past modals
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PAST MODALS
By: Jhoan M. Tagaban
&Ricka Mae Tolentino
![Page 2: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Past Modals: Should Have, Could Have, Would Have, Must
Have
![Page 3: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
- Might/May/Could/+Perfect InfinitiveWe use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say
that we think something was possible but we aren’t sure.
Examples:
The thieves might have escaped by car but we can’t be sure.
He should be hour by now. He may have been delayed by a
traffic jam or something.
I can’t find my purse. I could have left in the supermarket but I
just don’t know.
![Page 4: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
- Might/May/Could/+Perfect InfinitiveWe use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say
that we think something was possible but we aren’t sure.
Examples:
The thieves might have escaped by car but we can’t be sure.
He should be hour by now. He may have been delayed by a
traffic jam or something.
I can’t find my purse. I could have left in the supermarket but I
just don’t know.
![Page 5: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
-
- Can’t + perfect infinitive we use can’t + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didn’t happen in the past.Examples: I thought I saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him- he’s in Greece this week.I can’t have left in the supermarket- I had it on the bus on the way home.You can’t have read the instructions properly. They’re perfectly clear
![Page 6: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
-
Should have, could have, and would have are
sometimes called “modals of lost
opportunity” because they describe
situations when we are imagining that the
past was different.
![Page 7: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Should HaveUse should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.Examples: If you arrive late to English class, you can say:“I should have left my house earlier.”If you regret an argument, you can say:“I shouldn’t have yelled at you yesterday. I’m sorry.”You can also use should have / shouldn’t have to tell other people that a different action in the past would have been better. If your son fails a test, you can say:“You should have studied. You shouldn’t have played video games all weekend.”
![Page 8: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
-
Could HaveUse could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past.For example, someone who didn’t go to college can say:“If I had gone to college, I could have gotten a better job.”When talking about a gymnast who didn’t win a competition, you can say:“She could have won the gold medal if she hadn’t fallen three times.”
![Page 9: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
-
Could have is often used with “if + had + past participle” (If I had gone / if she hadn’t fallen) – these “if” phrases express the imaginary past situation. However, in some cases you can use
could have without the “if” phrase. Imagine you’re driving with a person who makes a
dangerous maneuver on the road. You can say:“Are you crazy? We could have gotten into an
accident.”
![Page 10: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
-
Would HaveUse would have to imagine a result (if something had been different in the past):If you arrive late at the airport and miss your flight, you can say:“If we had arrived earlier, we would have caught our flight.”If you forget your umbrella, and it starts to rain, and you get wet, you can say:“If I had brought my umbrella, I wouldn’t have gotten wet in the rain.”
![Page 11: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
-
Would have expresses more certainty about the result than could have:“If I had worked harder, I could have gotten a promotion.”(maybe I’d get a promotion… but maybe not)On a test where you need 70% to pass:“I got a 68 on the test. If I had gotten two more points, I would have passed.”(with the two points, passing the test is CERTAIN)
![Page 12: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Direction: write if it is must have, might have, should have, can’t have.
1. John ____ gone on holiday. I saw him this morning downtown.
2. Nobody answered the phone at the clinic. It ____ closed early.
3. I ____ revised more for my exams. I think I’ll fail.
4. Sarah looks really pleased with herself. She ____ passed her driving test this
morning.
5. I didn’t know you were going to Phil’s party yesterday. You ___ told me!
6. I can’t believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He ___ caught the wrong train.
7. I can’t believe Jim hasn't arrived yet. He ___ caught the correct train.
8. His number was buy all night. He ___ been on the phone continuously for hours.
9. It ___ been Mickey I saw at the party. He didn’t recognize me at all.
EXERCISES
![Page 13: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1. Bill hasn’t arrived for the meeting yet, he ____(get) stuck in traffic. There’s no other
possibility.
2. Sally’s car is still parked outside her house, she ___ (leave) for work yet because she
always goes by car.
3. His phone is out of battery, he ___ (forget) to charge it. I’m certain of it.
4. I'm not sure where my keys have disappeared to, but I suppose I ____ (leave) them on
my desk. It’s certainly a possibility.
5. I'm not surprised you failed the job interview, you ____ (study) more!
![Page 14: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
6. You__(tell) her that her hair looked bad, she’s going to be upset with all day.
7. There are puddles of water on the pavement, it ____ (rain). It’s the only
explanation
8. You behaved terribly last night, you ___ (drink) so much!
9. Its midnight already! We ____ (spend)the last three hours talking!
10. Its hard to say for certain, but the classical music performance last night ____
(be) the best I've ever heard.
![Page 15: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
- 11. There’s a mosquito in here, it _____ (come)in through the window. No doubt
about it.
12. The government ___ (do) something about the financial situation a long time ago.
13. I can’t believe that you won the football match, your team is terrible. You ___
(have) a lot of luck.
14. This soup is so thick and tastes so nice! They ___ (put) a lot of cream in it.
15. I know it’s too late to say it now, but I ____ (waste) so much money on silly things
last night.
![Page 16: Past modals](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061419/557d4ee0d8b42a93078b50ae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING