parts of the brain. how do we study the brain? case study analysis of brain injuries ie. phineas...
TRANSCRIPT
Parts of the Parts of the BrainBrain
How do we study the brain?How do we study the brain?
•Case study analysis of brain injuries
•IE. Phineas Gage
AccidentsAccidents
Phineas Gage VideoPhineas Gage Video• While you watch think about these
questions:
• What part of the brain deals with emotions
• What part of the brain deals with judgment
LesionsLesions• Lesioning is the removal or
destruction of part of the brain.• IE. Lobotomy
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions• What are the key functions of the
brain?• What are the parts for responsible?
Divisions of the BrainDivisions of the Brain
I. The HindbrainI. The Hindbrain
HindbrainHindbrain
•basic biological functions•3 main parts:
–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons
Hindbrain partsHindbrain parts•There are three brain areas
associated with the Hindbrain (some parts are associated with Brain Stem):–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons
Hindbrain partsHindbrain parts•Medulla: breathing, heart rate
and blood pressure…•Cerebellum: coordinates
voluntary movements and balance (along with the BASIL GANGLIA)
•Pons: sleep center (among many other things)
Partner UpPartner Up
•Get a simile summary for the group of two
•You may pick any part of the hindbrain and make up a simile
•Have fun with this!
II. The MidbrainII. The Midbrain
MidbrainMidbrain• located between the hindbrain
and the forebrain•simple muscle movements with
changes in sensory information•hearing and sight•pupil dilation and eyeball
movement
III. The ForebrainIII. The Forebrain
ForebrainForebrain• thoughts and reason• 5 main regions:
– Thalamus– Hypothalamus– Hippocampus– Amygdala – The Cerebral Cortex
Limbic SystemLimbic System
Limbic SystemLimbic System
•includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
•“emotional brain”–helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst
ThalamusThalamus•receives sensory input from all
of the senses except smell•routes input to the proper area
of the brain for processing–“relay center”
•controls the electrical currents in the brain
HypothalamusHypothalamus•maintenance activities:
eating, drinking, fight/flight, and sexual arousal
•(Four f’s)…
•Controls the pituitary gland
HippocampusHippocampus•memory processing
AmygdalaAmygdala
•emotions, especially those of aggression, rage, and fear
•In stressful situations, where teens make some of their decisions
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
• intricate, wrinkled covering of the brain (FISSURES), Covers the brain’s lower level structures
• ultimate control and information processing center
• ~ 30 billion nerve cells
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex• In addition to interneurons, it
contains GLIAL CELLS– guide neural connections, provide
nutrients to myelin, and mop up neurotransmitters
Partner UpPartner Up
•Get a simile summary for the group of two
•You may pick any part of the forebrain and make up a simile
•Have fun with this!
Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
•split into two halves or Hemispheres:–Right Hemisphere–Left Hemisphere
•The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM
Hemispheres of the BrainHemispheres of the Brain
VideoVideo• Corpus Callosum
Contralateral ControlContralateral Control
Hemispheric DifferencesHemispheric Differences• “Left-brained” and “right-
brained” debunked• Brain is divided into two
hemispheres but works as a single entity
• Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum
PlasticityPlasticity
• The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions
• Greatest in childhood• Important if parts of the brain
are damaged or destroyed• The Story of Jodie
Split Brain ProceduresSplit Brain Procedures• What is the role of the corpus
callosum?• What happens if we cut the corpus
callosum?
LETLET’’S LOOK AT S LOOK AT THE LOBES!!!!THE LOBES!!!!
•The Cerebral Cortex is split into four LOBES:–The FRONTAL LOBE –The TEMPORAL LOBE–The PARIETAL LOBE–The OCCIPITAL LOBE
Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes
•just behind the forehead•involved in making plans and
judgments•abstract thought, speaking,
muscle movements•“Broca’s area”
Temporal LobesTemporal Lobes
• Found near the ears• Involved in hearing• Memory retrieval
Parietal LobesParietal Lobes
•behind the frontal lobes•general processing, including
mathematical reasoning•association lobes
– synesthesia
•sensation and motor control
Occipital LobesOccipital Lobes
•Located in the back of the head
•The primary visual processing area
Freud Tore (his) Pants OffFreud Tore (his) Pants Off
Motor CortexMotor Cortex
•At the rear of the frontal lobes•Controls voluntary movement
–receives messages from the rest of the brain and then sends messages to muscles
–contralateral
Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Cortex
• Located in the front of the parietal lobes
• Registers and processes body senses
• Soma is Greek for “body”