past and future studies of transiting extrasolar planets
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Past and Future Studies of Transiting Extrasolar Planets. Norio Narita National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Outline. Introduction of transit photometry Related studies for transiting planets Future studies in this field. Planetary transits. transit in the Solar System. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Past and Future Studies of
Transiting Extrasolar Planets
Norio Narita
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Outline
Introduction of transit photometry
Related studies for transiting
planets
Future studies in this field
Planetary transits
2006/11/9
transit of Mercury
observed with Hinode
transit in the Solar System
If a planetary orbit passes in front of its host star by chance,
we can observe exoplanetary transits as periodical dimming.
transit in exoplanetary systems
(we cannot spatially resolve)
slightly dimming
The first exoplanetary transits
Charbonneau et al. (2000)
for HD209458b
Transiting planets are increasing
So far 58 transiting planets have been discovered.
limb-darkening coefficients
planetary radius
radius ratio
stellar radius, orbital inclination, mid-transit time
Gifts from transit light curve analysis
Mandel & Agol (2002), Gimenez (2006), Ohta et al. (2009)
have provided analytic formula for transit light curves
Additional observable parameters
We can learn radius, mass, and density of transiting planets
by transit photometry.
planet radius
orbital inclination
planet mass
planet density
What can we additionally learn?
Additional Photometry
Secondary Eclipse
Transit Timing Variations
Additional Spectroscopy
Transmission Spectroscopy
The Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect
Secondary Eclipse
transit
secondary eclipse
Knutson et al. (2007)
transit
secondary eclipse
IRAC 8μm
provides ‘dayside’ thermal emission information
Previous studies for hot Jupitersnumbers of Spitzer detections
HD209458, TrES-1, HD189733, TrES-4, XO-1,
etc
from the detections, we can estimate dayside
temperature of these planets
Recent studiesground-based detections
Sing & Lopez-Morales (2009)• OGLE-TR-56, K-band, 8.2m VLT & 6.5m Magellan
• VLT: 0.037 ± 0.016 %, Magellan: 0.031 ± 0.011 %
de Mooij & Snellen (2009)• TrES-3, K-band, 3.6m ESO NTT / SOFI
• 0.241 ± 0.043 %
ground-based telescopes are able to
characterize dayside temperature of
exoplanets!
Transit Timing Variations
constant transit timing not constant!
Theoretical studiesAgol et al. (2005), Holman & Murray (2005)
additional planet causes modulation of TTVs
very sensitive to planets
• in mean-motion resonance
• in eccentric orbits
for example, Earth-mass planet in 2:1 resonance around a transiting hot Jupiter causes TTVs over a few min
ground-based observations (even with small telescopes) are useful to search for additional planets
in the Kepler era, TTVs will become one of an useful method to search for exoplanets
Transmission Spectroscopy
star
A tiny part of starlight passes through planetary atmosphere.
Seager & Sasselov (2000) Brown (2001)
Strong excess absorptions were predicted especially
in alkali metal lines and molecular bands
Theoretical studies for hot Jupiters
Components discovered in opticalSodium
HD209458b• Charbonneau et al. (2002) with HST/STIS
• Snellen et al. (2008) with Subaru/HDS
Charbonneau et al. 2002
in transit out of transit
Snellen et al. 2008
Components discovered in opticalSodium
HD189733b• Redfield et al. (2008) with HET/HRS
• to be confirmed with Subaru/HDS
Redfield et al. (2008) Narita et al. preliminary
Components discovered in NIRVapor
HD209458b: Barman (2007)
HD189733b: Tinetti et al. (2007)
MethaneHD189733b: Swain et al. (2008)
Swain et al. (2008)
▲: HST/NICMOS observation
red : model with methane +vapor
blue : model with only vapor
Other reports for atmospheres
Pont et al. (2008)
cloudsHD209458, HD189733
• observed absorption levels are weaker than cloudless models
hazeHD189733
• HST observation found nearly flat absorption feature around 500-1000nm → haze in upper atmosphere?
solid line : model
■ : observed
transmission spectroscopy is useful to study planetary atmospheres
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
hide approaching side→ appear to be receding
hide receding side→ appear to be
approaching
planet planetstar
When a transiting planet hides stellar rotation,
radial velocity of the host star would havean apparent anomaly during transit.
What can we learn from RM effect?
Gaudi & Winn (2007)
The shape of RM effectdepends on the trajectory of the transiting
planet.
well aligned misaligned
Observable parameter
λ : sky-projected angle between
the stellar spin axis and the planetary orbital axis
(e.g., Ohta et al. 2005, Gimentz 2006, Gaudi & Winn 2007)
HD209458 Queloz et al. 2000, Winn et al. 2005
HD189733 Winn et al. 2006
TrES-1 Narita et al. 2007
HAT-P-2 Winn et al. 2007, Loeillet et al. 2008
HD149026 Wolf et al. 2007
HD17156 Narita+ 2008, Cochran+ 2008, Barbieri+ 2009
TrES-2 Winn et al. 2008
CoRoT-Exo-2 Bouchy et al. 2008
XO-3 Hebrard et al. 2008, Winn et al. 2009
HAT-P-1 Johnson et al. 2008
WASP-14 Joshi et al. 2008
(TrES-3, 4, WASP-1, 2, HAT-P-7, XO-2 Narita+. in prep)
Previous studies
Spin-orbit misaligned exoplanet
Winn et al. (2009)
(λ= 37.3 ± 3.7 degrees)
The RM effect of XO-3b
Comparison with migration theories
So far almost all planets show no large misalignment
consistent with standard Type II migration models
2 of 3 eccentric planets also show no misalignment
Only 1 exception is XO-3b
λ= 37.3 ± 3.7 degrees (Winn et al. 2009)
formed through planet-planet scattering?
The RM effect is useful to test planet migration models More samples (especially eccentric planets) needed
Summary of past studies
“Planetary transits” enable us to characterize
planetary size, inclination, and density
dayside temperature
clues for additional planets
components of atmosphere
obliquity of spin-orbit alignment
such info. is only available for transiting planets
Past studies were mainly done for hot Jupiters
from Kepler website
The beginning of the Kepler era
NASA Kepler mission
launched last week!
Large numbers of transiting
planets will be discovered
Hopefully Earth-like planets
in habitable zone may be
discovered
Future studies will target
such new planets
New telescopes for new targets
James Webb Space Telescope SPICA
We will be able to observe transits and secondary eclipses of new targets with these new telescopes.
Prospects for future studies
Future studies include characterization of new
transiting planets with new telescopes
many Jovian planets, super Earths, and smaller planets
rings, moons will be searched around transiting planets
secondary eclipse observations to measure dayside
temperature
transmission spectroscopy for Earth-like planets in
habitable zone to search for biomarkers
Summary
Transits enable us to characterize planets in
details
Future studies for transiting Earth-like planets will
be exciting!