pathological arrhythmias/ tachyarrhythmias - examrace · pdf filepathological arrhythmias/...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias
caused by:
� 1.Ectopic focus:
✁ Extrasystole or premature beat. If discharge is occasional.
Can be:
✁ Atrial Extrasystole
✂ Vevtricular Extrasystole
✄ ✄ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 3: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
✄ �✁ 2.Cardiac Arrhythmia
Caused by
✂ Ectopic focus discharging repetitively & rate is higher than SAN
☎ Circus movement
✆ ✆ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ✠ ☞ ✞ ✝ ☞ ✌ ✡
![Page 4: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 5: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Circus movement
� 1. Wave of excitation continue to travel indefinitely in myocardium
✁ 2. Retrograde conduction due to transient block in bundle of HIS
✁ 3. Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 6: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 7: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
ATRIAL VENTRICULAR
FLUTTER
EXTRASYSTOLE
FIBRILLATION
FLUTTER
FIBRILLATION
HR 220
HR 200-350
HR 300-500
EXTRASYSTOLE
V. Tachycardia
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 9: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Atrial arrhythmias
Following
� Atrial extrasystole ✄ atrial premature cont. are frequently present in healthy persons
✁ Paraoxysmal atrial Tachycardia
� Atrial flutter
✁ Atrial fibrillation
✂ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 10: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 11: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
� Pulse deficit
✁ Definition - A deficit of pulse in relation to heart rate is called pulse deficit.
✂ Causes :
Premature contraction
Atrial fibrillation
✄ ✄ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 12: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Premature contration
� During premature contraction, heart contracts ahead of time & if ventricles are not filled properly stroke volume decreases & in such cond. pulse wave passing to periphery may be so weak that it is not felt at the radial artery.
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 13: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atrial fibrillation
� Irregular adequate filling of ventricles results in pulse deficit
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 14: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Atrial Flutter
SAW TOOTHED ECG
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 15: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Atrial Fibrillation
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 16: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ventricular Arrhythmias
� Ventricular tachycardia✄ Broad, bizarre QRS complex
✁ Ventricular Flutter, Ventricular Fibrillation ✂ Clinically ventricular asystole
☎ ☎ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ✟ ☛ ✝ ✆ ☛ ☞ ✠
![Page 17: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ventricular Tachycardia
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 18: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 19: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
..
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 20: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fibrillatory waves
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 21: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Paroxysmal Tachycardia
� Is a bout of tachycardia which begins & ends suddenly (paroxysm= a sudden outburst)
✁ A bout can last for several minutes
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 22: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1.Paroxysmal Atrial (atrial rate= 160-220/ min) Tachycardia
2.Atrioventricular junctional Tachycardia (atrial rate= 120-200/ min)
3.Ventricular Tachycardia (ventricular rate= 140-220/ min)
Paroxysmal supraventricular Tachycardia includes Atrial & Junctional Tachycardia
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 23: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Myocardial Ischemia
� Myocardial ischaemia -Is interruption in blood supply of heart.
✁ Irreversible changes & death of muscle cells
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 24: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 25: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ECG changes in MI
� Defect in infarcted Ecg changes in
Cells over lying leads
1.Rapid Repolarization ST seg elevation
✄ ✁ ✂ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✟ ☎ ✠ ✡ ☛ ☞ ✌ ✌
3.Delayed Depolarization ✍
✎ ✎ ✎ ✏ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✓ ✖ ✑ ✏ ✖ ✗ ✔
![Page 26: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ECG findings in MI
Findings in ant. Infarct:
Time Changes Leads
� Hrs aft. Inf. ST ele. I,aVL & V3-6
ST dep. II,III& aVF
� Hrs to days Q wave I,aVL,&V5-6
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 27: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
✄ ✄� Weeks ---- Q wave & QS complex persists
ST seg. becomes isoelectric
T wave inverted
✁ Late years -- QS complex persists, T wave normal
✂ ✂ ✂ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 28: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
✄�
✁✁✁✂☎✆✝✞✟✝✠☎✂✠✡✞
![Page 29: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ECG✄ Ionic Changes
Hyperkalemia (✁ K+)-Dangerous & lethal
� Tall & peaked T wave
� Prolongation of QRS complex
� Paralysis of atria
� Vent. Arrhythmias
✂ RMP decreases
☎ ☎ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ✟ ☛ ✝ ✆ ☛ ☞ ✠
![Page 31: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ECG in hypokalemia
� Hypokalemia (☎ K+)-less dangerous
✁ PR interval prolonged
✁ U wave prominent
✁ T wave invertion in chest leads
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ✄ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 33: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 34: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia (✁ Ca++)
� Enhances myocardial contractility
� Heart stops in systole
(Clinically this level is not reached)
Hypocalcemia (☎ ✂ ✄ ++)
✆ ST seg. prolonged
✝ ✝ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ☞ ✡ ✌ ✟ ✞ ✌ ✍ ☛
![Page 35: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Effect of Sodium
� Sodium level has little effect
✁ ☎ ✂ ✄ +----Low voltage ECG
✆ ✆ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ✠ ☞ ✞ ✝ ☞ ✌ ✡
![Page 36: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ECG: Uses
� Detection of HR
✁ Ectopic focus
✁ Heart block
✁ MI
✁ Axis deviation
� Electrolyte imbalance
✁ Research
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 37: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ECG limitation
� False negative
✁ False positive
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 38: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
HIS
Ele
ctro
gra
m
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 39: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
� Cardiac Cycle
Includes various changes in heart from beat to beat
✁ Mechanical changes/cardiodynamics
✁ Electrical changes
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 40: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Events during cardiac Cycle
� Atria & ven. are two separate units connected by conducting tissue only Main events are
Atrial contraction
Atrial relaxation
Ventricular contraction
Ventricular relaxation
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 41: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Atrial cycle
� Total duration of one cycle is 0.8 sec (HR 75/mit)
✁ Atrial cycle
Atrial systole-------0.1 sec
Atrial diastole------0.7 sec
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 42: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Ventricular Diastole
� Diastole----0.5 sec
Protodiastolic phase---------0.04 sec
Isovolumic relaxation--------0.08 sec
First rapid filling--------------0.10 sec
Slow filling/ diastasis--------0.18 sec
Last rapid filling--------------0.10 sec
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 43: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Changes during cardiac cycle
Mechanical changes
� Valvular changes
� Pressure changes in
✁ Atria
✁ Ventricles &
✁ Aorta
� Volume changes in ventricles
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 44: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
sI HS AVC
SLV OPEN
II HS SLV Cl.PD 0.04 Sec
IMC 0.05 Sec
III HS AVO
IV HS
Diastasis 0.18
IMR 0.08 Sec
Last Rapid Filling 0.1 Sec
Max Ej. 0.1
Red. Ej. 0.15 Sec
First R.F.
0.10 Sec
Sec
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 45: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
I HS AVC
SLV OPEN
II HS SLV Cl.PD 0.04 Sec
IMC 0.05 Sec
III HS AVO
IV HS
Diastasis 0.18
IMR 0.08 Sec
Last Rapid Filling 0.1 Sec
Max Ej. 0.1
Red. Ej. 0.15 Sec
First R.F.
0.10 Sec
Sec
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 46: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
I HS AVC
SLV OPEN
II HS SLV Cl.PD 0.04 Sec
IMC 0.05 Sec
III HS AVO
IV HS
Diastasis 0.18
IMR 0.08 Sec
Last Rapid Filling 0.1 Sec
Max Ej. 0.1
Red. Ej. 0.15 Sec
First R.F.
0.10 Sec
Sec
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 47: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 48: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 49: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 50: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
I heart Sound
Produced
EDV=135 ml
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 51: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 52: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 53: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Ventricular cycle - systole
Ventricular cycle
� Systole---------0.3 sec
Isometric/isovolumic contraction- 0.05sec
Rapid/maximum ejection---------- 0.10 sec
Reduced ejection-------------------- 0.15 sec
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 54: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Changes are in
� AV valve (atrioventricular)
Mitral (bicuspid)
Tricuspid
� Semilunar valves
Aortic
Pulmonary
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 55: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
� Heart sounds
✁ Heart Sounds✄ total 4 types I, II, III,& IV
✂ I & II heard by stethoscope
✂ III & IV picked by phonocardiography
✂ Period between I & II--Systolic period
✂ Period between II & I☎ Diastolic period
✆ ✆ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ☛ ✠ ☞ ✞ ✝ ☞ ✌ ✡
![Page 56: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
I & II Heart Sounds
SYSTOlic DIASTOLIC PERIOD
ECG
� � � ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ✂ ✁ ✞ ✟ ✆
![Page 57: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
� I H.S.
First heart sound
Mechanism of generation:
✁ Vibrations of closing valve
✁ Turbulance of blood
✁ Vibrations of ventricular wall
Two components Mitral & Tricuspid
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 58: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Characteristics I HS
Are:
� Prolonged & soft-----Lubb
� Duration-------0.15 sec
� Frequency ---25---45 Hz
Auscultation- Best heard in Mitral & Tricuspid areas
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 59: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Auscultation- I HS
� Mitral Area (near apex beat)-Lt. V ICS
slightly inside the mid clavicular line
✁ Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 60: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Significance
� Marks beginning of systole
✁ Duration & intensity indicates condition of myocardium & A-V valves.
✁ Proper closure of A-V valves
✁ Coincides with R wave of ECG
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 61: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Abnormalities of I HS
� Faint sound-
✁ Weak myocardium
✁ PR interval prolonged
✂ Calcific mitral stenosis
✁ Mitral incompetence
✄ Intense sound-
✂ more force of contraction
☎ ☎ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✡ ✟ ☛ ✝ ✆ ☛ ☞ ✠
![Page 62: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
� Intense sound (loud) -
✁ more force of contraction
✁ Mitral stenosis
✂ Short PR interval
✄ ✄ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 63: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
� Splitting of Mitral & Tricuspid by 10 to 30 ms. is normal
✁ Split sound---- bundle branch block.
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 64: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
II HS
Mechanism of generation;
� Closure of semilunar valves
� Oscillation of Aortic & Pulmonary walls
� Oscillation of blood column in Aorta & Pulmonary artery
✁ ✁ ✁ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✆ ✟ ✄ ✂ ✟ ✠ ✝
![Page 65: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Auscultation-II HS
� ✁ ✂ ✄ ✂ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✄ ✞ ✟ ✆ ✞ ☎ ✟ ✠ ✡ ✞ ☛ ✝ ☞ ✌ ✍ ✎ ✏
✑ Duration------0.12 sec
✑ Frequency----50 Hz.
Auscultation✒ Best at Aortic & Pulmonary
Areas
✓ Aortic Area--Rt. II ICS near the sternum
✑ Pulm. Area✔ Lt. II ICS near the sternum
✕ ✕ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✙ ✜ ✗ ✖ ✜ ✢ ✚
![Page 66: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Splitting of -II HS
� It has two components Aortic & Pulmonary
Normal splitting
✁ During inspiration-----0.04 sec
✁ During expiration------0.02 sec
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 67: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Signifance -II HS
� Marks end of systole & beginning of diastole
✁ Clear sound indicates perfect closure of semilunar valves & there is no (incompetence)
� Coincides with end of T wave of ECG
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 68: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Applied aspects
� Intensified if Aortic or pulmonary press.
Is high
✁ Splitting in Bundle branch block
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 69: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 70: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 71: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 72: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
III HS
� Mechanism- Vibrations of ventricular wall caused by rapidly entering blood
✁ Characteristics- Short, soft & low pitched
Duration- 0.1 sec
✁ Auscultation- Normally not heard with stethoscope, can be recorded
� Appears between T & P waves of ECG
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 73: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
IV HS
� Mechanism- Vibration caused by last rapid filling
✁ Characteristic- Short & low pitched
✁ Duration- 0.03 sec
✁ Recorded by phonocardiography
✁ Falls between end of P wave & onset of Q wave
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 74: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Phonocardiogram
� A microphone is applied to precordium
✁ Sounds are amplified & recorded by oscillograph
✁ The record is called phonocardiogram
✂ ✂ ✂ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✝ ✠ ☎ ✄ ✠ ✡ ✞
![Page 75: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 76: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆
![Page 77: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
� Murmurs
✁ Definition- are abnormal heart sounds produced during cardiac cycle
✂ Type of murmur Abnormality
✂ Systolic - Aortic/pulmonary Stenosis
Mitral/Tricuspid Insuffi.
✂ Diastolic - Aortic/Pulmonary Insuffi. Mitral/Tricuspid Stenosis
✄ ✄ ✄ ☎ ✆ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✞ ✡ ✆ ☎ ✡ ☛ ✟
![Page 79: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Pathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias - Examrace · PDF filePathological Arrhythmias/ Tachyarrhythmias caused by: ... Tricuspid Area -Lt V ICS near sternal border. ... Coincides](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022030422/5aa97b6b7f8b9a8b188cf1b4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Ca
���✁✂✄☎✆✝☎✞✂✁✞✟✆