PASSIVE VERB FORMS

ACTIVE v. PASSIVE• If the verb is ACTIVE, the subject performs the action – e.g

dominus servum pulsat

• If the verb is PASSIVE, the subject is on the receiving need of action by somebody or somebody else – e.g servus ā dominō pulsātur

• English makes passive verbs by using past participle plus is/are/am/was/were etc. – e.g The slave is hit by Caecilius.

• Latin uses a method rather like English in the perfect tenses but for the present, imperfect and future it uses a special element (r) and combines this in different ways with the active verb endings.

BASIC ENDINGS• In tenses formed from the present stem (viz. present tense

itself, future and imperfect), the passive endings are formed by a combination of the suffix -r with the active endings, except for the 2nd person plural ending which is taken from an obsolete passive present participle:

ACTIVE PASSIVE– ō/m - or/r– s - ris– t - tur– mus - mur– tis - minī– nt - ntur

• A short i in the 2nd. Person singular changes to e in front of ris

• In the present tense of the 1st., 2nd. and 4th. conjugations, the imperfect of all conjugations and the future of 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs, the short vowel before –t in the 3rd. person sing becomes long (e.g. amat > amātur, capiēbat > capiēbātur, reget > regētur ). This is because the original long vowel in the base of the form is shortened before a final -t but not before a non-final –t-

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amor

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amoramāris

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amoramārisamātur

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amoramārisamāturamāmur

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminī

Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )

amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamantur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneor

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneormonēris

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneormonēris

monētur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneormonēris

monētur

monēmur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneormonēris

monētur

monēmur

monēminī

Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in

ērī)moneormonēris

monētur

monēmur

monēminīmonentur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regor

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regorregeris

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regorregerisregitur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regorregerisregiturregimur

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regorregerisregiturregimurregiminī

Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regorregerisregiturregimurregiminīreguntur

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audior

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audioraudīris

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audioraudīris

audīt ur

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audioraudīris

audīt uraudīmur

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audioraudīris

audīt uraudīmuraudīminī

Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)

audioraudīris

audīt uraudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capior

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperis

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapitur

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimur

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī

Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive

in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī

capiuntur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābar

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābaramābāris

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābaramābārisamābātur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminī

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminīamābantur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbar

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbarmonēbāris

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbātur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminī

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminīmonēbantur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbar

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbarregēbāris

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbarregēbārisregēbātur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmur

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāmini

Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāminīregēbantur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbar

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbāris

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbātur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminī

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminīaudiēbantur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbar

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāris

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbātur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmur

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminī

Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –

ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminicapiēbantur

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amābor

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amāboramāberis

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amāboramāberisamābitur

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimur

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminī

Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –

ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminīamābuntur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbor

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbormonēberis

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbitur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminī

Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –

ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminīmonēbuntur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regar

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regarregēris

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regarregērisregētur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regarregērisregēturregēmur

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminī

Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)

regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminīregentur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiar

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēris

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiētur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminī

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere

(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminīcapientur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiar

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiēris

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiētur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmur

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminī

Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre

(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminīaudientur

PERFECT TENSE

Formed by using the past participle (the third part of the verb in a dictionary) and the present tense of sum:

sum sumuses estisest sunt

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sum

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est

amātī/amātae/amāta sumus

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est

amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estis

PERFECT PASSIVE of amō

amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est

amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estisamātī/amātae/amāta sunt

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eram

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātis

PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with

the past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātisamātī/amātae/amāta erant

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erō

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritis

FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the

past participle

amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritisamātī/amātae/amāta erunt

In these perfect tenses, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb in the same way that all adjectives do:

mercātor ā barbarīs captus eratThe merchant had been captured by the barbarians

fīliae ā iuvenibus amātae suntThe daughters were loved by the young men

computātrum ā puerīs frāctum estThe computer was broken by the boys.

Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa ab omnibus amāt__ est

• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat

• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt

• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est

• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat

• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt

• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est

• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat

• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt

• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est

• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat

• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt

• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant

Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est

• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat

• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt

• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posita erant

DEPONENT VERBS

• A group of verbs which have passive forms but active meaning

• They therefore have only three principal parts (e.g. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum - speak)

• Their perfect participle, which is active in meaning, is introduced in CLC Stage 22.

DEPONENT VERBS

• These verbs are also sometimes known informally as `cross-dressing verbs’

• So we have….

ORDINARY VERBS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE (amō, amās

etc.)

ORDINARY VERBS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE (amor, amāris

etc.)

DEPONENT OR CROSS-DRESSING VERBS (loquor, loqueris etc.)

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, ________ne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter

melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter

melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter

melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia

Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter

melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia

Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter

melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia

Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter

melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia

Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter

melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia

Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē

Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et

māter tamen Graecē optimē loquuntur.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!

DEPONENT PERFECT TENSESFormed in exactly the same was as with

passive verbs. i.e. with the past participle and esse

locūtus sum I (masc.) spokelocūtus erat He (masc) had spoken locūtī erāmus We (masc)had spoken locūtae ērunt They (fem) will have spokenlocūtae erātis You (fem pl) had spokenlocūta es You (fem sg) have spoken

PASSIVE/DEPONENT IMPERATIVE

• Singular is identical to the active infinitive form of the conjugation:– amāre, be loved! habēre, be had!

regere, be ruled! cōnāre, try!• Plural is identical to the indicative 2nd.

Person plural form:– amāminī, habēminī, regiminī,

cōnāminī,

Translate the motto in this self-portrait of 17th century Italian painter Salvator Rosa