path to net-zero - becor · 08-12-2010 · may 19, 2010 becor - path to net-zero energy housing 2...

May 19, 2010

BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 1

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Path to NetPath to Net--ZeroZero…… a stepa step--up approach to transform the housing marketup approach to transform the housing market

Anil ParekhAnil ParekhMay 19, 2010 May 19, 2010 –– Technical SeminarTechnical Seminar

Building Envelope Council Ottawa Region (BECOR)Building Envelope Council Ottawa Region (BECOR)

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OutlineOutline……

DefinitionsProject scope and objectivesFrameworkSummary resultsDiscussions

May 19, 2010


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CanadianCanadianHousing StockHousing Stock

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Canadian Housing StockCanadian Housing Stock13.2 million New homes – 190,000 /year.About 85% of housing stock is at least 15 years old.

Apartment < 5 storeys

18%

Semi-detached5%

Row11%

Single-detached55%

Mobile2%Apartment > 5

storeys9%

May 19, 2010


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Canadian Residential SectorCanadian Residential SectorAnnual residential energy use is 1,447 PJ – about $24 billion a year.

Energy Use by Sectors - 2007(energy use in PJ)

Residential Buildings, 1447.2,

16%

Commercial/Inst Buildings, 1141.6,

13%

Industry, 3471.6, 40%

Transportation, 2595.2, 29%

Agriculture, 215, 2%

Source:Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to 2007.Natural Resources Canada

GHG Emissions by Sectors - 2007(GHG Emissions in Mt)

Agriculture, 14.3, 3%

Transportation, 179.4, 35%

Industry, 168.5, 34%

Commercial/Inst Buildings, 64.5,

13%

Residential Buildings, 74.3,

15%

Source:Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to 2007.Natural Resources Canada

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Annual Energy Use in Typical HomeAnnual Energy Use in Typical Home

Based on the current conventional construction practices average per household is about 137 GJ - average cost of $2,100 per household.

Hot water14%

Space cooling

3%

Space heating

63%

Lighting3%Appliances

17%

May 19, 2010


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Trends in HousingTrends in Housing

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

1920

1920-45

1946-60

1961-70

1971-80

1981-90

1991-99

R-2000

NZEH

Hou

sing

Sto

ck V

inta

ge

Energy Consumption Index (MJ/DD • m2 Floor Area)

1991-08

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DefinitionsDefinitions

May 19, 2010


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A quick refresherA quick refresher……

What is EnerGuide Rating System?What is EnerGuide Rating System?Rating system to assess and rank the energy efficiency of a home Based on the systems approach of ‘house as a system’ – includes all components and systems with their interdependent effectsApplicable to low-rise residential buildingsPredominantly considers fixed and permanentfixture of a home for energy evaluations (envelope components, space heating, hot water and ventilation systems)

Resilient, repeatable and robust

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EnerGuide Rating SystemEnerGuide Rating System

Definition

Rating scale

Ranges from 0 to 100100 represents zero energy use onan annual basis0 represents very inefficient home58 = average existing house73 = average new house80 represents R-2000 energy level

ERS = 0 ERS =100

20*100_ __Re___

nConsumptioEnergyferencenConsumptioEnergyTotalEquivalentRatingEnerGuide −=

May 19, 2010


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EnerGuide Rating and Energy ConsumptionEnerGuide Rating and Energy Consumption

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100

EGH Rating

Ann

ual E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion,

GJ/

year

Each ERS point is about 3.5 to 6.5 GJ

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A home that produces as much energy as it uses on an annual basis (All energy used in a home, including that for heating, hot water, ventilation, air conditioning and all miscellaneous electrical consumption)

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Marketable Innovations and IndustryCapacity for Net Zero

New Communities Self-Sufficient and Sustainable

72-74 (80) 80 (86) 83 (90) 90 (100) 100 (100)

Code requirement

Industry capacity

DefinitionDefinition

Path to NetPath to Net--Zero Zero ……

May 19, 2010


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Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero

EnerGuide Rating

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

72 80 90 100CurrentAverage

NewConstruction

R-2000/EnergyStar

performance

Approx.Maximum

Performancew/ Efficiency Alone

Net ZeroEnergy

Performance

100%-

67%-

33%-

Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Supply

86

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Net Zero Energy HousingNet Zero Energy Housing

Stnd Const Practice NZE Housing

NZE elements

+ $60,000 to $110,000

Goal: Market Viable NZE Housing. … R&D required to determine how best to reduce costs through application of:

technologies, systems, design, modelling, tech transfer +

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Proven Demonstration Proven Demonstration –– New HomeNew Home

Inspiration Inspiration —— The Minto EcoHomeThe Minto EcoHome

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

As per OBC-2006

As per OBC-2012

Upgrade Envelope

Reduce Baseloads and Efficient HVAC

Add Solar DHW

Add Solar Combi

Install PV

Overall Energy Use (GJ/Year)

Note: Energy estimates from ‘as-built’specifications.

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Proven Demonstration Proven Demonstration –– New HomeNew Home

Inspiration Inspiration —— The Minto EcoHomeThe Minto EcoHome

Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero

EnerGuide Rating

Ener

gy C

onsu

mpt

ion

68 80 90 100CurrentAverage

NewConstruction

R-2000/EnergyStar

performance

Approx.Maximum

Performancew/ Efficiency Alone

Net ZeroEnergy

Performance

100%-

67%-

33%-

Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Supply

Note: Energy Estimates from ‘as-built’specifications and without any cost optimization.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100

EnerGuide Ratings (ERS)

Ene

rgy

Cons

umpt

ion

OBC 2006

OBC 2012

Envelope Upgrades

Reduce Base Loads

Solar DHW

Solar Combi

PV

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General information– footprint = 17 x 6 m (55 x 20 ft)– 4/12 roof, no significant heel @

eave – framed w/2x4 walls– poured concrete basement– single pane windows

Proposed Demonstration Proposed Demonstration –– Existing HomeExisting Home

Vancouver GreenShiftVancouver GreenShift

Note: Energy Estimates from planned specifications.

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Path to net zeroPath to net zero--energy houseenergy house……

Minimisespace heat and hot water loads

How? - passive solar design, insulation levels, airtightness, heat generators…… also consider cooling needs

electricity consumptionHow? – ventilation systems, appliances, energy and load management, integrated approaches

MaximiseRenewable energy (solar thermal, solar electric, wind, bio-mass and other) contribution to the house’s heating and electricity supply

May 19, 2010


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Source: Gordon Howell

“House as a system”

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Baseline Baseline –– current and proposed codescurrent and proposed codesManitoba

• Prescriptive requirements – close to ERS 78 by 2011

British Columbia• Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 77 by 2011

Nova Scotia• Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 80 by 2010

Ontario• Ontario Building Code:

• Demonstrated Design to ERS 80 or• Prescriptive Efficiency Measures

May 19, 2010


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Building EnvelopeBuilding Envelope

Advanced framing layoutsRationalized framingStandard sizing and field guidesWell defined and training and guides available

Insulation methodsWindows – optimize

Solar gains for heating / shades for coolingWindow/wall interface – design details and construction

Attic ceiling – insulation opportunities Airtightness

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Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB

May 19, 2010


23 Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB

24Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB

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Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero……Efficient Building Envelope

R51 Walls (Double Stud)R48 Foundation WallsR90 CeilingTriple Glazed Windows (W,S, E)Quad Glazed Windows (N)

Achieves ERS 86

Source: Gordon Howell

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What to do with thick walls?What to do with thick walls?

Living space – penaltyRanges from 3% to 9% of living space areaeven at a low-cost of $100/sqft - $6K to $20K

So, there is a need for ‘high R-value dense’insulation materials…

May 19, 2010


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0

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Insulation approachesInsulation approaches

May 19, 2010


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Insulation MaterialsInsulation Materials

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Power of VacuumPower of Vacuum

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Fiberglass

EPS

12.5”

10.5”

R36

VIP

1”

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Vacuum Insulation PanelVacuum Insulation Panel

May 19, 2010


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Wall Mock UpWall Mock UpSuperSuper--E Demonstration (Japan)E Demonstration (Japan)

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NRC Lab Work

VIP Wall Assembly Concepts and Mock-up

Source: IRC/NRC

May 19, 2010


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May 19, 2010


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Mechanical SystemsMechanical Systems

Loads and system sizing – very importantSpace heating – what works best for the location and high efficiency appliancesDomestic hot water – drain water heat recoveryVentilation – one of the key cost increment, exploring for opportunities for low-cost systemsAir distribution – key part of electrical loadsAir conditioning – common in many parts of the countryIntegration of these appliances – advantages of system efficiency - eKOCOMFORT

May 19, 2010


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Electrical EfficiencyElectrical Efficiency

Energy Efficient AppliancesStove/oven, refrigerator, clothes dryer, clothes washerUsing the most efficient EnerGuide rated appliances

Energy Efficient Lightingcompact fluorescents, LEDstask lightingday lighting through windows

Energy Efficient Motorsventilation, heating

Control of Phantom Electrical LoadsUses only 4500 kWh (about $500 per year)(conventional is 9058 kWh, about $1000 per year)

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AppliancesAppliances

Rapidly increasing energy use in the housing sector.

Kitchen appliancesClothe washers and dryersEntertainment and home office

OpportunitiesEvaluate Energy Star (or better) appliancesCostsStand by losses

May 19, 2010


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Water Efficiency + Heat RecoveryWater Efficiency + Heat Recovery

To reduce consumption of water and the energy used to heat it

Household hot water consumption:average: 225 L per daycan be reduced to 100 litres of hot water per day

low flow shower heads and faucetsWater conserving dishwasherWater conserving clothes washer

Drain water heat recoveryreduces water heating to equivalent of 90 L/d

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The Power of SolarThe Power of Solar

Solar thermal solar electric systemsIntegration of passive solar designActive solar systems for DHW & space heatingPV electric supply systemsImproved daylighting (for improved living quality)Natural cooling and solar/glare control

Clean energy solutionsMicro wind generatorCombined heat and power

May 19, 2010


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Getting to Net Zero through TechnologyGetting to Net Zero through TechnologySolar Thermal System

Combined home and water heatingHigh-efficiency flat-plate collectors mounted on a vertical tilt17 000 litres of water storage in basement for home heating300 litres of hot water storage for water heatingResult EGH 96

PhotoVoltaic System28 Sanyo 200 W PV modules5600 W in bright sunshineGrid-dependent, exports to grid every day of the year No battery bankResult EGH 100.4

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Research ProjectResearch Project

Path to netPath to net--zero energy homeszero energy homesRegional CostRegional Cost--Optimization Study of ProgressivelyOptimization Study of ProgressivelyImproving Energy Efficiency Towards Net Zero HousesImproving Energy Efficiency Towards Net Zero Houses

May 19, 2010


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Research ProjectResearch Project

Path to NetPath to Net--ZeroZeroRegional Cost-Optimization Study of Progressively Improving Energy Efficiencytowards Net Zero Houses

establish the framework and methodologybaseline energy performance and costing based on regional preferences for the current building code (as applied now) and reaching towards ERS-80methodology and demonstrate techniques to achieve the cost-effective path to reducing total energyby 25-50-75-100%.

Aims to develop regionally-sensitive recommendations to achieve improvements in energy efficiency and to the net-zero energy

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Key TasksKey Tasks

1. Identify current building practices in different regions

2. Identify conventional and increased insulation construction details

3. Develop load profiles

4. Identify regionally appropriate Energy Technology options

5. Develop most cost-effective packages to reach energy milestones

May 19, 2010


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MethodMethod

Each study involves the following steps:Develop the regionally-specific three detached and one attached archetypes (modify the main archetype files)Preliminary analysis for at least 3 options for each energy efficiency milestones based on regional construction practices (thermal descriptors, energy efficiency levels, costing data and ROI analysis)Consultations with builders and service providers (feasibility, constructability, barriers, market acceptance)Revised analysis along with at least two options for achieving each energy efficiency milestone Develop regional specific instruction module

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StatusStatus

Progress to dateestablished preliminary set of methods and frameworkCompleted southern Ontario (GTA, London area) studyNova Scotia study – consultations with builders completed, revised analysis and construction packages being reviewed by builders.consultations with builders and service providers

ScheduleNS study – complete by March 2010OPA study by May 2010replicate for other regions (2010)

May 19, 2010


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Key resultsKey results……Sothern Ontario / GTA areaSothern Ontario / GTA area

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Archetype HousesArchetype Houses

Four archetype houses were used from plans commissioned by NRCan

Archetype Descriptions For GTA Region Study

Description Liveable Area m²(s.f.)

Archetype 1 One storey with full basement 177 (1900)Archetype 2 Two storey with full basement and >

15% window area201 (2160)

Archetype 3 Two storey slab on grade 195 (2100)Archetype 4 Two storey end row house with full

basement139 (1500)

May 19, 2010


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Baseline and Progressive ReductionsBaseline and Progressive Reductions

Each archetype is modelled for:Baseline (ERS 75 – OBC 2006);ERS 80;ERS 80 – 25%;ERS 80 – 50%;ERS 80 – 75%;100% reduction

The following information is presented for each progressive level of reductions for each archetype:

Summary of energy reduction measuresReductions on fuel consumptionImpact of increased insulation levelsImpact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)Impact of load managementCost optimization (10 and 20 years) - Projected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction MeasuresNet Present Value

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Fuel RatesFuel Rates

An average of current fuel rates was determined via an on-line survey of fuel and power providers in the GTA region, carried out in March 2009. For illustrative planning purposes, the current rate was used to estimate fuel costs for years 1-5.

for years 6-10 the initial rate was multiplied by 150%, andfor years 11-20, the years 6-10 rates were multiplied by 150%.

Years 1‐5 Years 6‐10 Years 11‐20

Electricity $/kWh

0.085 0.128 0.191

Natural gas $/m³

0.385 0.578 0.866

May 19, 2010


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Assemblies and MechanicalsAssemblies and Mechanicals

Using the builder consultations and input, house form, assemblies and mechanical systems were developed to achieve the targeted energy efficiency levels:

A variety of possible super-insulated and advanced wall assemblies are created. Current installed costs associated with various mechanical systems are also compiled.Construction costing was complied using the local surveys. Cost includes material and labour.

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Energy Modelling ToolsEnergy Modelling Tools

HOT2000 (v.10.31) is used forenergy analysis.

Modified ERS* used for the Equilibrium Initiative was used forthe Net Zero Calculations

The performance and sizing parametersfor at least 6 m2 collector solar hot water system and the PV systemsassociated with each house in various scenarios are based on RETScreen results.

May 19, 2010


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Financial Valuation Methods Financial Valuation Methods

Accepted methods of analyzing return on investment (Net Present Value in this instance) assess the attractiveness of an investment against the baseline ERS 80.

Planning assumptions for cost of capital are included in the calculation of ROI (Net Present Value).

A high hurdle rate of 7% is used in order to generate conservative results.

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Archetype 2 Archetype 2 –– 2 Storey w/Basement2 Storey w/Basement

May 19, 2010


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Measures for Each Reduction in Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating LoadsSpace and Water Heating Loads

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Measures for Each Reduction in Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating LoadsSpace and Water Heating Loads22--storey homestorey home

May 19, 2010


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Impact of Increased Insulation LevelsImpact of Increased Insulation Levels

Aggregate Reductions in Space Conditioning Energy Use, MJ

May 19, 2010


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Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)

The drainwater heat recovery unit can save up to about 73 m3 of natural gas annually (equivalent to 2.8 GJ).

AET and RET measures are carried out only in the 75% and 100% reductions after all envelope improvements are carried out.

The 6.8 kWp PV system introduced in the 100% reduction scenario produces enough power annually to compensate for the energy used by the natural gas fired water heater that provides back up to the solar thermal combination space and water heating system.

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Energy Reductions Through AET Energy Reductions Through AET and RET and RET

50% better 75% better Net Zero

Design heat loss Btu/hr 37,000 No change No change

Design heat loss W 10,838 No change No change

Space heating MJ 28,286 7,240 7,240Ventilation MJ 3,293 1,411 1,411

DHW MJ 15,064 14,928 14,928Baseload MJ 31,536 31,536 13,140

Total MJ 78,179 55,115 36,719Total MJ PV production 36,000

Target reduction from ERS 80

59,186 29,593 0

May 19, 2010


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Utility CostsUtility CostsProjected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction Measures

2006 Code

ERS 80 ERS 80 –25%

ERS 80 –50%

ERS 80 –75%

ERS 80 -100%

Difference in cost from ERS 80 Base $7,750 $17,170 $30,857 $83,757

Current annual gas & electric cost

$2,133 $1,638 $1,477 $1,070 $944 -$1,638

Year 6: fuel cost increase 1 $3,199 $2,458 $2,216 $1,605 $1,415 -$2,458

Year 11: fuel cost increase 2 $4,799 $3,686 $3,324 $2,407 $2,123 -$3,686

Total projected operating costs over 10 yrs

$26,660 $20,480 $18,465 $13,375 $11,794 -$20480

Total projected operating costs over 20 yrs

$74,650 $57,340 $51,705 $37,445 $33,022 -$57,340

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Key Market Specific FindingsKey Market Specific Findings

May 19, 2010


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Improve Typical Assemblies FirstImprove Typical Assemblies First

The Ontario new home market is price/location driven first, and specification driven second (by consumers).

The production housing market in Ontario tends to deal inadequately with dramatic changes.

Therefore…The most effective starting point is to improve typical assembliesbefore looking at the use of different materials.Modifying typical wall assemblies allows production builders to quickly and easily compare cost differences, as the original assembly is familiar and a revised assembly would be easy to benchmark within current costing databases.

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Market and Labour ConstraintsMarket and Labour Constraints

airtightness goal is difficult to meetextreme price sensitivity of the market(housing as a commodity)scheduling concernslabour and union resistance to new construction methods

May 19, 2010


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Major Shift in Focus Away from Major Shift in Focus Away from Space HeatingSpace Heating

As the envelope improvements reduce the heating load, the relationships between the various end uses change in the house.Appliances and other internal gains, such as occupants and available passive solar gain begin to play a stronger role in the space heating regime.

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Solar & PV Makes SenseSolar & PV Makes Sense

Solar ready features (pre-plumbing, pre-wiring) are achievable in cost-effective manners and also provide marketing opportunities.

Current costs for renewables, such as PV, are not in line with production builder pricing at this point, but preparation for these items makes sense as building envelope improvements are made.

Need for the Solar and PV market – industry, installers, service providers

May 19, 2010


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Retrofit OpportunityRetrofit Opportunity

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‘‘DeepDeep’’ RetrofitsRetrofitsThe Now House™ project turned a 60-year-old WWII house into a near zero energy home—one that produces almost as much energy as it uses.

The Now House™ is located in Topham Park, Toronto. The home is a 1200 square foot, 1-1/2 storey, detached structure in a community of 200 similar homes. It was built in 1946.

The Now House™ project is a collaboration of designers, architects, engineers, homeowners and sustainable building experts.

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‘‘DeepDeep’’ RetrofitsRetrofits

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

As Is

Insulation Measures

HVAC Measures

Solar Thermal

Solar Electric

After Retrofits

Annual Energy Consumption, GJ

HVAC Measures7%

Solar Contribution19%

After Retrofits27% Insulation Measures

47%

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What can we do?What can we do?Ready for moving towards Net Zero House!Ready for moving towards Net Zero House!

Build houses as energy efficient and solar friendly as possible!

Start with a comprehensive integrated approaches‘House as a System’ approach provides cost-effective solutions

Engage service providers, trades and owners and various stakeholders

Our challenge is to…

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Incremental Cost ProfileIncremental Cost Profile

$-$10,000

$20,000$30,000$40,000

$50,000$60,000

$70,000$80,000$90,000

$100,000$110,000$120,000

$130,000

Base

ERS

80

25%

bet

ter

50%

bet

ter

75%

bet

ter

Net-Z

ero

Levels of Energy Performance

Estim

ated

Incr

emen

tal C

ost,

$

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DiscussionsDiscussions

May 19, 2010


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For further InformationFor further Information……

Anil ParekhAnil ParekhPhone: 613 947 1959Phone: 613 947 1959

[email protected]@NRCan.gc.ca

path to net-zero - becor · 08-12-2010 · may 19, 2010 becor - path to net-zero energy housing 2...

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