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Page 1: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”
Page 2: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Memahami Kecenderungan Pikiran Kita

Abdul Malik Gismar

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind

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Page 3: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Setujukah anda?

“Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINKlearned everything except to THINK”

– Francois Domergue

Mengapa?

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 3

Page 4: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Berpikir….

adalah suatu proses kognitif yang terarah/ bertujuan dan terorganisir yang kita gunakan untuk memahami dunia di sekitar kita

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 4

Page 5: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Types of Thinking

Problem SolvingDecision MakingProblem SolvingDecision Making

CriticalCriticalThinkingThinking

•• AnalyzingAnalyzing•• EvaluatingEvaluating•• ReasoningReasoning

NewNewIdeasIdeas

CreativeCreativeThinkingThinking

RightRightLeft

Page 6: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Critical Thinking Standards (CTS)

The most significant critical (intellectual) thinking standards:

• Clarity• Accuracy • Precision • Relevance • Depth • Breadth • Logic • Fairness

Page 7: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 7

Page 8: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 8

Page 9: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 9

Page 10: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

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Page 11: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Apa yang anda lihat?

Page 13: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Garis-garis paralel?

Page 14: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Garis-garis paralel?

Page 17: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

How many legs does the elephant have?

Page 18: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Look at the wildlife painting of a Bengal tiger.

Can you find the hidden tiger in the picture?

Page 20: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

What do you see?

In black you can read the word GOOD; but the word EVIL also appears in white letters inside each black letter.

Page 22: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Lihat chart di bawah dan sebutkan warnanya , BUKAN kata-katanyaand say the colour and NOT the word!

Page 23: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”
Page 24: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”
Page 25: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”
Page 26: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Barrier to Critical Thinking 

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies)

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind

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Page 27: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies)

1. Egocentric memory

2. Egocentric myopia

3. Egocentric righteousness

4. Egocentric  hypocrisy

5. Egocentric oversimplification

6. Egocentric blindness

7. Egocentric immediacy

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 27

Page 28: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric memory

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk “melupakan” bukti dan informasi yang tidak mendukung pendapat kita dan “mengingat” bukti dan informasi yang mendukung.

Mengoreksi egocentric memory

•Dengan secara terbuka mencari bukti dan informasi yang tidak mendukung pendapat kita dan secara eksplisit mengarahkan perhatian kepada bukti dan informasi ini.  

•Bila anda coba dan tidak temukan bukti dan informasi seperti itu, asumsikanlah bahwa anda belum mencarinya secara benar.

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 28

Page 29: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric myopia

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk berpikir “absolutist” dalam sudut pandang yang sangat sempit

Mengoreksi egocentric myopia

•Secara rutin berpikir dengan sudut pandang yang bertentangan dengan sudut pandang kita.  Kalau anda jaksa, coba anda berpikir sebagai polisi; kalau anda polisi coba anda berpikir sebagai LSM;  kalau anda LSM, cobe berpikir sebagai polisi; dst.

•Bila anda tidak temukan prasangka‐prasangka pribadi dalam proses ini, pertanyakanlah apakah anda telah dengan jujur (in good faith) mencobanya.

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 29

Page 30: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric righteousness

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk untuk untuk merasa lebih baik atau “superior” karena yakin benar, padahal tidak

Mengoreksi egocentric righteousness

•Secara berkala mengingatkan diri mengenai betapa sedikit sebenarnya yang kita ketahui.  Coba “lis”/daftar pertanyaan‐pertanyaan yang tak terjawab.  

•Bila daftar ini pendek apalagi kosong, anda perlu meragukan  cara anda bertanya

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 30

Page 31: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric  hypocrisy

Kecenderungan alamaiah untuk tidak menghiraukan inkonsistensi  ‐‐misalnya, antara kata dan perbuatan; atau antara standar yang kita pakai untuk diri sendiri dengan yang kita terapkan untuk orang lain

Mengoreksi egocentric hypocrisy

•Secara berkala membandingkan standar yang kita pakai untuk diri sendiri dengan yang kita terapkan untuk orang lain.  

•Bila anda tidak temukan inkonsistensi dalam pikiran ataupun perilaku anda, bertanyalah apakah anda sudah bertanya/menggalinya cukup dalam.

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 31

Page 32: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric oversimplification

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk mengabaikan kompleksitas masalah dengan lebih memilih pandangan yang simplistik bila kompleksitas tadi mengharuskan kita untuk mengubah pendapat

Mengoreksi egocentric oversimplification

•Secara regular memfokuskan pikiran pada kompleksitas masalah, secara eksplisit memformulasikannya dalam kata‐kata.  

•Bila anda tidak menemukan bahwa anda telah menyederhanakan banyak masalah penting, bertanyalah apakah anda telah benar‐benar mengkonfrontasi diri anda dengan kompleksitas dalam masalah yang anda hadapi.

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 32

Page 33: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric blindness

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk tidak memperhatikan fakta dan bukti yang berlawanan dengan kepercayaan dan nilai‐nilai kita

Mengoreksi Egocentric blindness

•Secara eksplisit mencari fakta dan bukti tersebut

•Bila anda tidak mendapati diri anda mengalami keresahan dalam mencari fakta dan bukti ini, maka anda perlu bertanya apakah anda telah secara serius menanggapi fakta dan bukti ini.

•Bila anda dapati bahwa semua kepercayaan‐kepercayaan anda benar sejak awalnya, maka mungkin anda telah secara canggih “mengelabui diri sendiri”

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 33

Page 34: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Egocentric immediacy

Kecenderungan alamiah untuk “overgeneralize” perasaan dan pengalaman sesaat, sehingga pandangan sangat diwarnai olehnya

Mengoreksi Egocentric immediacy

•Meletakkan hal‐hal positif dan negatif yang kita dapati dalam perspektif yang lebih besar.  Untuk yang negatif ingatkan diri anda bahwa situasi bisa lebih buruk lagi; untuk yang positif ingatkan bahwa masih banyak yang perlu anda capai.  

•Anda “OK” bila dalam situasi apapun masih memiliki eneji untuk lanjut;  anda tidak “OK” dan menjadi korban emosi sesaat  bila anda tak mampu melakukan apa‐apa lagi (immobilized).

Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 34

Page 35: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

Pertanyaan‐pertanyaan yang membantu munculnya critical 

thinking

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Page 36: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS ‐ Clarity

• Could you elaborate further on that point?

• Could you express that point in another way?

• Could you give me an illustration?

• Could you give me an example?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Clarity is the gateway standardClarity is the gateway standardClarity is the gateway standard

Help you I can, yes.

Page 37: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Accuracy 

• Is that really true?

• How could we check that?

• How could we find out if that is true?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

This chicken This chicken weighs over weighs over 300 pounds.300 pounds.

A statement can be clear but not accurateA statement can be clear but not accurateA statement can be clear but not accurate

Powerful you have become,

the dark side I sense in you.

Page 38: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Precision

• Could you give more details?

• Could you be more specific?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise

A statement can be both clear and accurate, A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precisebut not precise

Size matters

not.

Yao Ming is Yao Ming is TALLTALL!!

Page 39: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Relevance

• How is that connected to the question?

• How does that bear on the issue?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

I studied hard all semester, therefore I

should get A+.

A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the question at issue.

A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the question at issue.but not relevant to the question at issue.

You must unlearn what

you have learned.

Page 40: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Depth

• How does your answer address the complexities in the question?

• How are you taking into account the problems in the question?

• Is that dealing with the most significant factors?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Grave danger you are in.

Impatient you are.

A statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial.A statement can be clear, accurate, A statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial.precise, and relevant, but superficial.

Page 41: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Breadth

• Do we need to consider another point of view?

• Is there another way to look at this question?

• What would this look like from a conservative standpoint?

• What would this look like from the point of view of...?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

That is why you

fail.

A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate,

precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.

Headache!!!

You got 0 marks for “Participation”, because you didn’t participate in the class

discussion at all.

Page 42: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Logic 

• Does this really make sense?

• Does that follow from what you said?

• How does that follow?

• But before you implied this and now you are saying that; how can both be true?

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Superman sees through anything.Superman sees through walls.Superman sees through You.

When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense in combination,

the thinking is "logical.“

When the combination of thoughts are When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense in combination, mutually supporting and make sense in combination,

the thinking is "logical.the thinking is "logical.““

May the force be with you.

Page 43: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

CTS – Fairness

Critical thinking demands that our thinking be fair.

• Open‐minded 

• Impartial

• Free of distorting biases and preconceptions

Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf

Difficult to achieve, but you must try!

Fair-mindedness is an essential attribute of a Critical Thinker.

FairFair--mindedness is an essential mindedness is an essential attribute of a Critical Thinker.attribute of a Critical Thinker.

Page 44: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”
Page 45: Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies) · Setujukah anda? “Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINK”

TERIMA KASIH