Pathology Of Smoking

Pathological physiology

NASIM BADARNA 3 GM

Smoking is process of inhaling a burned

chemical substances into our lungs… It can be through Cigarettes, pipes,

cigars, hookahs etc.…

where they are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and reach the body tissue  (as the gas diffuses directly into the pulmonary vein, then into the heart and from there to the brain).

What is Smoking?

 It is a complex mixture of over 5,000 identified

chemicals, of which 98 are known to have specific toxicological properties.

*Nicotine is not one of them!

 The inhaled substance nicotine binds to nicotine acetylcholine resceptors in the brain due to being similar to  endorphins and dopamine (leads to sensations of pleasure, relaxation, and satisfaction).

What do we inhale ?

Smoking is one of the leading causes of 

preventable death globally.

being among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, COPD, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, vascular stenosis and birth defects(Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus).

Smoking Kills !

Smoking can damage every part of the

body

Immediately after inhaling; incomplete combustion

produced by tobacco produces carbon monoxide, which impairs the ability of blood hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells) to carry oxygen when inhaled into the lungs.

 Blood cells are naturally recycled after a certain period of time, allowing creation of new erythrocytes. However, if carbon monoxide exposure reaches a certain point before they can be recycled, hypoxia (and later death) occurs. 

Step by step

responses associated within the heart and blood

vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking.

Increases blood pressure.  

 Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing and weakening of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a blockage, and thus a heart attack or stroke.

Cardiovascular disease

Smoking raises the levels of fibrinogen and

increases platelet production. linked to Buerger's disease

 (thromboangiitis obliterans); the acute inflammation and

thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and vines of the hands and feet( e.g. DVT).

Cardiovascular disease

Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol

levels;  the ratio of high-density lipoprotein ("good" cholesterol) to low-density lipoprotein ("bad" cholesterol) tends to be lower in smokers compared to non-smokers.

 these factors make smokers more at risk of developing various forms of arteriosclerosis.

Cardiovascular disease

Arteriosclerosis:  is the thickening, hardening and

loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.

As the arteriosclerosis progresses, blood flows less easily through the narrowed blood vessels,

making the blood more likely to form a thrombosis (clot). Sudden blockage of a blood vessel may lead to an myocardial infarction (stroke\MI).

Cardiovascular disease 

…Cardiovascular disease…

particularly lung cancer(90%),  kidney, larynx, 

bladder cancer, esophagus, pancreas] and stomach cancer. 

 chemicals are those that produce DNA damage. since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. genotoxic effect

e.g. acrolein: binds to guanidine in DNA – mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon( epoxide causes genetic mutation).Nitrosamine.

Cancer

long term exposure to compounds in the smoke

(e.g., carbon monoxide…) is responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema (the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness), chronic bronchitis and COPD (permanent reduction of pulmonary capacity characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, and damage to the lungs.)

pulmonary damage

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease Emphsema

Renal:

smoking encourages the progression of diabetic nephropathy( caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidney’s glomeruli. It is due to longstanding diabetes mellitus.

Infection:It is believed that smoking increases the risk pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both through structural damage and through effects on the immune system.

Other diseases

Skin premature skin aging

sexual dysfunction loss of sexual activity – mainly in men.

If smoker stops smoking, it lasts 15 years to reach health status of non-smoker

Other diseases

Smoker’s Face

https://youtu.be/bA-s39UH4QY

https://youtu.be/Bb8p2GEiRk0

Video links

https://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking#Substances_and_equipment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer http://

www.webmd.com/lung/copd/tc/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-overview

Thank you for your attention

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