pathological tendencies of the human mind (and their remedies) · setujukah anda? “some people...
TRANSCRIPT
Memahami Kecenderungan Pikiran Kita
Abdul Malik Gismar
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind
2
Setujukah anda?
“Some people study all their life and at their death they have learned everything except to THINKlearned everything except to THINK”
– Francois Domergue
Mengapa?
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 3
Berpikir….
adalah suatu proses kognitif yang terarah/ bertujuan dan terorganisir yang kita gunakan untuk memahami dunia di sekitar kita
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 4
Types of Thinking
Problem SolvingDecision MakingProblem SolvingDecision Making
CriticalCriticalThinkingThinking
•• AnalyzingAnalyzing•• EvaluatingEvaluating•• ReasoningReasoning
NewNewIdeasIdeas
CreativeCreativeThinkingThinking
RightRightLeft
Critical Thinking Standards (CTS)
The most significant critical (intellectual) thinking standards:
• Clarity• Accuracy • Precision • Relevance • Depth • Breadth • Logic • Fairness
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 7
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 8
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 9
10
Apa yang anda lihat?
Apa yang anda lihat?
Garis-garis paralel?
Garis-garis paralel?
Berapa lingkaran yang anda lihat?
How many legs does the elephant have?
Look at the wildlife painting of a Bengal tiger.
Can you find the hidden tiger in the picture?
Whose face do you see?
What do you see?
In black you can read the word GOOD; but the word EVIL also appears in white letters inside each black letter.
Can you see the baby?
Lihat chart di bawah dan sebutkan warnanya , BUKAN kata-katanyaand say the colour and NOT the word!
Barrier to Critical Thinking
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies)
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind
26
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind (and their remedies)
1. Egocentric memory
2. Egocentric myopia
3. Egocentric righteousness
4. Egocentric hypocrisy
5. Egocentric oversimplification
6. Egocentric blindness
7. Egocentric immediacy
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 27
Egocentric memory
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk “melupakan” bukti dan informasi yang tidak mendukung pendapat kita dan “mengingat” bukti dan informasi yang mendukung.
Mengoreksi egocentric memory
•Dengan secara terbuka mencari bukti dan informasi yang tidak mendukung pendapat kita dan secara eksplisit mengarahkan perhatian kepada bukti dan informasi ini.
•Bila anda coba dan tidak temukan bukti dan informasi seperti itu, asumsikanlah bahwa anda belum mencarinya secara benar.
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 28
Egocentric myopia
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk berpikir “absolutist” dalam sudut pandang yang sangat sempit
Mengoreksi egocentric myopia
•Secara rutin berpikir dengan sudut pandang yang bertentangan dengan sudut pandang kita. Kalau anda jaksa, coba anda berpikir sebagai polisi; kalau anda polisi coba anda berpikir sebagai LSM; kalau anda LSM, cobe berpikir sebagai polisi; dst.
•Bila anda tidak temukan prasangka‐prasangka pribadi dalam proses ini, pertanyakanlah apakah anda telah dengan jujur (in good faith) mencobanya.
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 29
Egocentric righteousness
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk untuk untuk merasa lebih baik atau “superior” karena yakin benar, padahal tidak
Mengoreksi egocentric righteousness
•Secara berkala mengingatkan diri mengenai betapa sedikit sebenarnya yang kita ketahui. Coba “lis”/daftar pertanyaan‐pertanyaan yang tak terjawab.
•Bila daftar ini pendek apalagi kosong, anda perlu meragukan cara anda bertanya
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 30
Egocentric hypocrisy
Kecenderungan alamaiah untuk tidak menghiraukan inkonsistensi ‐‐misalnya, antara kata dan perbuatan; atau antara standar yang kita pakai untuk diri sendiri dengan yang kita terapkan untuk orang lain
Mengoreksi egocentric hypocrisy
•Secara berkala membandingkan standar yang kita pakai untuk diri sendiri dengan yang kita terapkan untuk orang lain.
•Bila anda tidak temukan inkonsistensi dalam pikiran ataupun perilaku anda, bertanyalah apakah anda sudah bertanya/menggalinya cukup dalam.
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 31
Egocentric oversimplification
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk mengabaikan kompleksitas masalah dengan lebih memilih pandangan yang simplistik bila kompleksitas tadi mengharuskan kita untuk mengubah pendapat
Mengoreksi egocentric oversimplification
•Secara regular memfokuskan pikiran pada kompleksitas masalah, secara eksplisit memformulasikannya dalam kata‐kata.
•Bila anda tidak menemukan bahwa anda telah menyederhanakan banyak masalah penting, bertanyalah apakah anda telah benar‐benar mengkonfrontasi diri anda dengan kompleksitas dalam masalah yang anda hadapi.
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 32
Egocentric blindness
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk tidak memperhatikan fakta dan bukti yang berlawanan dengan kepercayaan dan nilai‐nilai kita
Mengoreksi Egocentric blindness
•Secara eksplisit mencari fakta dan bukti tersebut
•Bila anda tidak mendapati diri anda mengalami keresahan dalam mencari fakta dan bukti ini, maka anda perlu bertanya apakah anda telah secara serius menanggapi fakta dan bukti ini.
•Bila anda dapati bahwa semua kepercayaan‐kepercayaan anda benar sejak awalnya, maka mungkin anda telah secara canggih “mengelabui diri sendiri”
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 33
Egocentric immediacy
Kecenderungan alamiah untuk “overgeneralize” perasaan dan pengalaman sesaat, sehingga pandangan sangat diwarnai olehnya
Mengoreksi Egocentric immediacy
•Meletakkan hal‐hal positif dan negatif yang kita dapati dalam perspektif yang lebih besar. Untuk yang negatif ingatkan diri anda bahwa situasi bisa lebih buruk lagi; untuk yang positif ingatkan bahwa masih banyak yang perlu anda capai.
•Anda “OK” bila dalam situasi apapun masih memiliki eneji untuk lanjut; anda tidak “OK” dan menjadi korban emosi sesaat bila anda tak mampu melakukan apa‐apa lagi (immobilized).
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 34
Pertanyaan‐pertanyaan yang membantu munculnya critical
thinking
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
CTS ‐ Clarity
• Could you elaborate further on that point?
• Could you express that point in another way?
• Could you give me an illustration?
• Could you give me an example?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Clarity is the gateway standardClarity is the gateway standardClarity is the gateway standard
Help you I can, yes.
CTS – Accuracy
• Is that really true?
• How could we check that?
• How could we find out if that is true?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
This chicken This chicken weighs over weighs over 300 pounds.300 pounds.
A statement can be clear but not accurateA statement can be clear but not accurateA statement can be clear but not accurate
Powerful you have become,
the dark side I sense in you.
CTS – Precision
• Could you give more details?
• Could you be more specific?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise
A statement can be both clear and accurate, A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precisebut not precise
Size matters
not.
Yao Ming is Yao Ming is TALLTALL!!
CTS – Relevance
• How is that connected to the question?
• How does that bear on the issue?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
I studied hard all semester, therefore I
should get A+.
A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the question at issue.
A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the question at issue.but not relevant to the question at issue.
You must unlearn what
you have learned.
CTS – Depth
• How does your answer address the complexities in the question?
• How are you taking into account the problems in the question?
• Is that dealing with the most significant factors?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Grave danger you are in.
Impatient you are.
A statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial.A statement can be clear, accurate, A statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial.precise, and relevant, but superficial.
CTS – Breadth
• Do we need to consider another point of view?
• Is there another way to look at this question?
• What would this look like from a conservative standpoint?
• What would this look like from the point of view of...?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
That is why you
fail.
A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate, A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate,
precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.
Headache!!!
You got 0 marks for “Participation”, because you didn’t participate in the class
discussion at all.
CTS – Logic
• Does this really make sense?
• Does that follow from what you said?
• How does that follow?
• But before you implied this and now you are saying that; how can both be true?
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Superman sees through anything.Superman sees through walls.Superman sees through You.
When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense in combination,
the thinking is "logical.“
When the combination of thoughts are When the combination of thoughts are mutually supporting and make sense in combination, mutually supporting and make sense in combination,
the thinking is "logical.the thinking is "logical.““
May the force be with you.
CTS – Fairness
Critical thinking demands that our thinking be fair.
• Open‐minded
• Impartial
• Free of distorting biases and preconceptions
Source: http://www.fctl.ucf.edu/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Difficult to achieve, but you must try!
Fair-mindedness is an essential attribute of a Critical Thinker.
FairFair--mindedness is an essential mindedness is an essential attribute of a Critical Thinker.attribute of a Critical Thinker.
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