path to dependence how does dependence develop? why does it happen to some people and not others?
Post on 19-Dec-2015
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Path to Dependence
How does dependence develop?Why does it happen to some people and not others?
Start with first experience First drug experience
Rewarded by Positive Reinforcement
Unrewarded or Punished
Continue use Stop use
Role of learning From the very first encounter, see
the effects of learning. Learning plays a critical role in
psychological dependence. “craving for repeated or compulsive
use of a drug because its effects are deemed pleasurable.”
Learning and behavior Learning can be used to modify
behavior. Behaviorism was the first scientific
paradigm for psychology. JB Watson, BF Skinner Principles widely applied at home,
school and workplace. And on the road: seatbelt use
Safer to wear seatbelts. Well-known that
seatbelts save lives. Usage varies greatly. 51% in Mass 91% in Calif 78% in CT Required in CA but
only suggested in MA
External to internal control
Forced or encouraged. Not wearing seatbelt
might lead to punishment.
Wearing reinforced by others and by vehicle.
Put them on as a matter of habit.
Internalized.
Punishment and reinforcement. “Click it or ticket” Threat of punishment. Random checks. Car comes with
warning buzzers. Stop if you buckle up. Reinforces wearing.
Environment controls behavior
Extrinsic motivation. External rewards and punishments. Praise increase likelihood I’ll
participate. Criticism decrease the likelihood. Principles of operant conditioning at
work.
Effects on behavior Reinforcement Leads to an
increase in behavior.
Punishment Leads to a
decrease in behavior.
Types of reinforcement Positive
reinforcement: behavior leads to
reward.Negative
reinforcement: behavior removes pain or anxiety
Ex: take pill for headache
Types of punishment
Goal of punishment is a decrease in unwanted behavior.
Behavior leads to unpleasant outcome (Type I) or takes away something pleasant (Type II)
Add to Take away from
Pleasant
Unpleasant
Rewards and punishments
Add to Take away from
Pleasant Positive reinforcement
Type II punishment
Unpleasant Type I punishment
Negative reinforcement
Problems with punishment Negative feelings towards person
giving punishment. Physical or psychological pain. Escalate in severity. Situational: substitute teacher
syndrome. Less likely to internalize.
Initial use punished What might be present in the
individual or the environment to make the initial use unpleasant?
Psychological characteristics. Medical concerns. Moral or religious beliefs. Family background. Other possibilities?
Reasons to remember Guest turns down the offer of a
drink. Proper response from host? Push even further. Grill guest about reasons. Remember some of reasons for
individual choice. 1/3 US adults don’t drink at all.
Reward leads to increase use.
Frequent use
Body and brain adaptation
Dependence Tolerance
Increase use to maintain effect
Psychological and Physical
Dependence
Psychological Physical
Abstinence causes withdrawal and rebound
Abstinence causes craving
Sensitivity to triggers
and
Physical withdrawal
Withdrawal and rebound
Escape pain of withdrawal by taking drug (negative reinforcement
Avoid withdrawal by continuous use (avoidance learning)
Anti-social and/or criminal behavior to protect supply.
Understanding compulsion
Getting hooked. Beginning single hook (positive
reinforcement). Escape withdrawal (negative
reinforcement). Avoid withdrawal (avoidance). High-jacked brain thru learning.