes the idea of the subject: the subject and its complement refer to one person or thing.
What about subject complements?
Laura is a teacher. Laura = teacherThose women are my classmates. women = classmatesThe man in the grey suit is his doctor. man = doctor
subject
subject
complement
Links
•Noun is the name of one part of speech•Subject, Object, & Subject Complement are the names of jobs that nouns can do in a sentence.
Nouns do Noun Jobs
Noun Jobs are different from
Parts of Speech!
Part II: Now shake hands with six more!
articles adjectives adverbs
prepositions pronouns conjunctions
These parts of speech modify: they give more information about other words.
These parts of speech relate or connect things to other things:
Prepositions
Prepositions show a
relationship between a noun and
another part of the
sentence.
Sometimes, the
relationship is spatial.
To Learn More about Prepositions:
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositions.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/
Giant List of Prepositions:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions
Pronouns replace other nouns
A pronoun is a word that is used to represent a noun.
Pronoun means for-a-noun.
Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the nouns they stand for.
The noun that a pronoun replaces is called its antecedent.
Like nouns, pronouns do noun jobs in a sentence: they act as subjects, objects, etc.
Pronouns come in lots of yummy flavors:
Personal
Pronouns
Indefinite
Pronouns
Possessive PronounsDemonstrative Pronouns
Reflexive
PronounsRelative
Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
I You He, she, it We You They
Me You Him, her, it Us You Them
Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns
Like all nouns, pronouns do jobs in a sentence.
Pronoun or Adjective?
If it replaces a noun and does a noun job, I call it
a pronoun.
If it modifies a noun, then I call it
an adjective.
The comic to the left is full of possessive
pronouns and possessive adjectives.
Which is which?
give us information about nouns & pronouns:
The weather is beautiful today.
This is an interesting class.
I have a sweet little cat.
Adjectives…
Annie
meow
Fun Facts about Adjectives:
Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: the positive—big the comparative—bigger the superlative—the biggest
Participles can be used as adjectives: This is an interesting class, so the students are
never bored!
Nouns can also function as adjectives: The fire alarm rang loudly. He wrote a newspaper article about his adventure.
Use enough to make your writing interesting—exciting, never bland. Don’t use so many spicy adjectives that you can’t taste the nouns
and verbs.
Adjectives add spice to your writing.
Use adjectives to describe Laura’s garden:
Colorful
Crowded
Wild
Exotic
Abundant
Fragrant
Overgrown
Exuberant
Learn More about Adjectives
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm
Note: This site considers articles to be a kind of adjective,
but I group articles in a separate part of speech.
Articles
This is the easiest part of
speech to learn!
A An The
Like adjectives, articles accompany nouns.
Articles are a piece of
cake!
Use An Before a Vowel Sound
You should bring an
umbrella.
He will study at a
university.
She wants to find a
husband.
She hopes to marry an
honest man.
He is an NSCC student.
Which article should I use?
Adverbs
Oh no! Not
adverbs!I’m afraid it’s true:
Adverbs are more complicated
than adjectives or articles…
…but that’s only because adverbs are so incredibly versatile!
Adverbs can
modify:
verbs
adjectives
adverbs
and even whole
sentences!
Adverbs tell us:
• why?• when?• where?• how?• how often?
something happens.
Because I was so hungry, I ate too quickly.
Adverbs can do lots of cool stuff.
The adverb so modifies the adjective hungry. The adverb too modifies the adverb quickly. The adverb quickly modifies the verb ate.
So let’s show adverbs a little respect, please!
They really work hard to
help us communicate.
Conjunctions
Con- = with, together junct = act of joining}conjunctions let us combine words,
phrases, and clauses
1. Laura enjoys teaching, gardening, and cooking. (3 words)
2. She has a husband named Peter and two sons named Alex and Carl. (2 phrases) 3. Peter’s father lives near us, but Laura’s father lives in California. (2 clauses)Bonus Question: What is a parallel structure?
Coordinating Conjunctions
ForAndNorButOrYetSoFan
Boys
Use conjunctions to combine two clauses into one sentence.
Coordinating—Two equal clauses
Subordinating—Two unequal clauses
Two Independent Clauses One Clause is Dependent
after althoughasbecausebeforeifsince thoughunlessuntilwhenwhile
After you learn the parts of speech, you will understand English better.
You will understand English better after you learn the parts of speech.
If you yawn in my class, I will have a heart attack.
You should understand nouns and verbs before you try to learn the other parts of speech.
You won’t move up to ESL 051 unless your grade in ESL 042 is at least 75%.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Analyze this sentence:
Maria has studied very hard lately because she wants an excellent grade in her English class.
Independent Clause & Dependent Clause
S S
Maria has studied very hard lately because she
noun verb verb adverb adv adv conjunction pron
DO Obj/prep
wants an excellent grade in her English class.
verb article adj noun prep adj adj noun
Once You Know How to Use These Building Blocks, You Can Build
Anything!